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Open Access
Optimization of planting method and row spacing for bud chip planted spring sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in tarai region
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-11) Rawat, Anupama; Malik, Naresh
A field experiment entitled “Optimization of planting method and row spacing for bud chip planted spring sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in Tarai region” was conducted for consecutive 2 years at the Norman E Borlaug Crop Research Centre of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (U.S Nagar) through January 2019 to March 2021. Surface soil (0-15 cm) of the experiment field was silty clay loam in texture, medium in organic carbon (0.73%), low in available N (218.6 kg/ha), medium in available P (29.6 kg/ha) and K (141.0 kg/ha) with neutral soil reaction (pH 7.6). The experiment consisted of two planting methods and four rows spacing for planting of bud chip raised sugarcane settlings along with one control (conventional planting). The field experiment was conducted in factorial randomized block design with one additional treatment. The experiment consisted of 9 treatments with 3 replications and constituted total 27 plots. For the experiment variety Co Pant 3220 was used. The bud chip settlings were raised in ploy bags. The spacing between two settlings was 40 cm. For growth parameters, 2 plants in case of bud chip method and one meter row length in case of conventional planting was used. The results suggest that the plant height was higher under furrow planting than flat planting. Initially shoot population was recorded higher for flat planting than furrow planting however the difference remained non-significant at later stages of crop growth. Furrow planting recorded higher dry matter/plant as well as per m2 at 150 and 180 DAP compared to flat planting. Varying row spacing significantly affected growth parameters of sugarcane during both the years. The maximum shoot height, shoot population/plant and dry matter/plant were recorded for 120 cm row spacing. However, shoot population/m2 and dry matter/m2 was obtained maximum for 75 cm row spacing. All the growth parameters viz. shoot height, shoot population and dry matter production was recorded higher for bud chip planted treatments compared to conventional planting during both the years. Influence of planting methods and row spacing on yield attributes was found to be significant except number of millable canes due to planting. Among row spacing, planting bud chip raised settlings at 75 cm produced the highest number of millable canes, which was found at par with 90 cm row spacing. Higher cane yield (100.7 and 101.6 t/ha in 2019 and 2020, respectively) and biological yield (125.9 and 129.3 t/ha, respectively in 2019 and 2020) was recorded under furrow planting than flat planting. Row spacing of 90 cm produced the highest cane yield of 102.8 and 105.5 t/ha, respectively in 2019-20 and 2020-21. As compared to 90 cm, the reduction in yield was more at wider spacing (105 and 120 cm) than closer spacing (75 cm). Biological yield of 128.8 and 134.3 t/ha was recorded for 90 cm row spacing and reduction under different row spacing followed the similar trend that of cane yield. All the quality parameters viz. brix, juice extraction, sucrose, available sugar, commercial cane sugar and purity coefficient of bud chip planted sugarcane were improved under furrow planting and wider row spacing. Higher net return and B: C ratio was recorded for furrow planted sugarcane and for 90 cm row spacing. Similarly N, P and K uptake by cane, green top and trash were also recorded higher for bud chip raised settlings planted in furrows and at a row spacing of 90 cm. The bud chip tested treatments exhibited superiority over conventional planting in terms of sugarcane growth, productivity, quality and economic returns. Hence, planting of bud chip raised settlings in furrows and following row spacing of 90 cm can be advocated for obtaining higher yield and quality of sugarcane.
Open Access
Management of combine harvested rice residue through wheat establishment methods in direct seeded rice-wheat cropping system
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-09) Chaudhary, Sanyogita; Singh, Virendra P.
Field experiments were conducted in D-2 block of Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) during 2019-20 and 2020-21. The experiment aimed to study the effect of wheat establishment methods under different rice residue levels on the growth and productivity, weed species and biomass, soil properties, energy consumption and economics of wheat after direct seeded rice. Field experiment was laid in a split plot design having three wheat establishment methods viz., conventionally sown wheat, happy seeder sown wheat and super seeder sown wheat in main plots and three rice residue levels viz., complete residue removal, only loose straw removal and no residue removal in sub plots with three replications. Rice variety (Narendra Dhan -359) and wheat variety (PBW - 502) were used during study and grown with standard package of practices. Wheat establishment method and rice residue levels significantly influenced the emergence count of wheat during both the years and Super seeder sown wheat and complete residue removal recorded highest emergence count. The number of shoots/m2, dry matter production, number of spikes/m2, biological yield, grain yield and straw yield were also the maximum under these treatments. During the years, plant height (30 DAS), SPAD and green seeker values (60 DAS), and number of grains/spike were found higher with happy seeder sown wheat than conventionally and super seeder. Among rice residues levels, these parameters were recorded higher with loose straw removal recorded than complete removal and no residue removals. In all the wheat establishment methods, the density of Coronopus didymus was found the maximum during both the years except the super seeder sown wheat during first year wherein the density of Phalaris minor was more. During both years, the total weeds dry matter accumulation was the lowest with happy seeder sown wheat (1.58 and 1.40 g/m2) and with no residue removal treatment (1.79 and 1.56 g/m2). During both the years, happy seeder sown wheat recorded higher soil moisture content (0-15 cm) than remaining establishment methods. At the end of the study i.e. completion of two crop cycles, the soil organic carbon content and stock and dehydrogenase activity were higher under happy seeder sown wheat than other two establishment methods. However, the bulk density was the lowest with conventional sown wheat. No residue removal recorded 41.5 and 51.3 % higher soil moisture content, respectively during 2019-20 and 2020-21 and 4.5 % higher SOC at end of study than CRR. Rice residue levels did not influence the BD significantly. Use of happy seeder sown wheat under CRR treatment recorded the lowest fuel consumption and CO2 emission. Super seeder sown wheat recorded the lowest cost of cultivation, being 5.6 and 5.3 % lower as compared to conventionally sown wheat during first and second year, respectively. During both the years, super seeder sown wheat among establishment methods and LSR among residue levels, recorded the highest B: C ratio. The maximum input energy was noted for conventionally sown wheat. The energy output and energy use efficiency was found maximum with super seeder sown wheat. The CRR recorded the lowest input energy.
Open Access
Nutrient management for higher productivity under different establishment methods of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-08) Rakesh Kumar; Singh, D.K.
Field experiments were conducted at N.E. Borluage Crop Research Centre of G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) during two consecutive years (Kharif 2018 and 2019) to study the “Nutrient Management for Higher Productivity under Different Establishment Methods of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”. The soil was slightly alkaline in nature, high in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, and medium in accessible phosphorus and potassium. Rice variety PR-121 was grown under 4 establishment method (Transplanting, System of rice intensification, Direct seeded rice and wet-direct seeded rice) and 5 nutrient management practices (100 % RDF, 75 % RDF + FYM (equiv. to 25 % N), 150 % RDF, RDF (LCC based N application) and RDF+ 5 t FYM) and analyzed in split plot design with three replications. During both the years of study direct seeded rice recorded the highest number of tillers (no. m-2) as well as dry matter accumulation followed by transplanted rice. Other growth indices were also superior with direct seeded rice. The root growth was found to be superior in system of rice intensification method. The number of panicles m-2 was significantly higher with direct seeded method during both the years. The panicle weight was maximum with system of rice intensification method followed by transplanted rice. The grain, straw as well as biological yield were maximum with direct seeded rice and significantly at par with transplanted rice. The gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio was also found under direct seeded method during both the years. The lowest soil pH, electrical conductivity and highest soil organic carbon and available phosphorus found under transplanting method. The highest available N, K, S and DTPA extractable Zn in soil was found under system of rice intensification method. Nutrient management practices significantly influenced the growth, yield attributes and yield of rice during both the year of study. The growth parameters were found to be highest in the treatment 150 % RDF but at par with RDF+ 5 t FYM. The root volume, length and dry weight were found maximum in RDF+ 5 t FYM. The yield attributes such as number of panicle m-2 and spikelets per panicle were found to be highest in the treatment RDF + 5 t FYM but, the panicle weight was found highest in the treatment 75 % RDF + FYM (equiv. to 25 %N). The grain, straw as well as biological yield of rice were maximum in the treatment 150 % RDF but at par with RDF + 5 t FYM. The species wise weed density, total weed density and total weed dry weight was found to be maximum under treatment RDF + 5 t FYM. The highest net returns and B:C ratio were recorded in the treatment RDF + 5 t FYM. The treatment RDF +5 t FYM also recorded highest soil organic carbon and higher values of available N, P, K, S and DTPA extractable micronutrients Zn over remaining nutrient management practices. Thus, direct seeded method of rice establishment and nutrient management practice; RDF+ 5 t FYM has been found effective for sustaining the productivity and profitability of rice.
Open Access
Managing fertility requirements of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) through nano sized gypsum
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-07) Chaudhary, Sumit; Chaudhary, Sumit; Shukla, Anil; Shukla, Anil
Field experiments were conducted during the rabi season at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of GBPUAT, Pantnagar (290 N, 79029E and at an altitude of 243.83 m) to study the effect of nano sized gypsum on growth, yield attributes, yield, quality and economics of Indian mustard. The experiment consisting of 10 treatments (T1: 100% RDF, T2: Seed treatment with nanosized gypsum @ 50 ppm along with 100 % RDF, T3: Soil application of nanosized gypsum @ 20 g/ha along with 100% RDF, T4: Foliar spray with nanosized gypsum @ 50 ppm along with 100 % RDF T5 :Seed treatment with nanosized gypsum @ 50 ppm along with 75% RDF, T6 : Soil application of nanosized gypsum @ 20 g/ha along with 75% RDF, T7:Foliar spray with nanosized gypsum @ 50 ppm along with 75% RDF, T8: Seed treatment with nanosized gypsum @ 50 ppm along with 50% RDF, T9: Soil application of nanosized gypsum @ 20 g/ha along with 50% RDF, T10: Foliar spray with nanosized gypsum@ 50 ppm along with 50% RDF) was laid out in randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Accumulation of dry matter in plant at various growth stages, siliquae per plant and weight of 1000 seeds remained significantly higher with seed treatment with nanosized gypsum @ 50 ppm along with 100 % RDF. Days to 50 % flowering, Fv/Fm value and Green seeker value did not differ significantly among various treatments during both the year of study. The seed yield, too, was recorded significantly higher with seed treatment with nanosized gypsum @ 50 ppm along with 100 % RDF (i.e. T2 treatment) during both the years of study. Oil content, Fatty acid profile and Glucosinolate contents in seed did not differ significantly during both the years of study among the various treatments. The results of both the field experiments under tarai region of Uttarakhand revealed that the seed treatment with nanosized gypsum @ 50 ppm along with 100 % RDF improved growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake and economic return of Indian mustard, and could be taken as a new path in efficient and convenient application of sulphur in oilseed Brassica.
Open Access
Optimization of fibre flax production technology through agronomic management
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-07) Dey, Prithwiraj; Mahapatra, B.S.
A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2019-20 and 2020-21 in E-5 block of the N.E.B.C.R.C. of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) with objectives to optimize seed rate, nutrient doses and harvesting time for fibre flax based on growth, yield, quality and profitability parameters, to find out the extent of lodging and assess the effectiveness of different treatments for the reduction of lodging, to find out the optimum water retting duration for fibre flax and to correlate several growth, yield and quality parameters of fibre flax to uncover the existing interrelations. The soil on the experimental site was sandy loam, neutral in pH with medium organic carbon (0.71%), low available nitrogen (196.9 kg/ha), medium available phosphorus (21.9 kg/ha) and potassium (210.1 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications consisting of three levels of main plot factor (seed rate of 60, 80 and 100 kg/ha) and six levels of sub-plot factor (0:30:30, 60:30:30, 90:30:30, 120:30:30, 90:30:45 and 120:30:45 kg/ha N:P2O5:K2O). Time of harvest was taken as an additional factor with two levels (harvesting at 110 DAS and 135 DAS). Another side-by-side experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with seven treatments (unretted, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 days retting duration) to find out the optimum retting duration of fibre flax. Use of 100 kg/ha seed rate resulted in about 27.9 and 26.1% higher scutched fibre yield than a seed rate of 60 kg/ha when harvested at 110 DAS and 135 DAS, respectively. Among the nutrient management levels, application of 90:30:45 kg/ha N:P2O5:K2O was found to have at par fibre yields with the best performing treatment. Late harvest at 135 DAS was recorded to have an 18.2% higher total fibre yield than early harvest. However, late harvest resulted in a significant decrement in the fibre quality and about 22.4% decrement in the superior quality heckled long fibre yield than early harvest. Long fibre yield, otherwise, was found to follow similar trends with the scutched fibre yield. Lodging in crop increased with the increasing seed rate, nitrogen dose and delay in harvest. However, the supply of additional potassium can mitigate lodging problems even in high seed rate conditions when harvested at 110 DAS. Several parameters such as plant height, long fibre yield, breaking tenacity, cellulose content was found to be positively correlated with the final plant population. Lodging in flax was positively correlated with nitrogen uptake and plant populations and negatively correlated with the potassium uptake and basal stem diameter. Potassium was found to increase the yield and quality of the fibre while reducing the occurrence of lodging through secondary stem strengthening. Based on the current study, a seed rate of 100 kg/ha and the application of 90:30:45 kg/ha N:P2O5:K2O were found optimum with respect to the growth attributes, fibre yield, quality and profitability for fibre flax cultivation. Harvesting at 110 DAS was found to result in a 23.7% more net returns on an average than late harvesting of the crop. Such treatments were also found to have positive or near positive available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium balance in the soil after harvesting of the crop. Among the durations of water retting, 4-6 days retting duration was found to be optimum with respect to fibre quality parameters.
Open Access
Exploration of the system of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] intensification under different planting geometry and nutrient management conditions
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-01) Mahapatra, Sweta Shikta; Chandra Bhushan
A field experiment was conducted during Kharif seasons of 2018-19 and 2019-20 at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) to study the “System of Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] Intensification under Different Planting Geometry and Nutrient Management Conditions”. The study aimed at assessing the effect of transplanted pigeonpea on system productivity, soil properties, nutritional quality, and its economic viability. The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture being low in available nitrogen (256.2 and 261.5 kg/ha), high in available phosphorus (26.1 and 25.3 kg/ha), low in available potassium (149.6 and 153.3 kg/ha), and high in organic carbon (0.80 and 0.87 %) with a neutral soil reaction (pH 7.24 and 7.49) during the two years of study. The experiment was laid out in Split Plot Design with three replications having four planting methods as the main plot treatments viz; Conventional Sowing at 60 x 20 cm, Transplanting at 60 x 20 cm, 90 x 40 cm and 90 x 60 cm, and three nutrient management practices as Sub plot treatments viz; 100 % RDF (12:32:16 NPK fertilizer @ 150 kg ha-1), Vermicompost at 5 ton ha-1 and 50% RDF + Vermicompost at 2.5 ton ha-1. The growth parameters viz. number of trifoliate leaves, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, leaf area, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, CGR, RGR, nodule number and weight per plant were highest in transplanting at 90 x 60 cm treatment, while the plant height was highest in transplanting at 60 x 20 cm spacing. The yield attributes were also found to be the maximum under 90 x 60 cm transplanting. Transplanting at 90 x 40 cm recorded the highest grain yield during both the years due to relatively higher plant population per unit area. The grain yield was 32.6 and 34.7 % higher over that of the Conventional Sowing at 60 x 20 cm during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. The light transmission ratio (%) was lowest in Transplanting at 90 x 60 cm indicating a flourishing development of plant canopy. The soil nutrient status, enzymatic activity and microbial activity were highest for Transplanting at 90 x 60 cm. The integrated nutrient management practice i.e. 50% RDF + Vermicompost at 2.5 ton ha-1 resulted in significantly higher growth, yield attributes and yields compared to 100% RDF. The combination of inorganic and organic sources led to significantly better nodulation, dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities producing significantly higher microbial population along with higher nutrient status of soil, and nutrient and protein contents in grain during both the years. The maximum gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio were obtained in case of Transplanting at 90 x 40 cm spacing. Among the nutrient management practices, the gross returns and net returns were highest with 50% RDF + Vermicompost at 2.5 ton ha-1 but the B:C ratio was maximum with 100% RDF. Thus for sustained productivity of pigeon pea, it can be transplanted at 90 x 40 cm spacing and for nutrient application integration of 50% RDF + Vermicompost at 2.5 ton ha-1 could be taken as the most promising practices for System of Pigeonpea Intensification.

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