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Open Access
Response of kharif maize (Zea mays L.) to differential placement of fertilizer doses and potassium splitting
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Pandey, Deepak; Bhatnagar, Amit
A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season 2016 and 2017 at the Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to examine the effect of differential fertilizer placement, potassium splitting and nutrient doses on maize. The experiment consisting of two K split (100% as basal and 50% as basal + 50% at earthing up), eight nutrient doses (75-75-75, 75-75-100,75-100-75, 75-100-100, 100-75-75,100-75-100, 100-100-75 and 100-100-100 per cent of recommended NPK) under differential fertilizer placement depths (50% fertilizers at 10-12 cm and 50% in furrows at 5 cm depth) along with a farmers’ practice treatment (100% recommended NPK dose and furrow application of fertilizers at 5 cm with whole K as basal) was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. The recommended dose of nutrients was 150:60:40 kg N:P2O5:K2O/ha. Planting geometry was 75 cm × 20 cm and crop was grown as per recommended practices. The soil of the experiment site was silty clay loam in texture having medium organic carbon (0.71%), low available nitrogen (234.9 kg/ha) and medium available P (20.7 kg/ha) and K (212.4 kg/ha) contents with neutral pH (7.2). Split application of K had significant impact on growth parameters, yield attributes and yield over its 100% basal application. It resulted in 6.1 and 4.7 per cent increase in grain yield over 100% basal application during 2016 and 2017, respectively. Application of K in splits also fetched higher gross return, net return and B:C ratio than its basal application. Application of 100% NPK being on par with all the nutrient doses in which 100% N was used with either 75 or 100% P and K, produced significantly more growth parameters and yields than the lower doses. Average increment in grain and stover yields under 100% NPK dose was 40.6 and 33.1, respectively over 75% NPK. Economics of cultivation viz. gross return, net return and B:C ratio were also found significantly higher under 100% recommended NPK dose which was at par with 100% N +75% PK, 100% NK+ 75% P and 100% NP+ 75% K. Crop performance in terms of growth, yield attributes and yield was also found significantly higher under differential fertilizer placement with and without K split application than farmers’ practice. Research findings of this study revealed that splitting of potassium in two equal parts i.e. 50% basal and 50% at earthing up in kharif maize is the better option against its whole application in basal in terms of productivity, profitability and nutrient use efficiency under silty clay loam soils of Pantnagar. Differential placement of fertilizers (50% in root zone at 10-12 cm and 50% in seed zone in furrows at 5 cm) can help in saving of 25% recommend dose of P and K.
Open Access
Rice residue management for wheat under different tillage systems in Indo-Gangetic plains (India)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Sirazuddin; Singh, V.Pratap
Field experiments entitled “Rice Residue Management for Wheat under Different Tillage Systems in Indo-Gangetic Plains (India)” were conducted in D-2 block of Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) during 2017-18 and 2018-19. The objectives of the investigation were to study effect of tillage systems and residue loads on the growth and productivity of wheat, weed species and biomass, properties of soil and energy consumption and economics of different treatments. Field experiments were laid in strip plot design with three tillage systems viz. conventional tillage, reduced tillage and zero tillage systems in vertical strip and three residue loads viz. no residue, 3 and 5 t/ha in horizontal strips and replicated thrice. Rice variety (Narendra Dhan 359) and wheat variety (UP 2628) were used during the study. Tillage systems and residue loads did not influence emergence count and plant height of wheat significantly during both the years. CTW recorded higher plant dry matter and root growth of wheat than ZTW. Tillage systems did not affect number of spikes/m2, length of spike, number of grains per spike, grain weight/spike and 1000-grain weight significantly during both the years. Residue load of 3 t/ha being at par with no residue recorded significantly more number of grains/spike than 5 t/ha during both the years. ZTW recorded comparable grain as well as system grain yield with CTW and RTW. Residue load did not influence the grain and system grain yield significantly during both the years. In the first year, CTW and RTW recorded more population of all major BLWs than that of Phalaris minor. In second year, in tilled plots Phalaris minor dominated BLWs. In ZTW, Coronopus didymus was the most dominating weed species during both the years. The total weed dry matter was the lowest with ZTW in both the years. Tillage system ZTW recorded the higher bulk density and soil moisture than RTW and CTW. Residue load did not influence the bulk density and soil moisture significantly. ZTW recorded 9.11 and 6.19% higher organic carbon stock than CTW and RTW, respectively. ZTW and 5 t/ha residue load recorded the highest dehydrogenase activity in soil. ZTW saved 59.5% fuel against CTW. ZTW consumed 73.77% less mean energy compared to CTW. Combination of ZTW with 3 t/ha residue load recorded higher energy use efficiency, energy productivity and lesser specific energy. ZTW incurred 33.56 and 29.79% lower cost of cultivation than CTW in the first and second year, respectively. Management of rice residue i.e. 3 or 5 t/ha, involved 8.97 and 8.08% more cost of cultivation than no residue in the first and second year, respectively. Tillage practice ZTW and treatment no residue recorded higher system B: C ratio than respective controls.
Open Access
Agronomic biofortification of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with zinc
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-09) Praharaj, Subhashisa; Singh, Rohitashav
A field experiment entitled “Agronomic biofortification of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with zinc” was conducted during rabi season of 2017-2018 and 2018-19 in the E-2 block of Norman E. Borlaug, Crop Research Centre (CRC) of G.B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District, Udham Singh Nagar (Uttarakhand). The experiment was conducted with 12 treatments and 3 replications in a randomized block design. The treatments consisted of different zinc fertilization practices which includes the following: T1 (control) , T2 (soil application @ 25 kg ZnSO4.7H2O) , T3 (Nutri priming with 0.3% ZnSO4.7H2O), T4 (T2+T3), T5 (foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4.7H2O), T6 (foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4.7H2O + 1% urea), T7 (T2+T5), T8 (T3+T5), T9(T4+T5), T10 (T2+T6), T11 (T3+T6) and T12 (T4+T6). Results suggested that the treatments where zinc was applied through soil application, alone or in combination with other application methods (T2, T4, T7, T9, T10, T12) performed significantly better over rest of the treatments in all the growth, yield attributing characters and yield parameters. However there was no significant difference among these (T2, T4, T7, T9, T10, T12) treatments. Foliar application and nutria-priming treatment was ineffective in bringing significant improvement in growth, yield attributing characters and yield of the crop. Foliar application was very effective in improving grain zinc concentration. Soil application was also effective in improving grain zinc concentration, however they were less effective than foliar application. Combined application of soil and foliar application (T2 + T5 or T2+T6) was found to be the best treatment as they resulted in yield enhancement and grain zinc enrichment. Combined application of soil and foliar application also showed higher benefit cost ratio compared to other treatments. Considering widespread zinc deficiency in soil as well as human diet, agronomic biofortification approach can help in improving both productivity and grain zinc concentration of wheat. This will help in addressing the issue of hunger and malnutrition to a great extent.
Open Access
Utilizing enriched biochar based fertilizers for efficient nutrient management in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Roy, Arkaprava; Chaturvedi, Sumit
A field experiment was conducted at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during Kharif season, 2018 to assess utilization of enriched biochar based fertilizers for efficient nutrient management in direct seeded rice. The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam in texture with a bulk density of top 0-15 cm soil was 1.44 Mg/m3. The soil was neutral in reaction (pH 7.2), medium in soil organic carbon (0.65%), low in available N (176.6 kg/ha), high in available soil phosphorus (26.9 kg/ha) and potassium (281.1 kg/ha). The field capacity moisture content and PWP was 20 and 8 per cent, respectively. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with eight treatments i.e. 100% RDF through conventional fertilizers, 75, 100 and 125% RDF through enriched biochar based fertilizers EB-1+UEB-1 and EB-2+UEB-2 and no fertilizer application as control replicated thrice. A lab experiment was carried out for determination of nutrients (NPK) release pattern of prepared enriched biochar based fertilizers. In lab experiment release kinetics study revealed that release pattern of nutrients (N, P and K) of enriched biochar based fertilizers were significantly lower than conventional fertilizers. Under field trial highest growth, yield parameters and yield of direct seeded rice were recorded under application of EB-2+UEB-2 at 125% fertility level. Application of EB-2+UEB-2 at 100% fertility level also gave at par yield with its application at 125% fertility level and significantly higher yield (13.5 per cent more) as compared to the application of conventional fertilizers at similar fertility level. Application of both the enriched biochar based fertilizers at 75% fertility level resulted in at par yield with the application of 100% fertility level through conventional fertilizers. Nutrients (N, P and K) uptake at different growth stages (30, 60 and 90 DAS) as well as at harvest by grain and straw were significantly higher under application of EB-2+UEB-2 at 125% fertility level. However, among these enriched biochar fertilizers application at 100% fertility level, EB-2+UEB-2 resulted in higher nutrients (NPK) use efficiencies as compared to the application of conventional fertilizers (29.5% more). Although the application of enriched biochar fertilizers increased the cost of cultivation due to its higher production cost, but with respect to its higher economic return, it gave B:C ratio 1.71. Therefore, the prepared enriched biochar based fertilizers EB-1 & EB-2 and UEB-1 & UEB-2 have slow release kinetics with respect to release pattern of N, P and K. Application of 100% RDF through EB-2+UEB-2 not only enhanced the productivity of direct seeded rice but also increased the nutrient (N, P and K) use efficiencies along with better economic benefit.
Open Access
Effect of seed priming and foliar nutrition on yield and seed quality of timely and late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Reena; Verma, Omvati
The present investigation was carried out during rabi season of 2016-17 and 2017-18 at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar. The experiment was laid out on wheat variety UP-2565 in spilt plot design with three replications. Main plot treatments consisted of two date of sowing viz. timely (Nov 28) and late (Dec 28) and seed priming treatment consisted of seed priming with 2.0% KCl for 12 hours and non primed seed. Sub plot treatment consisted of foliar spray of nutrients viz. 0.5% ZnSO4, 0.5% CaCl2, 0.5% KNO3 and 2.0% urea along with no spray treatment. Foliar sprays were done at maximum tillering and 80% flowering stages. The results revealed that delay in sowing from Nov 28 to Dec 28 resulted significant reduction in grain yield (22.9 and 24.0% during 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively). Late sown crop experienced significantly higher canopy temperature, lower relative water content and nitrate reductase activity recorded at 15 days after anthesis. Commencement of phenological pahses viz. days to booting, heading, anthesis and physiological maturity occurred earlier in late sown wheat crop as compared to timely sown crop. Nutrient uptake was also significantly reduced in late (Dec 28) sown crop than timely (Nov 28) sown crop. Seed quality in terms of germination, seedling length, seedling dry weight, seedling vigour index, dehydrogenase and alpha amylase activity reduced in produce of late sown wheat crop, whereas, seed protein content was significantly higher in late sown wheat crop. In contrast to this, starch content was higher in timely sown wheat in comparision to late sown wheat. Among seed priming treatments, 2.0% KCl for 12 hours significantly improved field emergence, speed of emergence and plant stand per square metre upto 30 days of sowing. Thereafter, seed priming had no significant effect on crop growth, yield, nutrient uptake and seed quality. Among foliar spray, urea spray @ 2.0% and ZnSO4 @ 0.5% recorded higher grain yield and seed quality in comparision to other foliar treatments. In general foliar application of nutrients particularly urea increased nutrient uptake by the wheat crop. Foliar spray of 2.0% urea in timely (Nov 28) sown crop was found most effective combination to improve quantity and quality of seed. It was also the most remunerative treatment giving the highest net return with B: C ratio. Though, foliar spray of nutrients was less effective in late (Dec 28) than timely (Nov 28) sown wheat, foliar treatment in late sown wheat significantly improved the yield over no spray. Foliar spray of 2.0% urea in late sown wheat recorded maximum grain yield which was at par with spray of 0.5% ZnSO4 in late and no spray in timely sown wheat crop. Thus, foliar spray of urea @ 2.0% and ZnSO4 @ 0.5% at maximum tillering and 80% flowering stage were economically more effective for both the sowing dates and can compensate the yield and quality loss
Open Access
Plasma and microbial consortia seed treatment effect on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under heat stress
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Nainwal, Hina; Singh, Vijay Pal
A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2018-19 at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttrakhand) to study the effect of plasma and microbial consortia seed treatment on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under heat stress. The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam with neutral soil reaction (pH 7.2), medium organic carbon (0.72%), low available nitrogen (215.1 kg/ha), medium available phosphorus (24.1 kg/ha) and potassium (139.1 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. Main plot contained 3 date of sowing viz. 29 November, 23 December and16 January and sub plot contained five seed treatments viz. control, plasma, plasma + MC 1, plasma + MC 2 and , plasma + MC 1+ MC 2. Observations on morphological, physiological, rhizospheric and yield parameters were taken and economics, nutrient uptake and use efficiency in wheat was worked out. Morphological, physiological, yield parameters, dehydrogenase activity in soil, nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiencies were significantly affected by date of sowing and was maximum in 29 November sown crop over 23 December and 16 January sown crop. Among rhizospheric parameters dehydrogenase activity was significantly affected by date of sowing. Rhizospheric pH and organic carbon differed non significantly with date of sowing. Seed treatment with plasma and microbial consortia 1 significantly increased all the morphological, physiological yield parameters, rhizospheric parameters across all the stages, nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency. In general all the parameters were significantly higher in seed treatments over control. Seed treatment with plasma + MC 1 resulted in highest net returns and B:C ratio. From these experimental findings, it can be inferred that by delaying the sowing of wheat from 29 November to16 January it results in 48 kg/day reduction in yield. Seed treatment with plasma alone and along with microbial consortia was superior over control. In general, no interaction between date of sowing and seed treatments was recorded.
Open Access
Standardization of irrigation schedule and nutrients dose for drip irrigated direct seeded scented rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Samartha; Singh, Gurvinder
A field experiment was conducted in C5 block of the Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), India during two consecutive kharif seasons of 2016 and 2017 to standardize the irrigation schedule and nutrients dose for drip irrigated direct seeded scented rice. The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam in texture, neutral in reaction (pH 7.3), medium organic carbon (0.72%), low in available nitrogen (237.9kg/ha) and medium in available phosphorus (18.1kg ha-1) and available potassium (184.4kg/ha). The bulk density of the top 0-15 cm soil was 1.52 Mg/m3. The basic infiltration rate was 1.3 cm/hour. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design (Factorial RBD) and comprised of 9 treatment combinations with three levels of drip irrigation scheduling based on CPE losses in previous 48 hours and three nutrient doses (50%, 75% and 100% of recommended NPK ) with one control (DSR with flood irrigation) replicated thrice. The dripper discharge rate was 2.2 LPH. In flood irrigated DSR, irrigation was given at 3 days after disappearance of pooled water. The recommended dose of NPK was 100:60:40 kg/ha. Entire P and K and 25% N were applied as basal whereas remaining N was applied in 10 equal splits through urea. In control, entire P and K was applied as basal while N was top dressed in 3 splits. Rice variety “Pant Basmati-1” was used. Drip irrigation level at 150% CPE recorded the maximum value of all growth parameters like plant height, tillers per m2, shoot dry matter accumulation, leaves per m2, LAI, root: shoot, root volume and weight density with maximum SPAD and NDVI value. Drip irrigation at 150% CPE produced significantly higher grain (4.60 t/ha in 2016 and 5.38 t/ha in 2017) and straw yield (7.25 t/ha in 2016 and 8.7 t/ha in 2017) than 100% CPE but remained at par with 125% CPE irrigation level during both the years. The maximum gross, net returns and benefit: cost ratio were observed at 150% CPE level during both the years. Crop irrigated at 100% CPE level saved 75.9 and 58.6% irrigation water whereas 125% CPE saved 69.8 and 48.4% against the flood method in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The maximum NPK uptake by grain and straw was found at 150% CPE. The energy use efficiency was found maximum with 150% CPE. Increasing the NPK levels increased the rice growth parameters. Crop nourished with 100% NPK produced significantly higher grain yield than 50% NPK with an increase of 12.4 and 16.0% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. It also recorded maximum straw yield during both the years. Crop fertilized with 100% NPK level fetched significantly higher gross return, net return and benefit: cost ratio than lower nutrient levels during both the years. The fertigation level of 100% NPK recorded the maximum water productivity, energy use efficiency and NPK uptake by grain and straw. The flood method of direct seeded rice recorded minimum value of all growth parameters. Drip irrigated rice produced significantly higher grain yield with an increase of 20.4 and 19.3% in comparison to flood method in 2016 and 2017, respectively and straw yield was found statistically at par with flood method. Drip irrigated rice gave significantly higher water productivity, gross and net returns and benefit: cost ratio than flood method. The NPK uptake by grain and straw and energy use efficiency was found higher with drip method. On the basis of finding at present study it can be inferred that in a sandy loam soil, direct seeded rice should be drip irrigated at 125% CPE level and should be fertigated with 75% NPK.
Open Access
Response of sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata) to planting geometry and NPK levels
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Karjee, Sailesh Deb; Bhatnagar, Amit
A field experiment was conducted at the Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during kharif season, 2018to assess the response of sweet corn to varied nutrient doses and different levels of plant population. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four planting geometry (60 cm × 25 cm, 60 cm × 30 cm, 75 cm × 25 cm and 75 cm × 30 cm) in main plots and three doses of NPK (120: 60: 40, 150: 75: 50 and 180: 90: 60 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha) in sub plots. Crop sown at 75 cm × 30 cm resulted into significantly higher leaf area per plant, dry matter accumulation per plant, stem girth, cob length, number of grains/row, number of grains/cob and individual cob weight with husk and without husk than the other geometries. Dry matter accumulation per square metre, LAI and net assimilation rate were significantly higher in the narrowest planting geometry (60 cm × 25 cm).The narrowest planting geometry i.e. 60 cm × 25 cm recorded significantly higher husked cob yield (13325 kg/ha), dehusked cob yield (10327 kg/ha), green fodder yield (18232 kg/ha), biological yield (31557 kg/ha)and dry matter yield than the other planting geometries. Different planting geometry did not show any significant effect on N, P and K content and their uptake (except N and K uptake in grain).Partial factor productivity of N, P and K was significantly higher under 60 cm × 25 cm. Significantly higher gross return (Rs. 199888/ha) was obtained under 60 cm × 25 cm but was at par with 60 cm × 30 cm. Net return (Rs. 150176/ha) and B: C (3.02) were also maximum in this geometry but differences were non-significant. Crop fertilized with 180: 90: 60 was at par with 150: 75: 50 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha but was significantly higher than 120: 60: 40 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha for plant height, leaf area per plant, dry matter accumulation per plant, LAI, CGR, RGR, NAR, stem girth, cob length and number of grains/row.Application of 180: 90: 60 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha produced numerically maximum husked cob yield (12687 kg/ha) and dehusked cob yield (10351 kg/ha) and recorded significantly higher biological yield (29585 kg/ha). This nutrient level was at par with 150: 75: 50 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha but was significantly superior to 120: 60: 40 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha for green fodder yield (16897 kg/ha) and dry matter yield of fodder (7486 kg/ha). Nutrient content in different plant parts (except N content in grain and fodder) did not vary significantly with different nutrient levels. Crop nourished with 180: 90: 60 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha had significantly higher nutrient uptake. Application of 120: 60: 40 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha showed significantly highest partial factor productivity of N, P and K. The economics of sweet corn cultivation in terms of gross return, net return and B: C was non-significant however, 180: 90: 60 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha gave the highest values (Rs. 190311/ha, Rs. 142942/ha and 3.01, respectively).
Open Access
Response of spring sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata) to irrigation scheduling and moisture conservation practices under different sowing methods
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Datta, Debarati; Subhash Chandra
Field experiments were conducted during spring season of 2017 and 2018 at C5 block of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to investigate the effect of irrigation levels, sowing methods and moisture conservation practices on spring season sweet corn hybrid variety Sugar-75 in a sandy loam soil. Irrigation was applied at three ratios (IW/CPE of 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4). Sowing was done in flat beds and furrows and moisture conservation practices viz., biochar @ 3.0 t ha-1 and mulch @ 6.0 t ha-1 were adopted. The experiment was laid out in Split plot Design with two factors in main plot and one factor in subplot having total eighteen treatments with three replications. Increasing irrigation frequency favorably affected the growth and yield attributes. For husked cob, green fodder and biological yields, sweet corn responded significantly upto IW/CPE 1.4 in 2017 and was at par with 1.2 in 2018. The stressed plots (IW/CPE 1.0) were at par with IW/CPE 1.2 and resulted in better quality with respect to TSS and non reducing sugars. The protein content was found to be non significant due to irrigation levels. The highest B: C was obtained in IW/CPE 1.4 and was at par with 1.2 during both the years. The consumptive use of water was the highest with IW/CPE 1.4 (mean) while WUE and IWUE with IW/CPE 1.0. Soil quality with respect to bulk density, pH, EC, nutrient content and microbiological activities were mostly improved under higher moisture regimes. Furrow sowing method resulted in a significant increase in the growth parameters, nutrient uptake, soil health, yield attributing characters, water use parameters and B: C as compared to flat method. Furrow sowing saved 25% irrigation water. With respect to husked cob yield, furrow method registered an increase in yield to the tune of 8.2 and 7.5%, respectively during two years. Importantly irrigation at IW/CPE 1.2 in furrow sowing was at par with IW/CPE 1.4 in flat sowing. The crop quality was better in furrow sowing as compared to flat sowing with non significant differences. Among the moisture conservation practices, biochar and mulch recorded superior value in terms of growth, yield attributes, dehusked cob yield, green fodder, biological yield, TSS, nutrient uptake, IWUE as compared to control. Mulch resulted in highest B: C while the lowest was with biochar. Soil properties viz., pH, organic carbon, bulk density, microbial activities were significantly improved with biochar followed by mulch. Thus, in northern India sweet corn needs to be irrigated at IW/CPE 1.2-1.4 in spring season. Furrow sowing and use of mulch and biochar further augmented the performance of sweet corn in a sandy loam soil.

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