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2018 - 201912020 - 20211
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Subject: Agronomy × Author: Chaudhary, Sanyogita × Start date: 2007 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Management of combine harvested rice residue through wheat establishment methods in direct seeded rice-wheat cropping system
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-09) Chaudhary, Sanyogita; Singh, Virendra P.
    Field experiments were conducted in D-2 block of Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) during 2019-20 and 2020-21. The experiment aimed to study the effect of wheat establishment methods under different rice residue levels on the growth and productivity, weed species and biomass, soil properties, energy consumption and economics of wheat after direct seeded rice. Field experiment was laid in a split plot design having three wheat establishment methods viz., conventionally sown wheat, happy seeder sown wheat and super seeder sown wheat in main plots and three rice residue levels viz., complete residue removal, only loose straw removal and no residue removal in sub plots with three replications. Rice variety (Narendra Dhan -359) and wheat variety (PBW - 502) were used during study and grown with standard package of practices. Wheat establishment method and rice residue levels significantly influenced the emergence count of wheat during both the years and Super seeder sown wheat and complete residue removal recorded highest emergence count. The number of shoots/m2, dry matter production, number of spikes/m2, biological yield, grain yield and straw yield were also the maximum under these treatments. During the years, plant height (30 DAS), SPAD and green seeker values (60 DAS), and number of grains/spike were found higher with happy seeder sown wheat than conventionally and super seeder. Among rice residues levels, these parameters were recorded higher with loose straw removal recorded than complete removal and no residue removals. In all the wheat establishment methods, the density of Coronopus didymus was found the maximum during both the years except the super seeder sown wheat during first year wherein the density of Phalaris minor was more. During both years, the total weeds dry matter accumulation was the lowest with happy seeder sown wheat (1.58 and 1.40 g/m2) and with no residue removal treatment (1.79 and 1.56 g/m2). During both the years, happy seeder sown wheat recorded higher soil moisture content (0-15 cm) than remaining establishment methods. At the end of the study i.e. completion of two crop cycles, the soil organic carbon content and stock and dehydrogenase activity were higher under happy seeder sown wheat than other two establishment methods. However, the bulk density was the lowest with conventional sown wheat. No residue removal recorded 41.5 and 51.3 % higher soil moisture content, respectively during 2019-20 and 2020-21 and 4.5 % higher SOC at end of study than CRR. Rice residue levels did not influence the BD significantly. Use of happy seeder sown wheat under CRR treatment recorded the lowest fuel consumption and CO2 emission. Super seeder sown wheat recorded the lowest cost of cultivation, being 5.6 and 5.3 % lower as compared to conventionally sown wheat during first and second year, respectively. During both the years, super seeder sown wheat among establishment methods and LSR among residue levels, recorded the highest B: C ratio. The maximum input energy was noted for conventionally sown wheat. The energy output and energy use efficiency was found maximum with super seeder sown wheat. The CRR recorded the lowest input energy.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Influence of crop diversification and in-situ residue management using organics on rice performance (Oryza sativa L.) and soil health
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-07) Chaudhary, Sanyogita; Chaturvedi, Sumit
    A field experiment was conducted during the Kharif season of 2017 at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, US Nagar, Uttarakhand situated at 29◦N, 79◦29E and at an altitude of 243.86 above mean sea level, to evaluate the effect of crop diversification and residue management techniques through organics on rice growth and rice productivity, soil health, economics and energetics. Experiment was conducted in Split Plot Design with three cropping sequences viz. rice-wheat, rice-vegetable pea-maize and rice-yellow sarson-groundnut in main plot and five residue management techniques viz. farmer’s practice, 30% residue recycling, 30% residue recycling + FYM @ 5 t ha-1, 30% residue recycling + Biogas slurry @ 2 t ha-1 and 30% residue recycling + Vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1 replicated thrice. Superior growth, yield parameters and yield of rice were recorded under rice yellow sarson-groundnut followed by rice-vegetable pea-maize cropping sequence as compared to rice-wheat sequence. However, among residue management techniques the maximum growth and yield parameters were recorded in vermicompost+30% residue recycling followed by FYM @ 5 t ha-1+ 30% residue recycling whereas, the benefit cost ratio was highest in C2T4 (biogas slurry @ 2 t ha-1 + 30% residue recycling under rice vegetable pea-maize cropping sequence) (2.55). The maximum savings of fertilizer-N (33.82 kg ha-1) and partial factor productivity (71.5 kg grain/kg of N applied) was observed in vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1 + 30% residue recycling under rice-yellow sarson-groundnut as compared to rice-wheat sequence without residue and organics (33.5 kg grain/kg of N applied, PFP). However, highest net energy returns was observed under C2T4 (biogas slurry @ 2 t ha-1 + 30% residue recycling under rice-vegetable pea-maize cropping sequence) (175173 MJ/ha). Therefore, diversification of rice-wheat sequence as rice-yellow sarson-groundnut and rice-vegetable pea-maize along with 30 percent residue management through organics viz., vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1, biogas slurry @ 2 t ha-1 and FYM @5 t ha-1 may be advocated for increasing rice productivity, improving soil health, profitability and conserving energy.