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Open Access
Sustainability of farming system for income and livelihood security in hills of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Ashish Prakash; Singh, H.N.
Sustainability is an important strategy for overall agriculture development in the country. The present study was conducted in Uttarakhand, with the objectives to estimate the income of major livelihood systems, to calculate the Sustainable livelihood security index (SLSI) for major livelihood systems and to find out the relationship between sustainable livelihood security (SLS) and its determinants. The present study utilizes both secondary and primary data; secondary data was collected for the year of 2016-17. For primary data, multistage random sampling technique was followed to select 90 farmers from Pithoragarh district and 90 farmers from Pauri Garhwal district. The annual total income formula was used to find out income of sample farmers. To calculate the second objective SLSI was used and to find out the relationship between SLS and its determinants, multiple linear regressions was used. Result shows that the annual total income from different sources such as crop enterprises, livestock enterprises, non- farm and off-farm source of income, under this the overall income was Rs.106546.00 and Rs.106851.90 in Pithoragarh and Pauri Garhwal district respectively. The district Uttarkashi (0.24) showed low sustainable livelihood security index which ranked thirteen whereas, Nainital(0.59), Udham Singh Nagar(0.57) and Pithoragarh(0.50) showed high sustainable livelihood security index which ranked first, second and third and remaining districts Dehradun(0.48),Haridwar(0.48),Pauri Garhwal(0.46), Rudraprayag (0.45), Champawat (0.44), Tehri Garhwal (0.40), Almora (0.38), Chamoli (0.32) and Bageshwar (0.30) were showed moderate sustainable livelihood security index with rank forth to twelve. The overall basis 10.00, 83.33 and 6.66 per cent farmers comes under low, moderate and high sustainable livelihood security status in Pithoragarh where as 23.33, 70.00 and 6.66 per cent farmers comes under low, moderate and high sustainable livelihood security status in Pauri Garhwal district, respectively. None of the farmer in Pithoragarh and Pauri Garhwal found under very high status of sustainable livelihood security. Analysis indicates that more than 75 per cent sampled farmer was under moderate sustainable livelihood security status to the total sampled farmers of 180 selected for present study. In marginal farmers the contribution of income from the crop enterprises(Rs.), income from livestock enterprises(Rs.), marketable surplus (qtl), livestock per household (no.), size of land holding (ha) and family size (no.) were found to be positive and significant in Pithoragarh district while Fertilizer consumption (kg/ha) was negative and non significant whereas, in Pauri Garhwal district the contribution of income from the crop enterprises(Rs.), income from livestock enterprises(Rs.), marketable surplus (qtl), fertilizer consumption (kg/ha), livestock per household (no.), size of land holding (ha) and family size (no.) were found to be positive and significant. As far as R2 is concerned, all seven variables contributed 76 per cent to sustainable livelihood security of marginal farmer in Pithoragarh and Pauri Garhwal district respectively. In small size farms category the contribution of income from the crop enterprises(Rs.), income from livestock enterprises(Rs.), marketable surplus (qtl), fertilizer consumption (kg/ha), livestock per household (no.), size of land holding (ha) and family size (no.) were found to be positive and significant in both the district of Pithoragarh and Pauri Garhwal. As far as R2 is concerned, all seven variables contributed 92 per cent to sustainable livelihood security of small farmer in Pithoragarh and 91 per cent to sustainable livelihood security in Pauri Garhwal district respectively. On the other hand the contributions of all seven variables were found positive and significant in both the districts of Pithoragarh and Pauri Garhwal. As far as R2 is concerned, all seven variables contributed 75 per cent to sustainable livelihood security of farmers in Pithoragarh and 81 per cent to sustainable livelihood security in Pauri Garhwal district respectively in overall basis. Therefore in farmers of study area should be encourage for more diversified crop cultivation, livestock production and minimized the post harvest losses.
Open Access
An econometric analysis of pulse prices in India
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-09) Bisht, Asha; Anil Kumar
Pulses form an important constituent of the food basket, serving as a cost-effective and nutritionally balanced rich source of protein for people, particularly in India. Although, India is the largest pulse producing country in the world, the production of these crops has shown sluggish growth over the years leading to low per capita availability and spiral in prices. Assurance of a remunerative and stable price environment for growers is one of the important aspects for increasing agricultural production and productivity. The present study was undertaken to analyse the aspects of growth, price volatility and price transmission for five major pulses in India. The study was based on secondary data for the period 1996-97 to 2016-17, further, divided into two sub periods: before NFSM (1996-97 to 2006-07) and after NFSM (2007-08 to 2016-17). The compound annual growth rate and instability in production of pulses were estimated using exponential growth function and Cuddy Della Vale Index (CDVI), respectively. The variability in prices of pulses was analysed using ratio method for inter and intra-year variability and GARCH (1, 1) model for extent of volatility. Descriptive analysis was done to examine the behaviour of MSP, FHP, cost of production and wholesale prices of pulses. Johansen co-integration test and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was used to study the vertical integration between wholesale and retail prices of pulses in major markets. The presence of asymmetry in vertically integrated markets of pulses was examined using Von Cramon-Taubadel model. The results revealed the low growth rate of about 1-2 per cent per annum in production of major pulses during the study period. Generally, the area has recorded lower growth than the yield for major pulses. The variability in area, production and yield of pulses were observed in the range of low to medium (<30 per cent). Production of pulses was found most fluctuating while area under pulses was least fluctuated during the period. The high fluctuations in production of pulses result in high variability in prices of pulses. The prices of pulses were observed highly volatile with no tendency to reverse to the mean. Further, the inter-year variability in prices of pulses was observed higher than the intra-year variability. The wholesale prices of pulses recorded least growth and highest variability as compared to MSP, FHP and cost of production implying that the fluctuations in pulse prices is a major concern rather than the level of prices in the economy. The study also reveals high growth rates in MSP of pulses in recent period. It shows the efforts of government to boost pulse production in the country. But MSP for pulses have been only notional and ineffective as the FHP was observed more than the MSP and farmers prefer to sell their produce in the market. Inefficiency was observed in pulse markets as wholesale and retail prices were co-integrated only in few markets in the long run while they behave independently in the short run. The presence of asymmetry in wholesale-retail price transmission in almost all the selected markets of pulses further strengthens the evidence of inefficient pulse markets. So, there is a need for regular monitoring of pulse prices, filling the information gap on prices and government intervention, when necessary, to stabilize the prices of pulses. Efforts should also be made to ensure greater market efficiency through improved physical and institutional market infrastructure. It will lead to net welfare encouraging farmer to grow more pulses.
Open Access
Total factor productivity and technical efficiency in major crops: a study of western region of Uttar Pradesh
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Jakhar, Anjali; Srivastava, S.K.
Increasing agricultural output is essential for the growth and food security of developing countries like India, where agriculture is the main stay of the economy. The country cannot depend too much upon new and growing supplies of inputs, therefore, the country will have to depend heavily upon improvements in the productive efficiency of factor inputs for future agricultural growth. The present study was undertaken to evaluate performance of major crops of the western region and Divisions (Meerut and Aligarh) in the state of Uttar Pradesh over the period from 1995-96 to 2014-15 to examine the total factor productivity (TFP); growth and variation in TFP, area, production and productivity, and technical efficiency in major crops. Total factor productivity was estimated using Tronquist Theil index and the spatial and temporal growth rate and variation in TFP, area; production and productivity were examined using exponential growth function and Coefficient of Variation, respectively. Technical efficiency of major crops under different farm size groups was examined for the region using Stochastic Frontier production function for the year 2014-15. The results revealed that the less output produced as compared to input use in paddy crop during overall period. Declining pattern observed in indices implies that all the inputs were not efficiently used in paddy production during overall period in the region. The TFP of bajra crop indicated an increasing trend during overall period in the region as well as both the divisions, but in the Aligarh division this increase is found with higher magnitude compared to Meerut division and western region. In the western region it fluctuated during overall period due to climatic and non climatic factors. It is observed that wheat crop is more labour intensive, resulted in fluctuating total factor productivity during the overall period. The total factor productivity of sugarcane crop increased during overall period in both the divisions and as well as in western region, indicated that productivity increased with high magnitude due to efficient utilization of inputs in production process and technological support. Growth rate and variability in total factor productivity of major crops increased during overall period with high magnitude in the region and both the divisions as compared to I (1995-96 to 2004-05) and II (2005-06 to 2014-15) sub periods. No any change is found in TFP of major crops during II sub period except for wheat crop wherein TFP declined, due to decrease in fertilizer consumption (in nutrient term) during II sub period as compared to I sub period. Growth rate and variability estimation in area, production and productivity of major crops in the region observed that area and production under maize crop declined during the overall period as well as two sub periods in the region and selected divisions as compared to other crops. The results of investigating technical efficiency of the sample farm households under sugarcane, wheat and bajra crops indicated that output produced was less than the potential output to the extent of about 13 per cent, 23 per cent and 19 per cent in sugarcane, wheat and bajra, respectively. On overall basis, however, much variation observed across farm size groups. In recent past no growth in TFP of the selected crops viz., paddy, bajra, maize and sugarcane, while decline in TFP of wheat crop besides its stagnant productivity poses serious threat to the food security for the burgeoning population. This situation calls for technological breakthrough and proper implementation of farm support policies in all the major crops to increase the total factor productivity. This also suggests special attention to wheat crop, the main staple food of the western region of Uttar Pradesh, as its TFP has decreased in the recent past. Extension and infrastructural development may support farmers for application of balanced fertilizer, besides achieving potential output in major crops across the farm size groups in the region.
Open Access
Resource use efficiency and optimization of farming systems involving agroforestry the plains of Kumaon region
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), 2004) Tyagi, Preeti; Jagdish Kumar
Open Access
Economic analysis of food security in India
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), 2000) Singh, Gajendra; Bhogal, T.S.
Open Access
Production performance, resource use efficiency, technology adoption and constraints in crop production in Chhattisgarh State
(Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology;Pantnagar, 2001) Gauraha, Ajay Kumar; Srivastava, R.S.L.
Open Access
Farm Planning Under Alternative Enterprise-Mix In Amroha Block Of Jyotiba Phule Nagar District Of Uttar Pradesh
(Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology;Pantnagar, 2003) Mathur, Prasoon; Chaurasia, S.P.R.
Open Access
Economic aspects of production and marketing of flowers in Kumaun hills of Uttaranchal
(G.B.Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Pantnagar, (Uttarakhand), 2005) Nayal, Neelam; Singh, S.P.
Open Access
Production performance, resource use efficiency, technology adoption and constraints in crop production In Chhattisgarh state
(Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology;Pantnagar, 2001) Gauraha, Ajay Kumar; Srivastava, R.S.L.

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