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Open Access
Sustainability of farming system for income and livelihood security in hills of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Ashish Prakash; Singh, H.N.
Sustainability is an important strategy for overall agriculture development in the country. The present study was conducted in Uttarakhand, with the objectives to estimate the income of major livelihood systems, to calculate the Sustainable livelihood security index (SLSI) for major livelihood systems and to find out the relationship between sustainable livelihood security (SLS) and its determinants. The present study utilizes both secondary and primary data; secondary data was collected for the year of 2016-17. For primary data, multistage random sampling technique was followed to select 90 farmers from Pithoragarh district and 90 farmers from Pauri Garhwal district. The annual total income formula was used to find out income of sample farmers. To calculate the second objective SLSI was used and to find out the relationship between SLS and its determinants, multiple linear regressions was used. Result shows that the annual total income from different sources such as crop enterprises, livestock enterprises, non- farm and off-farm source of income, under this the overall income was Rs.106546.00 and Rs.106851.90 in Pithoragarh and Pauri Garhwal district respectively. The district Uttarkashi (0.24) showed low sustainable livelihood security index which ranked thirteen whereas, Nainital(0.59), Udham Singh Nagar(0.57) and Pithoragarh(0.50) showed high sustainable livelihood security index which ranked first, second and third and remaining districts Dehradun(0.48),Haridwar(0.48),Pauri Garhwal(0.46), Rudraprayag (0.45), Champawat (0.44), Tehri Garhwal (0.40), Almora (0.38), Chamoli (0.32) and Bageshwar (0.30) were showed moderate sustainable livelihood security index with rank forth to twelve. The overall basis 10.00, 83.33 and 6.66 per cent farmers comes under low, moderate and high sustainable livelihood security status in Pithoragarh where as 23.33, 70.00 and 6.66 per cent farmers comes under low, moderate and high sustainable livelihood security status in Pauri Garhwal district, respectively. None of the farmer in Pithoragarh and Pauri Garhwal found under very high status of sustainable livelihood security. Analysis indicates that more than 75 per cent sampled farmer was under moderate sustainable livelihood security status to the total sampled farmers of 180 selected for present study. In marginal farmers the contribution of income from the crop enterprises(Rs.), income from livestock enterprises(Rs.), marketable surplus (qtl), livestock per household (no.), size of land holding (ha) and family size (no.) were found to be positive and significant in Pithoragarh district while Fertilizer consumption (kg/ha) was negative and non significant whereas, in Pauri Garhwal district the contribution of income from the crop enterprises(Rs.), income from livestock enterprises(Rs.), marketable surplus (qtl), fertilizer consumption (kg/ha), livestock per household (no.), size of land holding (ha) and family size (no.) were found to be positive and significant. As far as R2 is concerned, all seven variables contributed 76 per cent to sustainable livelihood security of marginal farmer in Pithoragarh and Pauri Garhwal district respectively. In small size farms category the contribution of income from the crop enterprises(Rs.), income from livestock enterprises(Rs.), marketable surplus (qtl), fertilizer consumption (kg/ha), livestock per household (no.), size of land holding (ha) and family size (no.) were found to be positive and significant in both the district of Pithoragarh and Pauri Garhwal. As far as R2 is concerned, all seven variables contributed 92 per cent to sustainable livelihood security of small farmer in Pithoragarh and 91 per cent to sustainable livelihood security in Pauri Garhwal district respectively. On the other hand the contributions of all seven variables were found positive and significant in both the districts of Pithoragarh and Pauri Garhwal. As far as R2 is concerned, all seven variables contributed 75 per cent to sustainable livelihood security of farmers in Pithoragarh and 81 per cent to sustainable livelihood security in Pauri Garhwal district respectively in overall basis. Therefore in farmers of study area should be encourage for more diversified crop cultivation, livestock production and minimized the post harvest losses.
Open Access
An economic analysis of resource use efficiency and risk management of cassava production in Tamilnadu
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-09) Tharanivel, K.V.; Srivastava, S.K.
Cassava occupies second position among the root crops in terms of both production and area globally. In India .this tuber crop is largely cultivated in Tamil Nadu (64 per cent) and Kerala (32 per cent). Tamilnadu stands first in processing of cassava into starch and sago, followed by Andhra Pradesh, which is consumed through out the country. The spread of cassava mosaic virus in Tamilnadu which has reduced the yield of cassava by almost 40 per cent. In some areas due to mono cropping of cassava the soil productivity is reduced leading to concerns of farmers in resource management and the risk management startegies to be adopted. Hence in order to examine the resource use efficiency and risk management of cassava production, the study was conducted in Tamilnadu, based on the survey of 160 farmers selected from Salem and Namakkal districts, conducted in the crop year 2018-19 with the main objectives, (1) to examine the technology adoption level in cassava production and constrains therein, (2) to examine the status of resource use efficiency of cassava production, (3) to measure the profitability of cassava production, (4) to identify the sources of risks in cassava production and (5) to examine the determinants of risk management strategies adopted by the farmers. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, Cobb-douglas production function, net farm income income analysis, Hazell’s decomposition method and Logit regression function. Results of the study have revealed that none of the farm size had used recommended seed rate and there was a large variation observed in adopting the recommended dates of sowing where small farmers had lowest average of adoption with 77.69 per cent of the recommended level. It is also observed that nitrogen adoption was quite opposite to adoption of potash. This was because, nitrogen was over applied across farm size except marginal farms, while potash was under applied across farm sizes of all varieties. Analysis of resource use efficiency revealed that the labour coefficient had negative impact on all the categories of farms but they had significant impact only on medium and large farms. Fertilizer was used optimally on marginal, small and medium farms while on large farms they were over utilized. The net returns per hectare from cassava cultivation over cost C3 was highest for large farms(Rs. 96101), while marginal farms had the lowest net returns(Rs. 81997). Analysis of price and yield risk over the past two decades indicates that price had more variation compared to yield showing that price is more risk prone. Availability of non farm income had a significant impact on adoption of micro irrigation and crop insurance by cassava farmers. As the adoption of recommended intercultural practices were very low the farmers should be educated about the benefits of mulching in the conservation of moisture and the advantage of earthing-up in the growth of tubers. Farmers perceived that higher price of phosphorus and potash was the main reason for lower adoption of these nutrients. Hence government agencies should subsidize these fertilizers especially phosphatic and potassic to increase their usage which is very important for the growth of cassava tubers. It was found that human labour have been over utilized across all farm categories. Hence there is a need for the evolution and adoption of labour absorbing technology. To reduce the risks in cassava production crop insurance is suggested especially during drought condition, when it is very difficult to remove tubers from ground and enabling farmers to use formal risk management mechanisms such as production contract with the sago industries existing in the study area.
Open Access
An economic analysis of Betalghat Watershed Development Project of Nainital district of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Bisht, Babita; Singh, Virendra
India has around 65 per cent of the total arable land in rainfed areas. Rainfed areas although sustain a huge range of rural mass but at the same time suffer from a wide variety of restraints namely, landslides, soil erosion, drought, undulated topography, etc. Uttarakhand has the similar peculiarities as the state also falls under the category of rainfed areas. The irrigation potential of the state is very low in spite of major rivers flowing through the state, which has led to the initiation of various watershed development projects in the state. One such project is Betalghat watershed development project which has its own set of objectives to uplift the socio economic background of rural masses. Both, primary as well as secondary data were used for the study. Multistage random sampling technique was employed to carry the present study and the sample consisted of 60 respondents, 30 respondents each of participant and non-participant groups. The results revealed that the project was worked out to be financially sound with a B-C ratio of 1.31, IRR of 29.24 per cent and an NPW of Rs. 2,05,26,488. The average age for participant and nonparticipant group of farmers was worked out to be 45 years and 57 years, respectively, with a mean difference of 12.56 which was statistically significant at 1 per cent level of significance. The average family size for participants and non-participants was 5.47 and 6.67 per family, respectively. Average annual income for participants and non-participants was worked out to be Rs. 317620 and Rs. 298320 per household, respectively. The cropping intensity for participants and non-participants was worked out to be 230.61 per cent and 175.00 per cent, respectively, whereas per farm production on participant and non-participant farms was 22.41 quintals and 6.85 quintals, respectively. The crop yield index of participants and non-participants was 120.46 per cent and 77.03 per cent, respectively. Further, the per hectare cost of cultivation of maize, finger millet, wheat, bottle gourd and pumpkin in case of participants and non-participants were worked out to be Rs. 45322, Rs. 51346, Rs. 43762, Rs. 38791 and Rs. 33126, Rs. 34576, Rs. 33311, Rs. 32716 and Rs. 30355, respectively. The per hectare net returns were Rs. 5935, Rs. 5308, Rs. 5531, Rs. 5468 and Rs. 5859 for maize, finger millet, wheat, bottle gourd, and pumpkin, respectively in case of participants. However, the same for similar crops in case of nonparticipants were Rs. 911, Rs. 1727, Rs. 1471, Rs. 1963 and Rs. 1467, respectively. The relative changes for yields of maize, finger millet, wheat, bottle gourd, and pumpkin were 107.62 per cent, 15.59 per cent, 79.84 per cent, 26.76 per cent and 44.21 per cent, respectively. The major constraints faced by nonparticipants included fear of reduction of size of land holding (93.33 %), lack of capital at the time when needed (80.00%), unawareness about high yielding varieties (86.67%) and unavailability of capital (83.33%). The most important constraint for non-involvement of non-participants was found out to be reduction of size of land holding as a majority of non-participants were feared with the thought of it. Though Betalghat watershed has proved its proficiency for the participants of the project the non-participants are still far beyond the threshold level of yields of and returns from major crops grown by them. Also, the diverse cropping system followed by participants was due to better irrigation facilities availed by them because of the watershed project in the area. The watershed enrolment should be expanded beyond the present level so as to benefit the residents of diverse socio-economic background and more such projects should be formulated and implemented in potential areas.
Open Access
Business performance analysis of a Cooperative Bank: A case of Salem district Central Cooperative Bank
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Sabariraj, C.; Singh, Virendra
Farm credit is an indispensable input and the demand of which keeps on rising on the advent of modern technologies. Cooperative credit institutions are of strategic importance with regard to farm credit. Three tier cooperative credit structure was adopted to extend short term and medium term loans to priority sectors. In the present time of competition, cooperatives are losing the ground on one hand and their very concept is restraining them to perform efficiently, on other hand. The present study was undertaken with an objective of analyzing the performance of Salem district central cooperative bank. The study was based on both primary and secondary data. For the appraisal of customers opinion, out of 69 branches of the bank, 10 branches were selected randomly and 10 customers from the area of operation of each selected branch were selected randomly. The findings of the study revealed that the deposit mobilization of the bank was growing at a positive rate and the fixed deposits held a major share in the total deposit mobilized. The bank was found to be in a favourable position as far as liquidity (except acid test ratio) and financial strength of the bank is concerned. The solvency and profitability of the bank were found to be very poor than the prescribed norms of same. Though the growth rate of profit was positive, but a sharp decline was witnessed in the recent years. The growth of the loan extended by the bank was found to be negative and it was also observed that the bank meant basically to extend loan to agriculture sector but it was more focused on lending to non-agricultural sector as its more than four-fifth loans extended to non-agricultural activities. The highest share of NPA incurred by the bank was of cash credits (25.93 per cent) followed by short term non-agricultural loans (22.38 per cent) and medium term agricultural loans (19.98 per cent). The explanatory variable ‘follow up’ was found to have negative and significant effect whereas the ‘Loan waivers’ was found to have positive and significant effect on the NPA incurred by the bank. Out of five, the bank had been rated highly in pricing (4.23) and accessibility (4.20) categories while poorly rated in channel of distribution (1.38) and technological advancement (1.52). The overall rating of Salem district central cooperative bank (2.92) was found to be satisfactory. The bank should take immediate steps to improve the management aspect of funds, channel of distribution and follow the technological advancement taking place. In addition the bank should also improve the basic amenities in the branches to promote the comfort of customers and bank staffs. Though the bank’s main motto is self-help and mutual help, the bank should take sincere efforts to resolve the problems identified by the study to ensure long term viability.
Open Access
Economics of production and marketing of off-season vegetables in Kumaon hills of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Adhikari, Bhupandra Singh; Anil Kumar
India is the second largest producer of vegetables after China, producing about 12 per cent of world’s vegetable. The off-season vegetable production refers to the production of vegetables and marketing them to the market at their lean period of supply, due to which these vegetables have definite market advantage and provides better returns to the farmers. The small and fragmented land holdings coupled with insufficient production inputs and poor marketing facilities limit the production of vegetables in the hilly areas. The present study was conducted in Kumaon hills of Uttarakhand to examine the cost in and returns from major off-season vegetables, marketing cost, marketing margins, price spread, marketing efficiency, post-harvest losses at various levels and constraints faced by farmers in production and marketing of off-season vegetables. The multistage sampling was used for selection of blocks, villages and farmers for the study. Form the Kumaon division one hilly district i.e. Nainital was selected purposively. The data was collected from 80 farmers pertaining to year 2016-17 as well as 10 market intermediaries of different types involved in vegetable marketing. Simple statistical tools were used to achieve the objectives of the study. The findings revealed that the cultivation of off-season vegetables was a profitable venture in the study area. All the selected vegetables i.e. pea, potato, cabbage and French bean were found giving positive net profit over cost C3. The cost of cultivation on per ha basis was highest for potato (Rs. 109608) and lowest for cabbage (Rs. 68019). However, the cost of production was estimated to be Rs. 1261 per qt for pea, which was highest among the selected vegetables, followed by Rs. 916 per qt, Rs. 898 per qt and Rs. 463 per qt for French bean, potato and cabbage, respectively. The net return over cost C3 was found highest for pea i.e. Rs.99486 followed by potato (Rs. 89496), bean (Rs. 55347) and cabbage (Rs. 35616). The return per rupee expenditure was found to be the highest for pea (2.25), followed by potato (1.82), bean (1.68) and cabbage (1.52). Channel I i.e. Producer-Wholesaler-cumcommission agent-Retailer-Consumer was the principal channel of marketing of vegetables in the study area as maximum quantity was sold through this channel. The other channel for disposal of vegetables was ProducerRetailer-Consumer, channel II. In channel I marketing cost incurred by producer varied from Rs. 321.09 per qt for pea to Rs. 209.30 per qt for cabbage. The marketing cost incurred by retailer in channel I varied from Rs. 471.23 per qt in case of pea to Rs. 286.75 per qt in case of cabbage. The absolute margin realized by wholesaler-cumcommission agent in channel I was as high as Rs. 293.68 per qt in case of pea and as low as Rs. 70.23 per qt in case of potato. The absolute margin realized by retailer in channel I varied from Rs.466.30 for pea to Rs. 111.68 per qt for cabbage. Price spread in channel I was the highest for cabbage (49.95%) and lowest for potato (31.94%). Marketing cost incurred by producer on channel II was highest for potato (Rs. 108.39) and lowest for bean (Rs. 73.52). Marketing cost incurred by retailer in channel II varied from Rs. 41.93 per qt for pea to Rs. 24.66 per qt for cabbage. Absolute margin realized by retailer in channel II varied from Rs. 388.22 per qt in case of pea to Rs. 169.51 per qt in case of cabbage. Price spread in channel II varied from 35.26 per cent in case of cabbage to 17.25 in case of French bean. Channel II was the most efficient channel found in the study area with the efficiency index of 4.68, 3.84, 1.83 and 4.79 for pea, potato, cabbage and bean, respectively. The maximum post-harvest loss was observed in case of potato i.e. 4.38 per cent of total production during harvesting, grading and transportation stages, followed by pea (4.09%), bean (3.93%) and cabbage (3.08%). The most severe constraint faced by farmers during production was reported to be the shortage of irrigation water followed by high incidence of pest and non-availability of quality seed. High transportation cost was the most severe marketing constraints faced by producers followed by price fluctuation and high cost of packaging material. The off-season vegetable production was found profitable in the study area. The input delivery system need to be strengthened for supply of critical inputs like seed at the right price and time. Farmers should be linked with marketing co-operatives for reducing the cost of transportation and post-harvest losses. Provisions of APMC act should be faithfully implemented in the region in order to curb malpractices in the markets.
Open Access
An economic analysis of milk production and loss estimation due to prevalent diseases of indigenous cattle in Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Chaubey, Saurabh Kumar; Singh, H.N.
Indigenous cattle have been an integral part of Indian agriculture since times immemorial as they have religious importance and have been considered as a motherly figure. Dairying has been considered as important sector in development agenda of Uttarakhand. Keeping in mind the decreasing indigenous cattle population, increasing incidence of diseases and their low productivity this study was conducted in Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand with the objectives; to analyse the cost and returns of milk milk production, to estimate the resource use efficiency of indigenous cattle milk production, to examine the pattern of diseases and to estimate the mortality and morbidity losses occurring due to diseases and to identify the predilections and problems faced by indigenous cattle owner. . To carry out the proposed study, multistage sampling technique was employed. Two blocks were selected randomly at first. From each selected block, two villages were selected randomly. Out of these selected villages, from each village, 15 indigenous cattle farmers were selected randomly for cost-return, efficiency and predilections-problem analysis and 5 indigenous cattle farmers were selected purposively for loss estimation analysis. Thus, a total of 60 sample farmers were selected for I, II and IV objectives of the study and 20 sample farmers were selected for III objective of the study. So, data collected from 80 households was used for the study pertaining to the year 2018-19. To analyse cost return analysis of indigenous cattle milk production standard cost concepts were employed; Cobb Douglas production function was used to estimate resource use efficiency of indigenous cattle milk production; simple statistical tools were used to examine the pattern of occurrence of diseases and formulas of morbidity and mortality losses were used to estimate them; problems and predilections were analysed by simple statistical tools. The results revealed that the net cost of maintaining an indigenous milch cattle was estimated to be Rs.87.66/milch cattle/day whereas on per day basis net return was averaged at Rs.2.37/milch cattle/day. The magnitude of coefficient of multiple determination (R2) denotes that explanatory variables included the model were responsible for 73.10 per cent of variation in indigenous cattle milk production. The regression coefficients of dry fodder, green fodder, concentrate and veterinary expenses were found to be positive and significant. Parasitic diseases were found to be the most prevalent with about 33% of the total reported incidence in the study area whereas Reproductive diseases were found to be the largest loss causing with Rs.3058.36 /farm/lactation of losses on an average. Other disease category was found to be most mortality causing category. Morbidity losses shared the largest part of the total losses with a loss of Rs.6815.95/farm/lactation (69.61% of total losses). The direct losses that had occurred due to the diseases were realized at Rs.8262.11/farm/lactation and indirect losses at Rs.3432.21/farm/lactation. Among the morbidity losses direct milk loss shared the largest percentage of loss (34.56%). The most favoured predilections revealed were resistance to diseases and religious-cultural sentiments whereas the most severe problems revealed were non- availability of quality feed and fodder and lack of unproductive cattle disposal facility. Efforts are needed to increase the milk production by devising policies promoting quality feed and fodder, undertaking livestock vaccinations, educating indigenous cattle milk producers about the feeding practices that should be followed.
Open Access
An economic analysis of MSME in Udham Singh nagar district of Uttarakhand: A case of frozen pea units
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Prakriti; Sharma, M.L.
Vegetable pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important horticultural crop ranking fourth in world legume production. India ranks second in the world production of green peas sharing 24.22 per cent in total production. Uttarakhand ranks ninth in the production of green pea among all states with the production of 83.01 thousand tonnes contributing 1.73 per cent share in total production. MSMEs in Uttarakhand are showing an increasing trend in its establishment in the last decade. This sector is dominated by flour mills, rice mills and dairy enterprises. The study conducted in Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand was based on the data collected from a sample of 16 units from the total number of 52 frozen pea units registered under MSME for the year 2018. The study is aimed at identifying financial performance of the units, factors influencing performance of entrepreneur, factors affecting processing and marketing of frozen pea and the constraints associated with the growth of frozen pea units. The results revealed that out of 16 units; 8 units (50.00%) were established before 2000, 5 units (31.75%) were established during 2000-2010 and 3 units (18.75%) were established after 2010. The input-output ratio of micro unit was found to be 1.01 and that for small and medium was 1.37 and 1.42 respectively, which reflects the profitability of units. The fixed capital ratio (Micro-0.12, Small-0.36, and Medium-0.39), operating ratio (Micro-0.47, Small-0.55, and Medium-0.63) and gross ratio (Micro-0.59, Small-0.69, and Medium-0.72) were found to be minimum which reflects that the units are capital efficient in use. The break even analysis reflects that micro enterprises have the breakeven point production of 54.80 quintal and that for small and medium enterprises are 498.84 quintals and 805.38 quintals respectively. It is clear that all the units are performing at profitable level as their actual production is greater than their breakeven point of production. Multinomial logistic analysis reflects that year of schooling, training and experience of the entrepreneurs has significant association with performance level of the entrepreneurs. But gender, family size, age of the entrepreneur and location of the unit has no significant association with performance of entrepreneurs. From the Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance to see the agreement in ranking the constraints associated with processing and marketing of frozen pea it is revealed that poor storage and poor technology & managerial skill is the major constraint in processing of frozen pea. Inadequate market information and Nonavailability of graded & good quality of raw material are also among major constraints. Z-Score analysis done to identify constraints with special reference to infrastructural, financial and marketing aspects indicates that Lack of Cold storage, Lack of Quality testing laboratory, Poor cooperation from the staff, Problem in packaging and labeling, Advertising, unavailability of refrigerated van, high rate of interest were very serious problems as reported by the entrepreneurs. Lack of institutional credit, poor market research and seasonal demand were the least affecting problems.
Open Access
Institutional credit supply to agriculture and repayment behaviour of borrowers in Haldwani block of Nainital district of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Bungla, Manjari; Sharma, M.L.
Agriculture credit is an important prerequisite for agricultural growth. In India agriculture is more than an occupationand credit is one of the key drivers of progress in this sector. Flow of credit to agriculture plays a critical role in agricultural production in the country. In case of agriculture, it is not only the availability of credit but also the access to adequate institutional credit that matters, since most of the agricultural land belong to small and marginal farmer categories. Findings revealed that the overall flow of credit has increased over the years in Uttarakhand but it has been found that performance of credit institutions was inconsistent and a continuous fall of credit achievement against target was observed. The proposed study was conducted in Haldwani, the most populous block of Nainital district of Uttarakhand, covers the maximum number of agricultural borrowers and maximum number of branches of credit institutions. Increasing availability of agricultural credit resulted many problems i.e. diversion of credit other than production purpose, which directly or indirectly have a bearing on the repayment of the loan and overdues levels. Therefore, the present study has been conducted with reference to supply of credit to agriculture. The study based on the data collected from sample borrowers for the year 2018-2019, in order to examine the socio economic status of the borrowers and extent of diversion of credit. Time series data from period 2009-2010 to 2018-2019, was collected to examine the performance of institutional credit supply to agriculture. For this CAGR analysis was employed. In order to examine repayment behaviour of borrowers, logistic regression was applied, to examine the factors influencing the overdues to screen potential defaulter, discriminant function analysis was employed. Multistage sampling technique was used to identify the agriculture borrowers.From block, a total number of 15 borrowers were selected randomly from each village and altogether 90 borrowers were selected from 6 villages. Total numbers of non-defaulter and defaulter borrowers identified were 71 and 19, respectively.The results of the study indicated that RRBs had stagnated number of branches over the years. Therefore, it is suggested that RRBs should expand their branches so that it would cover larger area in study area.Commercial banks have highest share (more than 80 %) of credit supply to the total credit supply over the years and maximum share (90%) during year 2014-15. Co-operative banks and RRBs have lower share of institutional credit as compared to commercial banks in Uttarakhand. Positive growth rate was recorded in co-operative banks (16.60% per annum), RRBs (17.3%) and commercial banks (14.9%) per annum in terms of achievement. Co-operative banks contributed lower percentage of achievement in the disbursement of agricultural loan as compared to commercial banks. Therefore, efforts should be made to increase the achievement in advancing agricultural loan by co-operative banks.In overdues, commercial banks shared the highest overdues than that of other institutions.Recovery performance of RRBs was recorded very poor as compared to cooperatives and commercial banks. For the better recovery of loan, proper supervision and follow up action by bank officials should be needed. Timely availability of loan plays an important role in agriculture for better production and better repayment of loan was reported better on overall basis in the study area. Further, it wasobserved that factors like lower age group,family size, income and land holding of the borrowers contributed positively to loan repayment behaviour of borrowers.Credit institutions are suggested that they should keep strict watch when advancing loans to these groups of borrowers. Therefore, credit institutions are advised to advance optimum loans to the borrowers to minimize the incidence of overdues.
Open Access
An economic analysis of wheat based cropping systems in the plains of Nainital district of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Pathak, Garima; Chandra Dev
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the leading cereal cropjamong all the food grains for the majority of the country’s population. India is the secondklargest producer of wheat with 93.5 million tonnes production and having the maximum acreage of 30.23 million hectare under wheat crop. Uttarakhand stands at 9th position in terms of wheat production (0.88 million tonnes) in India and occupies an area of about 0.34 million hectare. Wheat is the most dominant crop of Nainital district yet it produces only 7.95 percent (0.07 million tonnes) of the total wheat production in Uttarakhand.The study conducted in plains of Nainital district of Uttarakhand was based on data collected from a sample of 90 farmers for agricultural year 2017-18. Three major cropping systems namely, CS I (Rice-Wheat), CS II (Maize-Wheat), CS III (Soybean-Wheat) were taken for the study. The study aimed to examine the socio-economic status, cost, returns, profitability, resource use efficiency of wheat based cropping systems and constraints faced by the sample farmers. The results revealed that an average size of cultivated land was 1.13 ha. On an average, annual income of sample farmers was Rs. 3,02,109 per farm. The per hectare total cost of cultivation was maximum in CS I (Rs. 78,969/-), followed by CS II ( Rs. 72,213/-) and CS III (Rs. 70,691/-). Gross returns were highest in CS I (Rs. 1,18,790/ha) followed by CS II (Rs.99,293/ha) and CS III (Rs. 94,639/ha). The per hectare net returns came out to be maximum in CS I (Rs. 34,006/-) followed by Rs. 27,080/- and Rs. 23,948/- in CS II and CS III. B.C.R came out to be 1.40, 1.37 and 1.34 for CS I, CS II and CS III indicated CS I to be the most profitable cropping system followed by CS II and CS III. In case of CS I the value of MVP/MFC for seeds (2.008), FYM (1.828), PPC (4.474), machine power (1.004) came out to be greater than unity indicated under utilization of these resource. In CS II the value of MVP/MIC for fertilizers (-2.501) and machine power (-2.847) were less than unity implies that these resources were over utilized. However, for FYM and PPC value of MVP/MFC came out to be 7.313 and 9.973. In case of CS III seeds (28.80), FYM (5.59), PPC (4.35) and machine power (1.41) values MVP/MIC came out to be greater than unity indicated the under utilization of these resources. While, in case of irrigation (-26.50) it was less than unity revealed the over utilization of resources. The study revealed that problems of rats and rodents, pest and disease attack, high machinery cost, problem of wild animals were major constraints faced by the sample farmers.

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