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Author: Amandeep Kaur ×

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Investigation of physiological and biochemical mechanisms of cold tolerance in chickpea
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Amandeep Kaur; Gupta, Neha
    The present study entitled “Investigation of physiological and biochemical mechanisms of cold tolerance in chickpea” was undertaken in the Experimental area of Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, PAU, Ludhiana during consecutive years of 2019-20 and 2020-21. The plant material involved in study was thirteen advanced lines and three cultivars (GPF-2, PBG-5, and PBG-7) of chickpea which were exposed to cold stress at reproductive stage under field conditions. Various physiological and biochemical parameters such as proline, electrolyte leakage, photosynthetic pigments, lipid peroxidation etc. were measured before and after exposure to cold to delineate the mechanism of tolerance in these genotypes. Significant genotypic variations were found for the above-mentioned traits in present study for the both the years. However, contents of proline, chlorophyll, carotenoids and radical scavenging activity was significantly higher in tolerant line GL29183. Similar trend of increment in pollination potential was observed in GL29183 where pollen viability and pollen load were maximum but statistically at par to check cultivar PBG5. Genotypic variations were also significant for studied phenology and yield contributing parameters. The tolerant line GL29183 produced significantly higher flowers/plant, pods/plant and maximum pod fertility score. Further, increase in number of seeded pods contribute to better productivity and maximum yield/ plant in GL29183 especially GL29183-P2 among advanced lines. Higher number of days to 50% flowering and flowering duration was reported in GL27059-P2 than other advanced lines. However, susceptible genotype GL28202 performed poorly in traits pods plant -1 with minimum pollen viability percentage and pollen load reflecting the differential reproductive tolerance of studied genotypes. The biochemical studies depicted highest electrolyte leakage in genotypes GL28203-P3 and GL28008-P2 which was statistically at par to GL28202 (P1, P2). The seed quality attributes revealed that GL29183 line had greater seed size as comparative to other advanced lines. The percentage protein content was also at par to GL28202-P2. The sugar content was found to be similar in advanced lines and check cultivars. Our study depicted that among the advanced lines, GL29183-P2 was tolerant to early cold stress at reproductive stage.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Biochemical evaluation of immature pods and mature seeds of wild abelmoschus genotypes
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Amandeep Kaur; Sangha, Manjeet Kaur
    In the present study the immature pods and seeds of wild Abelmoschus species were biochemically characterised. Total carbohydrates in pods varied from 22.34- 93.10% DW. Total soluble sugars (TSS), reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars exhibited range of 13.74- 84.36%, 0.17- 19.41% and 31.25- 64.95% DW respectively. Mucilage, dry matter, ash, crude protein and total soluble protein depicted range of 6.64- 19.64% DW, 11.18- 27.59%, 1.10- 6.94%, 2.13- 6.32% and 0.93- 3.56% FW respectively. Free amino acids range was 0.16- 0.27% (FW). Carotenoids, phenolics, O-dihydroxyphenols and flavonols varied from 4.48- 13.25 mg/100 g FW, 122.95- 412.01 mg/100 g DW, 4.30- 17.99 mg/100g and 63.63- 274.49 mg/100g DW respectively. Vitamin E and C varied from 15.14- 51.24 mg/100 g DW and 41.26- 120.10 mg/100 g FW respectively. DPPH and FRAP activity ranged from 39.74- 62.90% and 4.54- 11.22 mg AAE/g DW respectively. Phytate, oxalate, saponin and tannins depicted variation of 0.65- 2.08% DW, 0.23- 0.63% DW, 0.19- 1.04% DW, and 1.26- 3.30% DW respectively. Seed oil ranged from 10.68-27.61% DW. A. manihot and A. tetraphyllus pods were high in antioxidants, mucilage and low in tannins and saponins. A. moschatus was rich in nutrients in pods and Vit. E, oleic, linoleic acid and minerals in seeds, while A. tetraphyllus possessed high antioxidants and was low in phytate and oxalate and A. mizonagenesis exhibited high seed oil content. These genotypes can be used for improvement of cultivated okra for end product diversification.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    QTL Mapping For Terminal Heat Stress Tolerance In Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat Derived Population
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-, 2020) Amandeep Kaur; Satinder Kau
    Common bread wheat (2n=AABBDD) ranks among the primary cereal crop throughout the world and is an allohexaploid evolved from two spontaneous hybridization events followed by spontaneous chromosome doubling. The D-genome of this polyploidy is the least diverse among the three constituting wheat genomes and is unarguably less diverse than that of diploid progenitor Aegilops tauschii (2n=DD). Due to this considerable similarity, Ae. tauschii is extensively used in wheat improvement programs introducing new genetic diversity for various biotic and abiotic traits. A large number for Ae. tauschii accessions are available at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Seven of these accessions were used to generate wheat synthetics targeting heat stress tolerance. All of these SHWs performed better than elite cultivars under terminal heat tolerance. Two of these synthetics, Syn14128 and Syn14170 selected on the basis of their better and stable performance under heat stress. These two synthetic wheat were crossed with stripe rust resistant version of two elite wheat varieties PBW343 and HD2967 to generate four nested population of chromosomal segmental substitution lines (CSSLs). CSSLs thus generated, were evaluated for terminal heat tolerance and yield associated traits under timely and late sown conditions. A majority of CSSLs out-performed the checks for different traits like number of effective tillers, ear length, TGW and harvest index, as compared to checks and recurrent parents used in the study. The genotypic performance evaluated using Heat Susceptibility Index (HSI) further suggested that almost 50 percent CSSLs from each set were either highly heat tolerant or moderately heat tolerant. Further, to assess the extent of alien introgressions these lines, genotype-by-sequencing was outsourced and unique SNP from SHW and derived populations were identified. A total of 724 synthetic wheat specific SNPs found in syn14170xHD2967 derived CSSLs while 1546 synthetic specific SNPs were identified in syn14128xPBW343 derived CSSLs. The graphical genotype of SNPs derived from syn14170xHD2967, identified four potential introgressions on chr 2A, 3D, 6D and 7A. Based on yield per plot, harvest index and TGW, 18 out-performing lines had one or more of these introgressions. In CSSLs derived from syn14170xPBW343, two potential introgressions on chr 1B and 5B were found. Based on yield per plot, harvest index and TGW, 15 outperforming lines had introgressions either on chr 1B or 5B. Further to explore the seedling stage heat tolerance in the selected SHW lines, a 35°C heat shock for 12- and 20-hr was given to 4 day old seedlings. A significant variation was observed in the content of MDA, DPPH, total phenols and total flavanols, total sugars and amylase activity along with antioxidant scavenging activities and synthetics better activities of most of these parameters compared to elite and durum wheats. One of the synthetic, Syn14128 had higher amylase activity and better recovery even after a heat shock of 20hrs which was confirmed by the gene expression analysis of α-amylase gene. A better performance of synthetics under both seedling stage and terminal stage heat stress makes them the potential source for the improvement of heat tolerance in the present day wheat cultivars. However, a deep exploration the exotic introgressions in the synthetic derived lines will also help to refine useful exotic chromosome segments for improving various traits and increasing D-genome diversity among cultivated varieties.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Relationship of Mental Health with Suicidal Ideation among Adolescents
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Amandeep Kaur; Kang, Tejpreet K.
    The study was conducted to assess the ‘Relationship of Mental Health with Suicidal Ideation among Adolescents.’ The study was based on 240 adolescents (i.e. 120 rural and 120 urban) in the age range of 16-18 years. The sample was randomly drawn from four Government Senior Secondary Schools purposively selected from rural as well as urban areas of Ludhiana district. Self-structured general information sheet was prepared to collect the general information of the adolescents. Mental Health Battery by Singh and Sengupta and Suicidal Ideation Scale by Sisodia and Bhatnagar were used to assess the mental health and suicidal ideation of the respondents respectively. Results revealed significant differences in mental health of the respondents. Boys were scoring better than their female counterparts in majority of the dimensions as well as in overall mental health. Significant locale differences existed between rural boys and girls. In suicidal ideation gender differences were found to be significant among rural boys and girls whereas non-significant differences were seen among urban boys and girls. Significant locale differences existed between rural and urban adolescents. Emotional stability, overall adjustment, self-concept, intelligence and better overall mental health made a negative contribution towards suicidal ideation as compared to autonomy and security-insecurity which made a positive contribution towards suicidal ideation among adolescents. In demographic variables, family size and presence of male and female sibling were having a significant and positive relationship with mental health whereas family income was having a significant and negative relationship with the dimension of mental health among adolescents.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Utilization of lemongrass for shelf life extension and flavor enhancement of cookies
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Amandeep Kaur; Amarjeet Kaur
    Study was carried out on “Utilization of lemongrass for shelf life extension and flavor enhancement of cookies”. Lemongrass was procured from department of Agronomy, washed, sliced and dried at two temperatures i.e. 35 and 500C for 16-18 hrs. Drying temperature which was selected was 500C for 16-18 hours. Lemongrass was ground into powder and analyzed for proximate composition, total phenols and phytochemicals. It was found to contain 8.1% moisture, 9.01% ash, 1.31% fat, 8.6% protein, 7.36% fibre and 65.28% carbohydrates. Total phenol content of powder was 0.13 g/100g as GAE gallic acid equivalent and flavonoids ranged from 0.49 g/100 g powder. The powder was incorporated in cookies at 0, 2.5% and 5% levels. Cookies containing 2.5% of lemongrass powder were found best on sensory evaluation scores. Cookies were stored in high density polyethylene (HDPE) for a period of 6 months. During this period changes in free fatty acid (FFA), moisture content, water activity (aw) and peroxide value (PV) were recorded. Although there was non significant increase in these constituents but cookies were found acceptable only upto 2 months organoleptically. The estimated cost for the cookies was Rs. 211.21/kg and Rs. 211.71/kg, respectively for 2.5 and 5% level of lemongrass incorporation as compared to Rs.210.71/kg for the control.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INTROGRESSION OF crtRB1 AND LcyE GENES FOR HIGH β-carotene INTO QUALITY PROTEIN MAIZE (QPM)
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Amandeep Kaur; Malhotra, Pawan Kumar
    Maize (Zea mays L.) being the queen of cereals deficient in Vitamin A which causes the malnutrition and major health problems. Quality protein maize has enhanced level of the amino acids, lysine, and tryptophan over normal maize varieties. However, QPM varieties are low in provitamin A, a precursor of vitamin A which can lead to vitamin A deficiency in human. In the present investigation, the grain quality of QPM inbred is further enriched for β-carotene by introgressing of crtRB1 and LcyE gene through marker assisted backcross breeding. Rare natural genetic variation of crtRB1 and LcyE gene enhances β-carotene in the kernel by blocking its conversion to further components. Traditional yellow maize though contain high kernel carotenoids, but the concentration of provitamin A is quite low (<1.5µg/g) as compared to the recommended level (15µg/g). Development of biofortified maize enriched in provitamin A, lysine and tryptophan thus holds significant potential in the alleviation of micronutrients. Marker assisted stacking of crtRB1, LcyE and o2 were undertaken in the genetic background of QLM13, inbred of PMH1 hybrid. Foreground selection was carried out using gene-specific primers on BC2F1 population of QLM 13 and background selection was carried out using SSR markers to check the recovery of recurrent parent genome. The plants of favorable alleles (crtRB1 and LcyE) and 88.5-90.1% recurrent parent genome recovery were selected and selfed to generate BC2F2 population. Foreground selection was carried out on BC2F2 population using crtRB1 and LcyE gene-specific markers and plant carrying favorable homozygous allele were selfed to generate BC2F3 progenies. Quality analysis for determination of β-carotene and tryptophan analysis was carried out on BC2F3 progenies. The introgressed BC2F3 progenies possessed a high concentration of provitamin A (1.29–11.75 µg/g) as compared to recurrent parent QLM13 (4.69 µg/g). The selected lines of high beta-carotene and tryptophan content were crossed to reconstitute PMH1 hybrid. Introgressed inbred having contrast for pigmentation in glume base and silk with respective to recurrent parents possess great utility for registration and unambiguous identification in the field.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Allele mining for phospholipase D locus to improve the rice bran quality
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Amandeep Kaur; Kuldeep Singh
    Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important staple food for a large part of the world’s population. Rice bran which is a by-product after milling is rich in oil (12–23%), proteins (14–16%), vitamins and crude fiber (8–10%). Rice bran oil is typically an oleic–linoleic type fatty acid and qualifies for good quality edible oil. The primary limitation of rice bran as a source of oil is the presence of highly active lipolytic enzyme Phospholipase D alpha1 (PLDα1) that increases free fatty acids content in the oil and causes the ‘stale flavor’ in the product. The wild relatives of rice constitute a major gene pool for rice improvement. In this study, sequence based allele mining of the gene PLDα1 (6.28 kb) was taken up in wild species of rice to identify potentially novel alleles for bran quality improvement. Differences in expression patterns were also investigated for potential correlation with sequence variation. A representative subset of 86 accessions belonging to 16 wild Oryza species and eight O. sativa cultivars were selected for this purpose. Alignment of the assembled sequence contigs relative to the Nipponbare reference (Os01g0172400) gene revealed the presence of 2555 variations (SNPs and InDels). Highest polymorhism at PLDα1 locus have been detected in the O.officinalis species. Expression profiles in immature grains generated by exon-specific qRT-PCR indicate significant differences in transcript abundance within as well as between the selected accessions and different 3’and 5’ truncated PLDα1 mRNA. Cis-elements identified in the upstream sequences showed variations relative to the reference in low expressing wild species accessions. These results suggest that potential PLDα1 allelic variants are defined by differential regulation at the levels of transcription initiation and/or mRNA splicing. The wild species accessions with variations in protein structures and low expression, identified in the present study, can be further utilized in the breeding programs to transfer desirable allele into elite lines through marker assisted selection.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Genetic diversity analysis using morphological and molecular markers in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Amandeep Kaur; Nirmaljit Kaur
    Genetic diversity for different morphological traits and molecular markers of 26 eggplant genotypes including 6 hybrids was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2016-2018. The genotypes were characterized on the basis of 34 morphological (21 quantitative and 13 qualitative) traits and 70 SSR markers. On the basis of different quantitative traits by using Mahalanobis D2 statistic, the eggplant genotypes were grouped into six clusters with the maximum genotypes in cluster I (13 genotypes) and minimum in cluster IV and VI (one genotype in each). The maximum inter-cluster distance in quantitative traits was in cluster IV and VI (1328.581) which indicated that the genotypes in these clusters were highly diverse from each other. The minimum inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster I and II (368.376). The intra-cluster distance was maximum in cluster III (267.497) with four genotypes. The intracluster distance for the clusters IV and VI was 0.00, because of single genotype in each of these clusters. On the basis of qualitative traits, the eggplant genotypes were grouped in six clusters and the inter-cluster distances varied between15.78 to 56.43. The maximum cluster distance was in cluster IV and VI (56.431) which indicated that the genotypes in cluster IV (93SN-22-1-1-2) and VI (P-67) were highly diverse from each other. The minimum cluster distance was in cluster III and VI (15.781). The intra-cluster distance for the clusters VI and V was 0.00, because of single genotype in each of these clusters. The intra-cluster distance was maximum in cluster II (12.716) with six genotypes. Forty polymorphic markers amplified, a total of 102 alleles with an average of 2.55 alleles per locus were observed. A maximum of five alleles were amplified by emi03K06 marker. Polymorphic information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.07 to 0.78 with an average of 0.50. The highest PIC value was recorded by emi03K06 (0.78) whereas, it was minimum in emf01L14 (0.07). UPGMA based (similarity coefficient) analysis classified the eggplant genotypes into 4 clusters. Cluster I was further divided into 3 groups (IA, IB and IC). Cluster II (SC-15-2) and IV (BH-2) consisted of one genotype in each cluster. Cluster III contained two genotypes (BL-216 and BR-109). The eggplant genotypes with desirable traits can be used for successful breeding programme.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of generally recognized as safe (GRAS) chemicals on storage behaviour of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) cv. Patharnakh
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Amandeep Kaur; Gill, P P S
    The present study entitled "Effect of generally recognized as safe (GRAS) chemicals on storage behaviour of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) cv. Patharnakh" was carried out in the Department of Fruit Science, PAU, Ludhiana during the year 2017. Physiologically mature, uniform fruits were thoroughly washed, disinfected and dipped in aqueous solutions of boric acid (1, 2 and 3%) sodium bicarbonate (1, 2 and 3%) and sodium benzoate (1, 2 and 3%) for five minutes. The fruits were placed in CFB boxes and subsequently stored at (0-1°C and 90-95% RH) for 70 days. The fruits were analyzed after 0, 20, 40, 60 and 70 days of storage. PLW of fruits decreased with storage; however, fruits treated with boric acid @ 3% recorded significantly lower PLW as compared to other treatments. Similarly, fruit firmness, acidity, total phenolics and SOD activity showed declining trend with increase in storage period. Total soluble solids (TSS), cellulase activity and sugars were increased up to 60 days of storage and thereafter, a decline was recorded in all treatments throughout the storage period. Fruit sensory quality rating was increased upto 40 days of storage in all the treatments except control fruits where in sensory quality increased upto 20 days of storage. The TSS/acid ratio, PPO activity and spoilage increased with advancement of storage. The PME acivity was increased upto 60 days of storage in all the treatments except boric acid treated fruits in which PME activity increased upto 70 days of storage. During cold storage, boric acid @ 3% treatment was found most effective in extending the storage life of Patharnakh pear fruits with acceptable quality fruits during the entire storage period.