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ThesisItem Open Access Response of sulphur and potassium applications on growth, yield and quality of garlic (Allium sativum L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Sandhu, Sangram Singh; Kulbir SinghThe present investigation was conducted at vegetable research farm, biochemistry laboratory and soil science laboratory, Punjab Agricultural University, during rabi seasons of 2020-21 and 2021-22 to standardize the potassium and sulphur dose for growth, yield and quality of garlic. The experiment was laid in randomized complete block design and replicated thrice. Variety ‘PG-18’ was used as plant material. The experiment comprised of sixteen treatment combinations with four levels of potassium (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg K ha-1) and sulphur (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg S ha-1). Potassium and sulphur were applied as basal dose at bed preparation and all the agronomic practices were followed in accordance with package of practice. It was observed from the results that with the application of 60 kg of potassium along with 30 kg sulphur, growth parameters like, plant height (82.8 cm), bulb diameter (5.24 cm), total bulb yield(14.17 t ha-1), quality parameters like allicin (12.64 mg g-1) was recorded highest. Highest Benefit Cost ratio was also observed with same treatment combination. It was observed that highest bulb yield was in the same combination of treatments with highest nutrient uptake status. Therefore, from the results it was found that 60 kg of potassium along with 30 kg sulphur treatment was found beneficial for growth, yield and quality of garlic and it is recommended for North Indian conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of Asiatic radish (Raphanus sativus L.) genotypes for heat stress tolerance(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Dhand, Amit; Garg, NaveenThirty genotypes of Asiatic radish (Raphanus sativus L.) were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications in 6 sowing dates (environments) during summer 2021 for 14 traits at Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Bathinda to ascertain their adaptation and adaptability. The six sowing times were E1 (15 March), E2 (15 April), E3 (15 May), E4 (15 June), E5 (15 July) and E6 (15 August). The data were subjected to statistical analysis following AMMI model. The mean squares due to genotypes (G) and environments (E) were significant for all traits. The G × E interaction variance was significant for all traits except root length, root diameter, dry matter and crude fiber and it was partitioned into two principal components i.e. IPCA 1 and IPCA 2 which were significant for 13 and 7 traits, respectively, and explained 67 to 96% of the interaction variance. The residual variance was non-significant for all traits except root: shoot, ascorbic acid and isothiocyanate. Among various environments, E1 recorded the best results for number of leaves, plant weight, root weight, shoot weight and root length, E6 for marketable yield and isothiocyanate, whereas E3 for ascorbic acid. Five top performing genotypes on the basis of marketable yield were G2 (PMMS-1), G11 (RL-2210), G3 (Palak Mooli), G9 (RL-19-1) and G5 (RL-9-1) which yielded 57.2%, 57.0%, 55.4%, 54.9% and 51.7% higher than check i.e. „Pusa Chetki‟ (93.8 q/ha), respectively. These five genotypes also showed general adaptability across all six environments for most traits. However, the best yield performance in E2 and E6 was exhibited by G2, G3, G9 and G11; in E1 by G2, G3 and G11; in E3 and E4 by G2; and in E5 by G3, G9 and G11.ThesisItem Embargo Evaluation of advance generation breeding lines of bittergourd for yield and quality traits(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2023) Vipin; Pathak, MamtaThe present study entitled “Evaluation of advance generation breeding lines of bitter gourd for yield and quality traits” was conducted on fourty-nine genotypes of bitter gourd during 2021-22. The observations were recorded for seven morphological characters, fifteen quantitative traits and eight quality parameters. Morphological characterization showed wide variability for fruit shape and fruit skin colour. In case of fruit shape eighteen genotypes possessed spindle, twenty-five genotypes elliptical, five genotypes conical and one genotype globular fruit shape. Colour of fruit skin varied from dark green to milky white. Six genotypes namely PAUBG-236, PAUBG-301, PAUBG-331, PAUBG-265, PAUBG-336 and Prachi had dark green, 38 genotypes green, PAUBG-338 light green and four genotype namely PAUBG200, PAUBG-204, PAUBG-208 and PAUBG-400 milky white fruit skin colour. The genotypes viz. PAUBG-1521 followed by PAUBG-200, PAUBG-211, PAUBG-208 and PAUBG-1514 performed better over the checks (Punjab-15 and hybrid Prachi) in terms of marketable fruit yield. Analysis of variance showed highly significant values for all the treatments except days to anthesis of first female flower. Phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation for all the traits. Total soluble sugar, non-reducing sugar and carotene content recorded high heritability and higher genetic gain. The phenotypic correlation coefficient between different characters showed that marketable yield per plant had significant and positive correlation with fruit weight, number of fruits per plant at both phenotypic and genotypic level. Quality parameter momordicine content depicted significant positive correlation with marketable yield at the phenotypic level. From path analysis, it is evident that traits such as fruit weight, anthesis of 50 per cent female flower, anthesis of 50 per cent male flower, hundred seed weight and anthesis of first male flower, momordicine content and reducing sugar had direct positive effect towards yield. However, negative direct effect towards yield was exhibited by traits like total soluble sugar, total phenol, node at which first male flower appeared, fruit breadth, internodal length, moisture content, carotene content and vitamin C content.ThesisItem Embargo Improving longevity of carrot (Daucus carota L.) seeds using ultra dry storage condition(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Sushil Kumar; Rajinder SinghThe studies on ―Improving longevity of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) seeds using ultra dry storage conditions‖ were conducted at the Seed Physiology Laboratory, Office of Director (Seeds), Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2020 and 2021. In the present investigation carrot seeds cv PC-161 were dried using different drying methods, then packed in aluminium foil packs and stored under ambient storage environment. Result showed that, silica gel drying achieved the lowest seed moisture content as compared to oven dry that had highest germination percentage and seed vigour up to 30 months of the storage period under ambient conditions. Study investigating optimum seed moisture content, packaging material and storage conditions revealed that, carrot seeds ultra-dried to 3% MC when packed in aluminium foil packs and stored in cold store, enhanced the seed longevity and recorded for lowest gain in moisture content, higher germination percentage and seed vigour. Whereas, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, α-amylase enzyme, lipid peroxidation and seed storage reserves were found least affected in ultra-dried seeds. Accelerated ageing test predicted that artificially aged carrot seeds (PC-161 and Punjab Black Beauty) for 4-5 days were equivalent to naturally aged seeds of 16 months under cold store and 12 months under ambient storage conditions, in terms germination percentage, germination rate, seedling length and seed vigour index. In carrot seeds stored for 16 months, seed proteins (30 - 70 kDa) and RNA integrity degraded with storage time and the lowest degradation of RNA and protein profile was observed in seeds dried with silica gel and stored in aluminium foil with 3% moisture content under cold storage conditions.ThesisItem Embargo Effect of varying mulching and irrigation techniques on growth and yield attributes of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Jagvir Singh; Arora, DeepakAn experiment was conducted to study the effect of varying mulching and irrigation techniques on growth and yield attributes of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) for two years (2020-21 and 2021-22) at University Seed Farm Ladhowal of PAU, Ludhiana. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with ten treatments comprising two in main plot as flood and drip irrigation along with five different mulches in sub-plot with three replications. From the present investigations, it is inferred that for most of the traits drip irrigation proved to be significantly better than flood irrigation. Under different types of mulches, the Silver-Black Mulch was observed to be best among all the treatments in terms of fruit yield per plant, fruit length and fruit weight. This treatment significantly suppressed the weed growth as there were 81.38 % less population of weeds than in control. The best treatment combination was Drip irrigation+ Silver-black plastic mulch for all the traits. For overall yield and growth enhancement of cucumber, one should go for combination of Drip irrigation+ Silver-black plastic mulch as this combination expressed total yield improvement of 22.39 % over the control plots.ThesisItem Embargo Enhancing productivity and industrial sustainability of snack seeded pumpkin through interspecific hybridization(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Garcha, Karmvir Singhseeded pumpkin through interspecific hybridization’ was planned to combine hull-less seed, bush growth habit and virus resistance in a single Cucurbita genotype. Interspecific hybridizations among ten C. pepo (hull-less) and two C. moschata (hulled) rendered HLP-36 (C. pepo) and PVR1343 (C. moschata) as the best cross compatible genotypes. Molecular characterization of the virus symptoms revealed the predominance of two begomovirus species viz., Squash Leaf Curl China Virus and Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus. The intraspecific F2 populations of C. moschata displayed monogenic dominant and digenic recessive inheritance for bush growth habit and begomovirus resistance, respectively, whereas for hull-less seed monogenic recessive expression was observed in C. pepo. However, these best fit ratios were not found with the interspecific F2 populations due to genomic instability among C. pepo and C. moschata. Multiple crosses involving HLP-36, HLP-639 and PVR-1343 led to development of three genotypes having all the targeted traits. To map hull-less character, a 2.06 Mb genomic region on chromosome 12 of C. pepo was used for developing 21 KASP assays. Genotyping of F2 population derived from HP111 × HLP36 cross with eight polymorphic KASP assays lead to limit the hull-less seed locus (Cphl-1) to 40.3cM partial genetic linkage map. The most closely linked marker viz., Cp_3430407 (10 cM) accurately predicted 93.33% hull-less genotypes in the diversity panel. The functional analysis of candidate genomic region decoded 182 genes, out of which 19 shared homology with A. thaliana genes related to cell wall, cellulose or lignin biosynthesis. Two of these genes viz., ‘NAC’ and ‘MYB’ act as master regulators of lignin biosynthesis and were differentially expressed in hulled and hull-less seeds at different time intervals. The transcriptional differences between hull-less and hulled seeds at 15 and 20 days after pollinations displayed 3124 differentially expressed genes. Out of these 482 (15.43%) were related to cell wall biosynthesis, which indicated the seed coat initiation between 15 to 20 DAP. Further, functional characterization of the gene(s) involved in the lignin/seed coat development will improve the understanding of hull development in pumpkin. The newly developed hull-less lines with bush growth habit and begomovirus resistance will revolutionize the hull-less seed industry, while the KASP markers will be highly useful in marker assisted selections from the segregating populations.ThesisItem Embargo Response of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) to drip Irrigation, fertigation under different mulch conditions(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2023) Arshdeep Singh; Pathak, MamtaThe present investigation was conducted at Department of Soil and Water Engineering Farm and Biochemical Laboratory, Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana with the objectives to determine the yield, economic viability and optimum moisture regime under different mulch, fertigation and drip irrigation system in okra. Okra variety Punjab Suhawani was used as experimental plant material. The treatments included three levels of drip irrigation regimes i.e. at 100 per cent crop evapotranspiration ETc (I1), 80 per cent ETc (I2) and 60 per cent ETc (I3) along with three mulch treatment of silver polythene mulch (M1), straw mulch (M2) and non mulch (M3) under main plot treatments and three level of fertigation i.e. 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (F1), 80 per cent RDF (F2) and 60 per cent RDF (F3) was considered under sub plot treatment. Therefore, 27 treatments combinations including control were tested in the present study. Data of present study depicted the best results for combination of drip irrigation at 100 per cent ETc (I1), RDF 100 per cent (F1) and silver polythene mulch (M1) for 50 per cent germination (6.83 days), length of main shoot at 30, 60 and 90 days after seed sowing was 17 cm, 50.78 cm and 90.93 cm respectively. Number of branches 30, 60 and 90 days after seed sowing were 6.95, 10.58 and 14.56 respectively. Whereas, number of fruits per plant (12.43), average fruit weight (10.56), yield (199.89 q) and marketable yield was 191.62 q/ha. Total yield was recorded 39.77 per cent higher than I3M3F3 treatment combination. All quality parameters vitamin C (54.88 mg/100 g), chlorophyll (8.30 per cent), fiber (8.30 per cent), iodine (55.95 ppm), mucilage (4.02 per cent), soluble protein (1.33 per cent) showed highest results with I1M1F1 treatment combination.ThesisItem Embargo Heterosis, combining ability and potence ratio for yield and quality attributes of parthenocarpic cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) grown in poly-net house(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Prakash; Dhall, R.K.The present experiment was conducted to estimate the heterosis, combining ability and potence ratio for yield and quality attributes of parthenocarpic cucumber hybrids grown under poly-net house conditions. The four parthenocarpic lines and seven testers were crossed in line x tester mating design to develop 28 cross combinations. The 41 genotypes including 11 parents, 28 cross-combinations and two standard checks were evaluated for eleven yield and quality traits in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications during February 2022 to May 2022. The analysis of variance indicated significant genetic variability among all the genotypes for all the traits. The analysis of combining ability revealed highly significant variance due to GCA and SCA effects for almost all the traits indicating the role of both additive and non-additive gene action, respectively in inheritance of these traits. The experimental results revealed that the line „PBRK-16‟ exhibited high and significantly positive GCA effects and mean performance for fruit yield per plant, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter and water content whereas „PBRK-15‟ was observed to be good general combiner for earliness which includes node at which first female flower appears and days to first fruit picking. The line „Punjab Kheera-1‟ exhibited high and significant GCA effects for number of fruits per plants. Among testers, „PBRK-8‟ showed high and significant GCA effects and mean performance for fruit yield per plant and number of fruits per plant whereas PBRK-10 exhibited highly significant GCA seffects and mean performance for fruit length and fruit weight. Besides, the „PBRK-1‟ exhibited high and significant GCA effects for earliness. The cross combinations „PBRK-16 x PBRK-18‟, „PBRK-16 x PBRK-8‟ and „PBRK-16 x PBRK-1‟ exhibited high and significantly positive SCA effects, mean performance and economic heterosis for fruit yield per plant and number of fruits per plant, respectively whereas cross combination „Punjab Kheera-1 x PBRK-1‟ and „PBRK-9 x PBRK-17‟ showed high and significantly negative SCA effects, mean performance and economic heterosis for node at which first female flower appears and days to first fruit picking. However, cross combination „PBRK-9 x PBRK-10‟ showed high and significantly positive SCA effects, mean performance and economic heterosis for fruit length and fruit weight. From potence ratio, it was observed that partial to over-dominance effect was observed for all the traits under study. However, the cross combinations „PBRK-16 x PBRK-8‟ and „Punjab Kheera-1 x PBRK-18‟ showed over-dominance (>±1) effect for fruit yield per plant, number of fruits per plant and fruit length. Besides, the over-dominance effect was showed high amount of heterosis which can be achieved by development of high yielding parthenocarpic cucumber hybrids. Therefore, it is concluded that hybrids „PBRK-16 x PBRK-18‟ and „PBRK-16 x PBRK-1‟ are observed to be best for most of yield and its attributing traits having desirable fruit length and fruit diameter. Hence, these parthenocarpic cucumber hybrids can be released as commercial for cultivation in poly-net house.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of male sterility and parthenocarpy based F1 hybrids in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Gill, Simranveer Kaur; Dhatt, Ajmer SinghThe present study was conducted to assess the performance of hybrids developed by involving male sterile, restorer and parthenocarpic lines of brinjal at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Fifty hybrid combinations between male sterile and restorer lines and, twenty one between male sterile and parthenocarpic lines were evaluated for growth, yield and quality traits in randomized block design with three replications during rainy season of 2020 under open field and net-house conditions. Analysis of variance indicated significant variation for different characters of all the hybrids. The yield performance of hybrids developed by using male sterile and restorer lines was ranged between 3.10 (D-320A × R259-622-1) to 452.20 q/acre (D-104A × R-259-622-1). The best heterotic combination between D-104A R-259-622-1 showed highest heterosis for average fruit weight (24.03 %), number of fruits per plant (14.12 %) and fruit yield per plant (41.67 %) over the standard check PBH-3. It was followed by D-104A × R-2596/PB-9-3 and D-99A × R-2596/PB-9-3 with 36.25 and 36.11% yield advantage, respectively. Hybrid D-201A × R-2596/PB-9-3 (25.85%) and D-99A × R-2596/PB-9-3 (-25.85 %) had the highest heterosis for days to 50% flowering and D-99A × R-2596/PB-9-3 (-24.00 %) for days to first harvest. Hybrid D-104A × R-259-622-1 expressed highest heterosis for flowers per cluster (39.86%) and fruits per cluster (7.07%). Hybrids involving parthenocarpic parent showed significant effect of environments for all traits except flowers per cluster, fruit length, fruit skin hardiness and number of fruits per plant and, genotype × environment interaction was also significant for all characters except flowers per cluster, fruit girth, fruit skin hardiness and total phenols; however, none of the hybrid showed significant gain for yield over the check under open field and net-house evaluation.
