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Open Access
EVALUATION OF AND GENETIC DIVERSITY ASSESSMENT OF Gossypium arboreum L. GERMPLASM LINES
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Rajdeep Singh Khangura; M.S., Gill
The present investigation was carried out with the objective to evaluate and catalogue the desi cotton germplasm based on morphological characters and assessment of genetic diversity based on quantitative traits and SSR markers. The experimental plant material consisted of 100 Gossypium arboreum L. germplasm lines originating from diverse eco-geographical regions of India. These were evaluated in Simple Lattice Design during kharif 2011. Data were recorded on various morphological characters, yield and its components and fibre quality parameters. Genotypes viz. LD 995, AC 1164, LD 866, IC 30839, and TMC-L-98 outyielded the standard check FDK 124. PAUGH10 recorded the highest boll weight (5.6g) and ginning outturn (51.9%). Other genotypes possessing atleast 40% lint percentage included PAUGH10, LD 805, LD 1033, and LD 919. The accessions possessing atleast 27mm of 2.5 % fibre span length were GBaV 107, GBaV 123, ABLL 208, PA 713, PA 720, GH 412311. Micronaire value of upto 5.0 was recorded by 7760 A, LD 987, NA 520, and CINA 316, whereas, twenty one lines recorded value of atleast 7.0. PA 720, GH 412311, RAC024, and AC 1184 recorded fibre strength value of atleast 22.0g/tex. Based on Mahalanobis D2 analysis, the 100 genotypes were clustered into ten clusters with cluster VIII and IX being the most diverse. Based on SSR diversity analysis of set of 36 germplasm lines representing all the ten clusters, genotypes were broadly grouped into 5 groups. AC 1060 was the most diverse line as revealed by the dendrogram. PIC value of the primers ranged from 0.14 – 0.79. The present study has been useful for the identification of genotypes possessing higher seed cotton yield, boll weight, ginning outturn and desirable fibre properties. Molecular analysis has identified lines that could be used to develop mapping populations for various traits.
Open Access
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF Triticum durum – Aegilops speltoides INTROGRESSION LINES AND EVALUATION FOR THERMO–TOLERANCE AND ITS COMPONENTS
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Zewdu Teshome; Parveen, Chhuneja
Backcross introgression lines (BILs) developed from crosses of Triticum durum –Aegilops speltoides were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with heat tolerance.Three hundred lines in the first season and 100 selected lines in two consecutive cropping seasons were grown under normal sown and late sown conditions. Membrane thermostability, chlorophyll content (CH), canopy temperature and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) tests have been used for identifying genetic variability within genotypes.Yield and yield related traits were also recorded. In all the traits variations between BILs in both normal sown and late sown conditions have been observed. Early maturity, shorter height and reduced tillering were recorded in late sown conditions which could be due to terminal heat stress. Out of 386 markers tested, 76 markers (19.7%) showed polymorphism between the parental lines. These polymorphic markers were used to genotype 100 selected BILs. Graphical genotyping showed introgressed regions in all 14 chromosomes of the recipient parent with overall 14.2% introgression.Single marker analysis (SMA) revealed that six markers (Xgwm293, Xgwm565, Xgwm148, Xwmc269, Xgwm299 and Xwmc603) were significantly associated with spikelets/spike at LOD values ranging from 6.1-10.3 and phenotypic contribution of 18.5-44.3%.Similarly, markers Xgwm293,Xwmc269, Xgwm565, Xgwm471, Xgwm148, Xgwm299, Xwmc603, Xwmc31, Xcfd6 and Xcfa2278 were linked to thousand grain weight. One marker Xcfd60 revealed association to TTC in normal sown BILs with LOD value of 3.1 and PVE of 16.1%. Four markers Xgwm293,Xgwm148, Xcfd60 and Xwmc269 showed linkage with CH with varying LOD score and PVE%. SMA also identified eight markers (Xgwm293, Xgwm565, Xgwm471, Xgwm148, Xgwm299, Xwmc603, Xcfd6 and Xwmc269) linked to days to flowering and four markers viz, Xgwm293, Xgwm471, Xgwm299 and Xwmc603 showed association to days to maturity with LOD value higher than the threshold. Plant height was also linked to four marker loci (Xgwm471, Xgwm148, Xgwm565 and Xwmc603) in average environment and stay green trait was linked to Xgwm148, Xwmc269, Xgwm471 and Xwmc269 with LOD score in the range of2.6 -3.4 and PVE of 12.6-15.9%. Additive QTL analysis identified that most of the traits were contributed from the donor parent and a number of markers identified in SMA were validated in additive QTL analysis also.
Open Access
EFFECTS OF VARYING TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD ON GRAIN YIELD AND QUALITY CHARACTERS IN SOYBEAN [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] GENOTYPES
(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Kuldeep Kaur; B. S., Gill
The present investigation on Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) was carried out to study the effect of environmental conditions (different photoperiod and temperature regimes) on grain yield, nutritional and antinutritional factors as well as genetic variability and the correlations. Seventeen different soybean genotypes were planted at the Pulse Research area of Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana during 2011 under three different planting dates i.e., March 1 (D1), June 5 (D2) and August 7 (D3) to expose seed development stage to varying temperature and photoperiod conditions. Data were recorded on different morphological, agronomic and quality characters. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for genotypes, environment and genotype x environment interaction except for G x E interaction for oil content indicating diverse nature of genotypes, environments and differential response of genotypes to environments i.e. sowing dates. Maximum number of days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, 100-seed weight, phytic and oleic acid content were observed for March sowing (D1). Highest grain yield per plant, number of pods per plant, protein content, TIA, tocopherol content, tannin content, phenol content and linolenic acid were recorded for June sowing (D2). Harvest index, sucrose and linoleic acid were observed to be highest in August sowing (D3) whereas oil content, palmitic and stearic acid content were unaffected by sowing dates. High GCV and PCV values were exhibited by grain yield per plant, pods per plant, harvest index, saponin content, tocopherol content and linolenic acid in all the sowings except for harvest index in D2 and linolenic acid in D1sowing. High heritability with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for plant height, grain yield per plant, harvest index, saponin content, tocopherol content, palmitic acid and linolenic acid. Correlation study revealed the presence of positive association of grain yield with 100-seed weight and harvest index in D1 and D2 and with number of pods in D2 and D3 sowings. Seed weight showed significant and positive correlation with protein content in D1 and with oil content in D2 while no association with either of them in D3. Phenol and tannin contents were significantly and positively associated in D1 only. Significant negative association was noticed for oleic acid with linoleic acid and positive association was noticed for palmitic acid with stearic acid in all the three sowing dates. Oleic acid was negatively correlated with linolenic acid in March and August sowing but no correlation was recorded in June sowing.
Open Access
Effect of alien cytoplasms on heterosis and combining ability of yield, quality and water use efficiency traits in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
(PAU, 2013) Tyagi, Vikrant; Dhillon, S K
The present investigation was undertaken in the Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the years 2011 and 2012 to study the effect of alien cytoplasms on heterosis and combining ability of yield, quality and water use efficiency traits in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L). Analysis of variance for morphological, physiological and quality traits revealed significant differences due to genotypes and environments (irrigation regimes) for all the characters. Among sources E002-91A recorded a substantial increase in plant height, head diameter, seed yield and harvest index under stress environment, indicating its suitability for developing water use efficient hybrids. The D 2 analysis revealed a lot of diversity between cms analogues. Euclidean distance values indicated the uniqueness of ARG-3A under stress environment. For seed yield and its component traits E002-91A, ARG-3A, ARG-6A and RCR-8297 were good combiners under both the environments while PRUN-29A and CMS-XA under stress environment. The role of female parent was more in expression of all the traits as compared to male parents. The hybrid s CMS-XA x P100R, ARG-2A x P100R, ARG-6A x P69R, DV-10A x P100R, PRUN-29A x RCR-8297, 234A x P69R and 38A x P124R were identified as best specific combiners for seed yield and E002-91A x P124R, E002-91A x P100R, ARG-3A x RCR-8297, ARG-6A x P124R, DV-10A x P69R, PRUN-29A x P100R, 40A x RCR-8297, 40A x P124R for oil content. For seed yield maximum standard heterosis over check PSH-996 was recorded as 24.72 per cent for 40A x P69R (under normal environment) and 60.7 per cent for PRUN -29A x P69R (under stress environment). It is pertinent to mention here that all the sources significantly differed from PET-1 source with respect to seed yield per plant under both the environments and this effect was in positive direction. The sources ARG-3A and DV-10A had significant effect on heterosis for 100 seed weight under stress environment. Similarly for seed yield none of the sources recorded significant effect on heterosis under normal environment while in stress environment all the sources except ARG-2A and ARG-6A had positive effect on heterosis. Seed yield recorded significant positive association with plant height (0.301), highly significant correlation with leaf water potential (0.417) and biological yield (0.372) under normal environment. A total of 11 hybrids giving stable performance over normal and stress environments have been identified for seed yield. The genotypes with stay green trait at maturity were identified under both the environments. Drought susceptibility index (DSI) studies revealed that few genotypes recorded stable performance under both the environments with respect to seed yield having DSI values near to zero.
Open Access
Molecular marker and morphological characterization of triticale x wheat derivatives
(PAU, 2015) Feltaous, Yousef Mohsen; Bains, N.S.
The study is based on near homozygous derivatives from three crosses: TL 2908/2*CSS//PBW 343; TL 2908/2*CSS//DBW 17 and TL 2908/2*CSS//PBW 550 where TL 2908 is an improved, amber grained triticale variety, CSS is a bread stock carrying Ph suppressor genes in Chinese Spring background and PBW 343, DBW 17 and PBW 550 are bread wheat varieties used as recipient parents. As all the recipient wheat varieties carried 1B/1R translocation, it was expected to be present in half of the derivatives. Out of 1244 lines screened using SSR marker diagnostic of 1B/1R translocation (SCM 9), 652 turned out to be non 1B/1R. The lines negative for 1B/1R translocation were screened for presence of rye chromatin using a universal marker (Rye R3/F3). A large proportion (266 out of 552 lines, 48.2%) was positive for rye chromatin. A set of 164 derivatives positive for rye chromosome introgression were taken up for evaluation in replicated trials. Transfer of large anther size and high anther extrusion was indicated in several derivatives, which is relevant for hybrid wheat development. Sixty five derivatives showing almost complete resistance to highly virulent stripe rust race 78S84 were evaluated in a separate trial. While all the recipient bread wheat parents were highly susceptible to stripe rust and Karnal bunt, twelve derivative lines combined high level of resistance to stripe rust (mostly 0 or ts) and Karnal bunt (less than 2% infection). Another three lines were found to be highly tolerant to micronutrient deficiency. SSR marker based screening of elite derivatives revealed three lines to carry rye chromosome 5 (and three lines with rye chromosome 6. One line carried both chromosomes 5R and 6R.
Open Access
Analysis of genetic diversity among gladiolus genotypes
(PAU, 2015) Rather, Zahor Ahmad; Dhatt, K.K.
The present investigation was carried out at the Research Farm of Department of Floriculture and Landscaping and Central molecular laboratory of Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, PAU, Ludhiana, Punjab during two consecutive seasons (2012-13 and 2013-14). The mean performance of gladiolus genotypes was significant for growth, flowering and corm production traits. Highest estimates of PCV (40.21) and GCV (39.66) were observed for the number of cormels plant-1 and highest heritability (97.98%) was recorded for weight of cormels plant-1. High heritability along with high genetic advance was registered for weight corm-1, spike length, plant height, number of cormels plant-1, rachis length, days taken to heading, colour bud show and opening of 1st floret. The highest correlation coefficient at both phenotypic (0.85) and genotypic (0.90) level was found between number of florets spike-1 and rachis length. Rachis length had highest positive direct effect (0.76 and 0.77) on the number of florets spike-1 at both level. The Multivariate Analysis classified the genotypes into five broad clusters with cluster V the largest one having 20 genotypes (35.08%) followed by cluster I. The highest intra and inter cluster distance was observed within cluster IV (49.62) and between I and IV (102.12), respectively. Cluster I exhibited desirable values for floret size and plant height, cluster II for number of corms plant-1 and cluster III for rest of the characters. The first three principal components accounted for 71.60% of total variance present within the germplasm and greater part of it was contributed from rachis length, weight corm-1 and chlorophyll content. Hunting Song, White Prosperity, Pusa Kiran, Punjab Glad 1 and PG-6-16 were found to be distinct genotypes. For molecular characterization, 40 ISSR markers generated 90.38% polymorphism. Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) values was highest for UBC-853. The ISSR data grouped the genotypes into three main groups with group I and II containing maximum number of genotypes. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that maximum diversity was partitioned within groups (84%) and only 16% occurs between the groups. The principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) explained 23.41% cumulative variance. The relative performances of parent and hybrid cultivars for post harvest attributes indicated that most of the hybrid cultivars have positive heterobeltiosis for all characters except days taken to opening of basal floret and hybrid cultivars responded more favourably towards vase solutions as compared to their respective parents. Sucrose plus aluminum sulphate showed maximum values for all traits as compared to control and other treatments. Punjab Glad 1, Punjab Flame, Oscar, Pusa Kiran, Peter Pears, Nova Lux, Hunting Song, PG-9-2, White Prosperity, Red Advance, Sunset and Yellow Stone performed better for most of the post harvest attributes.
Open Access
Molecular characterization of inter-specific backcross inbred lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.) for mapping of yield component QTL
(PAU, 2015) Bhatia, Dharminder; Singh, Kuldeep
We need to significantly increase the yield potential of rice for feeding estimated 9 billion populations by 2050. For increasing yield potential in rice, utilization of wild species is one among the several strategies advocated. In the present study, Backcross inbred lines (BILs) derived from O. longistaminata acc. IRGC104301 (longi-BILs), O. rufipogon acc. IRGC104433 (rufi-BILs) and O. glumaepatula acc. IRGC104387 (glumae-BILs) in the background of O. sativa ssp. indica cv. PR114 were used for mapping QTLs consistently contributing variation for yield and yield component traits. BILs were evaluated for yield and yield component traits as compared to recurrent parent PR114 as check in alpha lattice design over three seasons spanning two locations. A modified Genotyping by sequencing approach was used for genotyping. Sequence data for each population was analysed with custom designed method exactly similar for each population to identify SNPs. A total of 3322 informative SNPs of rufi-BILs and 3437 informative SNPs of glumae-BILs were used for mapping QTLs for twelve yield and yield component traits using inclusive composite interval mapping. SNPs identified in longi-BILs could not be used for mapping due to large number of missing data points. In rufi-BILs, QTL for thousand grain weight (qtgw5.1) was mapped on chromosome 5 consistent over all the three seasons and with positive additive effect contributed by O. rufipogon allele. Two QTLs for grain width (qgw5.1 and qgw5.2) were also mapped on chromosome 5 with positive and negative additive effect respectively. In glumae-BILs, three consistent QTL for thousand grain weight on chromosome 2 (qtgw2.1), 3 (qtgw3.1) and 6 (qtgw6.1) were mapped consistently for season 2 and 3. QTLs qtgw2.1 and qtgw6.1were associated with positive additive effect, while qtgw3.1 with negative additive effect contributed by O. glumaepatula allele. Two QTL for grain length (qgl7.1 & qgl7.2) with positive additive effect contributed by PR114 allele was mapped on chromosome 7 spanning overlapping position in both rufi-BILs and glumae-BILs respectively. qgl7.1 and qgl7.2 might be same QTL as contributed by same parent and spanning overlapping position. QTL for other yield and yield component traits could not be identified due to skewed segregation.Yield component QTLs identified in the present study from low yielding wild relatives of rice reveals their significance in improving yield of cultivated rice. Combining these QTLs in the background of cultivated rice will not only increase the yield, but also widen the genetic base of cultivated rice.
Open Access
Genetic Diversity and Association Studies for traits Related to Water Stress Tolerance in a Structured Brassica Juncea Population
(PAU, 2014) Akhatar, Javed; Banga, S.S.
A core subset of genetically fixed lines (48) was selected through stratified sampling to represent the allelic variations within Brassica juncea gene pool. The molecular characterization by 158 nuclear and nine chloroplast SSR markers revealed distinct germplasm patterns. There were significant interactions between chlorotype and seed/biological yields. Test genotypes were also evaluated for twenty four morpho-physiological traits over two years under normal and restricted moisture regimes for association studies. Highly significant marker-trait associations (MTA‟s) were identified by General Linear Model [GLM-PC (Principal Component)] Mixed Linear Model [MLM-PC+K (Kinship)]. MTA‟s include days to maturity, grain yield, number of secondary branches, number of seeds per pod, thousand seed weight, average root diameter and root length. Single marker, SB1822-1, localized at 17.5cM on chromosome 13 was repeatedly detected for seed size and grain yield. Marker, SB3872-3 revealed significant effect under normal moisture on seed size during the year one. Among the favorable double alleles, SB1822-1 showed positive phenotypic effect for thousand seed weight and grain yield. Of the four double alleles, cnu316-3 had maximum positive phenotypic effects on grain yield. Maturity QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci) detected on J6 (A genome) have been repeatedly detected in past studies with diverse in B. napus. Novel QTLs were identified for photosynthetic active radiation interception (cnu031-1 and SB1728-3) and drought tolerance index (NI3-G07-1 and SB1935A-1) and canopy air temperature difference. The loci identified by us need to be verified and utilized for breeding tolerant cultivars to improve crop performance under variable moisture conditions.
Open Access
Mapping of quantitative trait loci for resistance to ascochyta blight, botrytis grey mould and fusarium wilt in chickpea
(PAU, 2012) Garg, Tosh; Sarvjeet Singh, Sarvjeet Singh
The present investigation was carried out using 188 RI lines (F8) developed by crossing two enotypes JG 62 and ICCV 05530. The parent JG 62 was susceptible to three economically important diseases viz., ascochyta blight, botrytis grey mould and fusarium wilt whereas parent ICCV 05530 was resistant to these diseases. The study on genetics of resistance to ascochyta blight showed the monogenic control at adult plant stage at Ludhiana and Dhaulakuan, monogenic and trigenic control at seedling stage at Ludhiana and Hyderabad, respectively. The genetics of resistance to fusarium wilt showed the monogenic and digenic control against the race 3 and race 1 of Fusarium oxysporum. Resistance to botrytis grey mould was digenically controlled at seeding as well as adult plant stage. Linkage map was developed by using JoinMap version 4 with the help of 125 molecular markers and one phenotypic marker which gave total 11 linkage groups spanning a length of 399.6 cM. The major QTL associated with the ascochyta blight resistance at seedling as well as adult plant stage against the isolate 8 of race (3968) was reported on LG01B which estimated 40.87% and 51.40% phenotypic variance, respectively. The QTL associated with ascochyta blight resistance against pathotye I at adult plant stage was also identified on LG01B but QTL associated at seedling stage against Hisar race was identified on LG04B. The fusarium wilt resistance gene against race 3 was present on LG02 flanked by the markers TR19 and H2B061, TA27. Wilt resistance gene against race 1 was also flanked by same markers on G02. One QTL associated with BGM resistance against isolate 4 of race 3 was identified on LG06. In this population, total 38 QTLs were identified for 12 morphological characters. Double podding gene was linked with marker TR44 at 2.5 cM distance on LG06. The maximum number of QTLs associated with morphological characters were identified on linkage group 4. The QTLs/genes identified for important morphological traits as well diseases would be useful for marker assisted selection in the future breeding programmes.

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