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ThesisItem Restricted Response of soil and foliar applied zinc on wheat and its residual effect on moongbean(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Manjot Singh; Dr B. K. YadavMicronutrient deficiencies have rapidly emerged as a significant human health concern, particularly in developing nations. Zinc (Zn) is a basic ingredient and regulatory co-factor in enzymes and proteins involved in many metabolic activities. It is vital for both animals and plants. The experiment was conducted during the Rabi 2020-21 and Kharif 2021to study the response of soil and foliar applied zinc on wheat and its residual effect on moongbean. Soil and plant samples were analysed by standard methods. The present study results revealed that plant growth parameters such as plant height, spike length, test weight, grain and straw yield of wheat significantly differ among wheat cultivars and increased by spraying of 0.5% ZnSO4.7H2O along with 1% urea at the time of booting + grain filling stages. Macronutrients (N, P, and K) and micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) content in wheat grains significantly varied among wheat cultivars. The macronutrients (N, P and K) and micronutrients (Fe, Cu and Mn) content in wheat grain and straw was non- significant due to spraying of Zn fertilizer irrespective of the source, however, Zn content in grain and straw varied significantly due to spraying of Zn fertilizer irrespective of the source. The soil chemical properties (pH, EC and OC), macronutrients (N, P and K) and micronutrients (Fe, Cu and Mn) showed nonsignificance and soil available Zn showed significance difference between two cultivars (PBW 725 and PBW 658), under different Zn treatments and time of spray. The residual effect of different Zn sources and time of application on soil chemical properties and available nutrients were also non-significant after succeeding moongbean crop. However, available Zn was significantly higher with applied Zn @ 5kg ha-1 in soil (T1). Similarly, the plant growth parameters and Zn content in succeeding moongbean was significantly higher with applied Zn @ 5kg ha-1 in soil (T1) as compared to other methods of Zn application. From the present study it is concluded that wheat variety PBW 725 showed the highest yield attributes, yield, Zn content and among all the Zn treatments, treatment T5 (2.5 kg Zn ha-1 applied in soil + 0.5% EDTA- Zn +1% urea - foliar spray) exhibited superior performance. Whereas, treatment T1 (5 kg Zn ha-1 -applied in soil) has the most beneficial residual effect on succeeding crops (moongbean) in terms of growth and yield.ThesisItem Embargo Effect of pruning level and time on growth and flowering of ornamental climbers(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Parteek Singh; Dhatt, K.K.The study entitled “Effect of pruning level and time on growth and flowering of ornamental climbers” was carried out at Research Farm, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab during 2022-2023. The present study was planned with the objective to standardize the pruning time and level of ornamental climbers. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications to study the different pruning time (2) and pruning levels (4 bud stage, 8 bud stage, Tip pruning and control). The optimal pruning time for Adenocalymma alliaceum was late September, that resulted in early bud initiation, bud sprouting, flower bud initiation, and flowering (40.20 days). Plants pruned at the 8-bud stage (L3) took minimum time to leaf bud initiation (22.41 days), leaf bud sprouting, and time to flowering (48.33 days). For Petrea volubilis, late January pruning resulted in minimum time for leaf bud initiation, bud sprouting, leaf sprouting, flower bud initiation, and flowering (47.16 days). In Petrea volubilis pruning at the 4-bud stage was early to leaf bud initiation, bud sprouting, leaf sprouting, and flower bud initiation (45.33 days). In Quisqualis indica, late March pruning leads to the least time for flower bud initiation (46.00 days) and flowering (64.58 days). Leaf bud initiation (5.33 days), bud sprouting, leaf sprouting, flower bud initiation (52.25 days), and flowering (70.83 days) was earliest in plants pruned at 4 bud stage (L2). Pruning at 4 bud stage in Pyrostegia venusta has same trend as in Quisqualis indica with maximum leaf length, width and area.ThesisItem Embargo Characterization and Utilization of Moringa Seed Flour in Value-Added Food Products(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Diksha; Rehal, JagbirThe present study aimed at characterizing and utilizing moringa seed flour in value-added food products like cheela instant mix and muffins and to study physico-chemical, phytochemical characteristics and storage stability of the prepared products. In this study, moringa seeds were dehulled, further they were subjected to debittering and defatting treatments and converted to flour. Detailed analysis of nutritional, phytochemical and anti-nutritional studies of the moringa seed flours were performed followed by their utilization in value added food products. The seed flour obtained after defatting and debittering treatments exhibited better nutritional profile and mineral composition. The three flours also when evaluated for their functional properties showed that debittering and defatting resulted in higher oil and water absorption capacities, swelling power, foaming capacity and water solubility index. The anti-nutrient profile of debittered moringa seed flour was the best suited as there was significant (p< 0.05) reduction of major anti-nutrients like tannins by 50.29 per cent, phytates by 42.65 per cent and saponins by 43.15 per cent. The changes in the peaks of the FTIR studies done for the raw, debittered and defatted fours corroborate the results of these findings. Different formulations of cheela instant mix and muffins were prepared by replacing gram flour and refined wheat flour respectively at different levels (0 to 50%). The value-added product- cheela instant mix having 40 per cent debittered moringa seed flour showed best acceptability on the basis of sensory scores. The cheela instant mix when stored in laminates at ambient temperature exhibited good shelf life of three months of storage period studied whereas muffins obtained by incorporation of 40 per cent debittered moringa seed flour achieved maximum overall acceptability and showed a shelf life of 15 days at refrigerated temperature when stored in blister packs. These value-added products will help in increasing the consumption of moringa seed flour in our daily diet and at the same time lend its enhanced nutritional benefits.ThesisItem Restricted Quantification of crop bio-physical parameters in rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties under different establishment methods using CROPWAT model(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Harmanpreet; Som Pal SinghA field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm, Department of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, PAU, Ludhiana and Rice Section of Department of Plant Breeding &Genetics during kharif 2022. Three rice varieties (PR 121, PR 126, PR 128) of different age seedlings (20 days,30 days and 40 days) were transplanted on different establishment methods-flat and ridge transplanting method. The experiment was laid out in factorial Split Plot Design. The results indicated that PAR interception was higher in ridge planting method as compared to flat method of transplanting with 30 days old age seedlings. The grain yield was recorded highest in ridge (73.8 q/ha) as compared to the flat method (71.0 q/ha). In the case of varieties, the highest grain yield was recorded in PR 126 (77.0 q/ha) followed by PR 128 (73.4 q/ha) and PR 121 (66.9 q/ha). In the case of 30 days old age seedlings transplanted (74.2 q/ha) were recorded as highest followed by 20 days old age seedlings (73.9 q/ha) and then 40 days old age seedlings (69.1q/ha). Total water productivity was recorded higher in ridge method of transplanting (0.42 kg/m3) as compared to flat method of planting (0.37 kg/m 3 ). In case of genotype, total water productivity recorded higher in PR 126 (0.46 kg/m3) followed by PR 128(0.38 kg/m3) and PR 121 (0.34 kg/m3) and in case of old age seedlings,30 days old age seedlings recorded highest water productivity (0.41 kg/m3) followed by 20 days and 40 days old age seedlings.ThesisItem Restricted Status of trace elements and electrolytes in pregnancy induced hypertension and its effect on neonatal health(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Himlesh; Grover, KiranThe present study was conducted to assess the prevalence and determinants of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) along with the effect of maternal status of trace elements and electrolytes on neonatal health in Punjab. The prevalence of pregnancy induced hypertension was found to be 8.1 percent which was further observed as gestational hypertension (90%), preeclampsia (7.5%) and eclampsia (2.5%). The history of chronic hypertension (r=0.86), diabetes Mellitus (r=0.38), hypothyroidism (r=0.37), Poly Cystic Ovarian Disease (r=0.22) and family history of hypertension (r=0.22) was observed as the significant (p<0.05) determinants of pregnancy induced hypertension. The comparative assessment of trace elements and electrolytes between normotensive (n=30) and hypertensive antenatal subjects (n=30) conducted in Government Rajindra Hospital, Patiala revealed a significantly (p<0.05) higher mean Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure of hypertensive subjects. A significant difference in daily food intake and serum concentration of trace elements (calcium, magnesium, iron, selenium, copper and zinc) and electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride) was also observed. The effectiveness of diet counseling was evaluated by selecting two groups of pregnancy induced hypertensive subjects i.e. Experimental (with diet counseling) and Control (without diet counseling). The diet counseling based on Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) was provided to experimental group for 3 months at a regular interval of 15 days. The findings reported significantly lower Systolic ( 143.8±20.6 vs 150.7±11.4 mmHg) and Diastolic (93.5±3.9 vs 96.8±5.96 mmHg) Blood Pressure in experimental group. The counseling resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher mean intake of fruits, vegetables, milk and milk products in experimental group. Further, the trace elements levels were also observed to be significantly (p<0.05) higher in experimental group with better neonatal outcome. Hence, nutrition and diet counseling should be provided to all the women of reproductive age group to manage the pregnancy related complications for better health of neonates.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of foliar application of humic acid against terminal heat stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Aishwarya Rawal; Aparjot KaurTerminal heat stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major threat on account of global climate change that significantly affects the yield. To investigate the present study, wheat varieties viz PBW 725 (timely sown) and PBW 752 (late sown) were sown in randomised block design as per PAU‟s package and practice in PVC cylinders (PAU) and field (RRS, Bathinda) conditions. Foliar application of two concentration of humic acid (2000 ppm and 4000 ppm) was done ten days prior to tillering, booting and flowering stage. The treatment without any spray served as control. At all stages morpho- physiological and biochemical parameters were recorded whereas yield and yield attributes were recorded at maturity. The present study found that foliar spray of 2000 ppm and 4000 ppm humic acid significantly increased plant height in flowering and grain filling stages. The booting stage exhibited the maximum dry weight (0.089 g) in PBW 752 at 4000 ppm dosage. The 4000 ppm foliar spray significantly increased the relative growth rate of PBW 725 (15 %) at Bathinda. Humic acid reduced electrolyte leakage in PBW 725 and PBW 752 plants at Bathinda, and increased cellular viability (72 %) along with leaf relative water content (99 %) at 4000 ppm foliar spray The chlorophyll a (25.84 mg g-1 FW), chlorophyll b (10.96 mg g-1 FW), total chlorophyll content (33.5 mg g-1 FW) and carotenoids (10.46 mg g-1 FW) spiked after 4000 ppm foliar spray of humic acid. The flowering stage showed an unprecedented value of total soluble sugars for PBW 725 (49.8 mg g-1 FW) on 4000 ppm treatment of humic acid. The study found that starch content (52.9 mg g-1 FW) increased significantly PBW 752 after 4000 ppm of foliar spray of humic acid. The highest α-amylase activity (133.1 nanomoles of glucose formed min-1 g-1 FW) was observed in PBW 752 at booting stage after 4000 ppm of foliar spray of humic acid. On the other hand, foliar spray of humic acid did not depict any significant effect on yield components.ThesisItem Embargo Phenotypic and molecular evaluation of advanced backcross lines of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Gopal Krishan; Bindra, ShaylaThe present study entitled “Phenotypic and molecular evaluation of advanced backcross lines of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)” was conducted to incorporate the genes for FW resistance from WR315 in PBG7 and for AB resistance from ILC3279 in L552. A set of 35 lines and 20 lines from Cross I (PBG7 × WR315) and Cross II (L552 × ILC3279) respectively, were phenotyped during rabi 2021-22 and 2022-23 along with their molecular evaluation. Analysis of variance, evinced significant difference for all the traits among the backcross derived lines. The PCV values were observed to be slightly greater than the corresponding GCV values for all the characters studied in both the crosses, indicating the influence of the environment for the expressions of the traits. In both the crosses PCV and GCV values were recorded to be maximum for seed yield per plant. High heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance was observed for seed yield per plant in Cross I while in Cross II, it was for seed yield per plant, aerial biomass and number of pods per plant. Correlation studies revealed positive and highly significant correlation of seed yield per plant with harvest index and aerial biomass, both for Cross I and Cross II. In Cross I highest positive direct effect of harvest index was for seed yield per plant whereas, for aerial biomass in cross II. Based on screening for disease resistance, a total of eight lines of Cross I for FW and four lines of Cross II for AB were found to be resistant. A total of six linked markers (GA16, TAA60, TA194, TS82, TA110 and TR19) for FW and eight (GA16, TS82, TA194, TR58, GAA47, SCY17, TA130 and TA2) for AB were used for foreground selection. To estimate background genome recovery, a total of 40 and 45 SSR markers were used for Cross I and Cross II, respectively. The GGT analysis for Cross I revealed the RPG recovery as high as 93.75% while in Cross II with 98.88%. Overall, two lines each of Cross I (GLMFW02 and GLMFW10) and Cross II (GLMAB06 and GLMAB07) with maximum RPG recovery were found to be promising for yield and related traits under study.ThesisItem Restricted Investigation of gamma ray spectrometry as a tool for the measurement of attenuation coefficient and density of soil(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Singla, Aditi; Dhingra, NitishThe gamma ray attenuation coefficient is a crucial parameter to characterize the penetration and diffusion of gamma radiation in complex materials such as soil. Soils have a multi-phase heterogeneous nature involving minerals, gases, organic matter, water, and metals. The study reports the application of gamma ray spectrometry to determine the mass attenuation coefficient and soil bulk density. The impact of incident gamma ray energy, soil texture and soil depth on the mass attenuation coefficient is also investigated. The experimental measurements were performed using a gamma spectrometer containing 2" x 2" NaI (Tl) detector at gamma energies of 0.356, 0.662, and 1.332 MeV using 133Ba, 137Cs, and 60Co sources, respectively. The soil samples corresponding to two textures and three depths were obtained from the research farms of the Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The study revealed that the attenuation coefficient depends on the energy of incident radiation and the nature as well as the composition of the soil. The mass attenuation coefficient decreases rapidly with the increase in gamma radiation energy. The measured value of mass attenuation coefficient was used to calculate soil bulk density which agreed reasonably well within uncertainties with the value obtained with conventional method. Mass attenuation coefficient was found to be higher for sandy loam compared to sandy clay loam textured soil. Moreover, the attenuation coefficient was higher for the lower depths than the upper depth. The study can be extended to determine important soil parameters such as porosity and moisture contentThesisItem Restricted Genome editing of Ideal Plant Architecture-1 (IPA1) gene for enhancing tillering in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Islam, Asif; Chhuneja, ParveenWheat is a global staple cereal, and breeding initiatives aim to increase wheat yield to meet consumption and supply needs. Increasing wheat tillers is a key factor in crop yield. Understanding the ideal wheat plant structure helps explain tiller regulation. Ideal Plant Architecture IPA1 gene in rice enhances number of productive tillers. CRISPR/Cas9 based genome editing with Agrobacterium-induced transformation targeting IPA1 wheat orthologs was undertaken in the present study. The guide RNAs (gRNAs) were engineered to target exon 1 of the IPA1 homeologs TraesCS7A02G246500, TraesCS7B02G144900, and TraesCS7D02G245200, simultaneously and subjected to an in-vitro cleavage assay, which identified gRNA 7ABDE1 as a potential candidate. The gRNA cleaved the 1190 bp amplicon containing exon 1 into two 1050 and 139 bp fragments. The gRNA was then injected into the AGL1 strain of Agrobacterium together with the JD633 vector, which delivered the sgRNA and Cas9 components into the plant system. Sanger sequencing with target-specific primers validated the construct assembly's transformation into the wheat genome. A total of 500 wheat immature embryos excised 14 days post-anthesis were used to introduce the Cas9-cassette and after two cycles of Hygromycin selection, 85 putative transformed calli are in the regeneration media. In addition, 54 previously generated GE0 plants for IPA1 gene were characterized for the presence of Cas9 cassette and 284 GE1 plants derived from these GE0 plants were phenotypically investigated and subjected to Sanger sequencing for putative mutations in the target gene. Confirmed genome edited plants will be further studied for the effect of mutations on the plant architecture.
