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ThesisItem Open Access Biocontrol of fusarial wilt of bottle gourd(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Ruchika, Ruchika; Narinder SinghThe wilt of bottle gourd caused by Fusarium oxysporum is a serious disease in bottle gourd growing areas of Punjab. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected from bottle gourd fields of Ludhiana, Kapurthala and Bathinda districts of Punjab in order to analyze the antagonistic microflora. Five isolates of Trichoderma and three isolates of Pseudomonas were isolated and screened in vitro for their antagonistic activity against Fusarium oxysporum. Among the various isolates, two isolates of Trichoderma (T1 and T2) and one isolate of Pseudomonas (P1) showed good inhibition against Fusarium oxysporum under lab conditions. Trichoderma isolate T2 showed maximum inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum (76.33 % and 65.83%) in dual culture and volatile assay, respectively. On Molecular characterization the selected isolates T1 and T2 were identified as Trichoderma asperellum and isolate P1 was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The selected isolates were then applied as seed, soil and seed + soil treatments using 10g and 15g formulation of each antagonist to check their efficacy against Fusarium oxysporum in two different seasons (March and June) under field conditions. Maximum germination (91.67% and 87.50%) and maximum disease inhibition (92.31% and 86.67%) was found in case of chemical treatment followed by Trichoderma asperellum isolate T2 with a germination of 87.50 per cent and a disease reduction of 84.62 and 80.00 per cent in March and June, respectively. Maximum yield (235.99q/acre and 229.00q/acre) along with maximum total length (5.43 m and 4.83 m) was obtained in case of Trichoderma asperellum isolate T2 in March and June, respectively due to disease control and the plant growth promoting behaviour of the antagonist. The results of rhizospheric competence showed that enough propagules of the antagonists were present throughout the growing season to effectively manage the wilt pathogen. Talc based bioformulation of the selected antagonists showed maximum shelf life on storing at 0°C and packing in polythene bags.ThesisItem Open Access Higher order contributions to electron-acoustic solitary waves featuring cairns-tsallis distribution of electrons(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Sharma, Anjali; Parveen BalaIn this thesis, a homogeneous system of unmagnetized and collisionless plasma constituting of cold electron fluid, immobile ions and hot electrons has been studied. The hot electrons are assumed to obey hybrid Cairns-Tsallis distribution. This distribution is applicable within the range and .Using standard Reductive Perturbation Method (RPM), dispersion relation and Korteweg de-Vries (KdV) equation has been derived. Reductive preturbation method is further extended to include the contribution of higher order terms. Renormalization method is employed in studying the propagation of electron acoustic solitary waves as well as higher order solitary waves. Our present investigation focuses on revealing the dependency of the behavior of these waves on nonthermal parameter( ), hot-to-cold electron density ratio( ), hot-to-cold electron temperature ratio( ), Mach number( ) and nonextensive parameter( ). Only negative potential structures are reported in our plasma model. The numerical results reflects that on taking the higher order correction terms into account, the amplitude of the dressed soliton solution increases however its width narrows. The present plasma model may be helpful in simulating the electron acoustic solitary behavior in the auroral regions and magnetospheric plasmas of earth.ThesisItem Open Access Higher order contributions to electron-acoustic solitary waves featuring cairns-tsallis distribution of electrons(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Sharma, Anjali; Bala, ParveenIn this thesis, a homogeneous system of unmagnetized and collisionless plasma constituting of cold electron fluid, immobile ions and hot electrons has been studied. The hot electrons are assumed to obey hybrid Cairns-Tsallis distribution. This distribution is applicable within the range and .Using standard Reductive Perturbation Method (RPM), dispersion relation and Korteweg de-Vries (KdV) equation has been derived. Reductive preturbation method is further extended to include the contribution of higher order terms. Renormalization method is employed in studying the propagation of electron acoustic solitary waves as well as higher order solitary waves. Our present investigation focuses on revealing the dependency of the behavior of these waves on nonthermal parameter( ), hot-to-cold electron density ratio( ), hot-to-cold electron temperature ratio( ), Mach number( ) and nonextensive parameter( ). Only negative potential structures are reported in our plasma model. The numerical results reflects that on taking the higher order correction terms into account, the amplitude of the dressed soliton solution increases however its width narrows. The present plasma model may be helpful in simulating the electron acoustic solitary behavior in the auroral regions and magnetospheric plasmas of earth.ThesisItem Open Access Bioprocessing of Indian gooseberry for the production of lactic acid beverage and pickles(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Kirandeep Kaur; Sahota, Param PalThe plant-based fermented beverages have received considerable interest for their rich nutrition, high content of soluble and insoluble fibers and for their fermentability by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). A set of ten allochthonous lactic acid bacterial strains phenotypically and genotypically characterized for their probiotic potential were used as starter culture for the optimization and production of Indian gooseberry-based functional beverage and lacto-pickle. The optimized bioprocess comprised of gooseberry juice blend [gooseberry juice 2: ginger extract 1: guava juice 2], dilution ratio (1:3), condiment concentration (0.7%), pasteurized at 82ºC for 10 seconds and 5.0% (v/v) (106 CFU/mL) active starter culture for fermentation at 37ºC for 24 hr. The microbiological and physicochemical parameters of stored beverage (90 days) were; 1ºBrix, Titrable acidity 0.30-0.89 %, pH 6.0 -2.6, Total Sugars 44.3-35.3 mg/100mL, Reducing sugars 5.4-10.7 mg/100mL and antioxidant activity (85-67%), Total polyphenolic content (42.5-32.6 mg GAE/100mL),Total flavanoids (14.5-28.7 mg/100mL) with LAB capable of maintaining cell counts of 7.39 log CFU/mL. The bioprocess optimized for the Indian gooseberry lacto pickle as 5.0% (v/v) (106 CFU/mL) active starter culture and 5% brine solution for fermentation at 37ºC for 24 hr. The microbiological and physicochemical parameters of stored lacto-pickle (90 days) were; LAB count-6.22-7.27 log CFU/mL, 1ºBrix, Titrable acidity 0.24-0.64 %, pH 7.0-2.8, Total Sugars 20.1-11.6 mg/100g, Reducing sugars 2.60-14.6 mg/100g, viz. nutraceuticals Total antioxidant activity 86.1- 90.2%, Total polyphenolic content 16.6-37.8 mg GAE/100g and Total flavanoids 4.007-55.7 mg/100g. The overall acceptability of beverage and pickle was 7±0.2 on nine point hedonic scale. The bio-interventions: Gooseberry beverage and pickle endowed with organic acids, metabolites, antioxidants, polyphenols and flavonoids showed antimicrobial activity against food borne pathogens Staphylococcus aureus MTCC3906, Listeria monocytogenes MTCC657, Klebsiella pneumoniae MTCC109, Escherichia coli MTCC443, Aeromonas hydrophila MTCC173 as well as arrested the initial phase of Molt-4 cancer cell lines, down regulating the expression of proto-oncogenes and up regulating the tumor suppressor gene exhibiting the antitumorigenic effect.ThesisItem Restricted Mapping of Ascochyta blight resistance gene(s)/QTLs from exotic Cicer arietinum L. germplasm in cultivated kabuli chickpea(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Lovepreet Kaur; Ajinder KaurChickpea is an important pulse crop in the world after dry beans. Ascochyta blight caused by Ascochyta rabiei is a major fungal disease of chickpea and can cause upto 100% yield losses under favourable conditions. It is both air-borne and seed-borne disease that spreads rapidly to all the aerial parts including leaves, petioles, flowers, pods, branches and stems leading to rapid collapse and death of plants. The present investigation was undertaken for mapping of Ascochyta blight resistance gene using an interspecific population. The chickpea cultivar, L 552, besides having several agronomically important characters is susceptible to Ascochyta blight and the exotic accession, FLIP 05-43, is resistant to Ascochyta blight. An F2 interspecific population was developed from cross between L 552 (female parent) and FLIP 05-43 (donar parent). Inheritance studies in F2 and F2:3 populations revealed that inheritance of Ascochyta blight resistance was controlled by monogenic recessive gene, that was designated as arr6. A total of 300 SSR markers were used for polymorphism survey of the parents. A considerably low polymorphism of 15.30 % was found between the parents, and 46 polymorphic markers were used for genotyping of F2 population. For generating linkage map, these 46 SSRs were subjected to linkage analysis using MAPDISTO (1.7.6.5) software at LOD of 3, only 31 markers were mapped generating a linkage map of 377.14 cM with eight linkage groups. Using this linkage map, arr6 gene was mapped onto linkage group 4 at a distance of 8.6 cM distal to CGMM072 marker and from NCPGR247 marker, it was located at a distance 16.1 cM. There is a need to identify more SSR markers in the region lying between the markers CGMM072 and NCPGR247 in order to minimize the distance from the arr6 gene and its transfer to the elite cultivar (L 552) for providing durable resistance against Ascochyta blight. Thus, this study provides further prospective for fine mapping and map based cloning of the arr6 gene.ThesisItem Unknown Effect of nutrition and planting distance on production of quality cut stems of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum Ramat.) Kitam(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Malkit Singh; Madhu BalaThe study was conducted on “Effect of nutrition and planting distance on production of quality cut stems of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum Ramat.) Kitam.” at the Research Farm and Postgraduate Laboratory of the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2018-19. Plants of chrysanthemum cv. “Yellow Star” planted at different spacings (10×10 cm, 15×10 cm and 20×10 cm) were subjected to different applications of nitrogen levels (control, 10, 20, 30 and 40 g/m2). The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with three replications. The observations recorded revealed that all the vegetative and floral parameters were influenced by different levels of nitrogen and plant distances. Nitrogen applied @ 10 g/m2 recorded the minimum days to bud appearance (89.11 days) and days to 50 % flowering (102.00 days). The maximum flower diameter (12.52 cm), number of flowers/stem (11.73), weight of fresh cut stem (86.80 g) and vase life (21.66 days) were also observed in the same treatment, whereas, nitrogen applied @ 40 g/m2 resulted in the maximum plant height (83.77 cm), number of leaves/plant (43.62) and length of cut stem (77.14 cm). With respect to spacing treatments, the results obtained from plants planted at 20×10 cm revealed the maximum leaf area/plant (1326.34 cm2), number of leaves/plant (37.53), flower diameter (11.24 cm), number of flowers/stem (9.48), weight of fresh cut stem (75.83 g) and vase life (19.33 days). However, the maximum plant height (80.65 cm), minimum days to bud appearance (90.93 days), minimum days to 50% flowering (106.40 days) and maximum cut stem length (74.64 cm) was recorded in plants planted at 10×10 cm. From the present study, it can be concluded that chrysanthemum plants fertilized with nitrogen @ 10 g/m2 and planted at 20×10 cm spacing is an ideal combination of fertilization and plant distance for production of good quality cut stems of chrysanthemum cv. „Yellow Star”.ThesisItem Open Access Response of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) to drip irrigation and fertigation under mulch conditions(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Jaspreet Kaur; Kulbir SinghThe present investigation was conducted at Vegetable Research Farm and Biochemical Laboratory, Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to standardize the optimum moisture regime, NPK levels under drip irrigation and mulch for crop establishment, growth, yield and quality fruit production in muskmelon. Hybrid „MH-27‟ comprised as a plant material. The treatments included three levels of drip irrigation regimes i.e. at 100 per cent crop evapotranspiration (ETc), 80 per cent ETc and 60 per cent ETc along with mulch treatment (silver black polythene mulch and no mulch) under main plot treatments and three level of fertigation i.e. 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 80 per cent RDF and 60 per cent RDF was considered under sub plot treatments resulting in eighteen treatments combinations which were compared with the conventional practices. Drip irrigation at 100 per cent ETc and 100 per cent RDF under mulch improved vine length, number of primary branches, average fruit weight and yield which was statistically at par with drip irrigation at 80 per cent ETc and 80 per cent RDF. Further, it was noticed that yield from different treatments of drip fertigation varied from 168.8 q/ha to 201.8 q/ha which was 16 per cent higher from conventional system. Various quality parameters i.e. ascorbic acid and dry matter content were found to increase with increase in depth of irrigation and fertilizer dose. However, maximum total soluble solids (TSS) were observed with drip irrigation at 80 per cent ETc and 100 per cent RDF. The economic analysis revealed that highest net returns (Rs 130023/ha) were obtained under drip fertigation along with mulch application which was 17.2 per cent higher from conventional system. Thus, it may be concluded from the present investigation that drip fertigation at 80 per cent ETc level and 80 per cent RDF along with mulch application is beneficial to improve productivity and quality of muskmelon with saving of 80.85 water and 20 per cent fertilizer over the conventional method.ThesisItem Open Access Nitrogen scheduling in maize-wheat cropping system in relation to different tillage interventions and planting methods(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Gursewak Singh; Kang, Jasjit SinghThe field experiment entitled “Nitrogen scheduling in maize-wheat cropping system in relation to different tillage interventions and planting methods” was conducted at the Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2018-19. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loamy, with medium in organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and rich in potassium. The experiment was arranged in split plot design with four combination of tillage system and planting methods including conventional tillage + flat sowing, conventional tillage + bed sowing, zero tillage + flat sowing, zero tillage + bed sowing in main plots and four different types of time of nitrogen application including recommended schedule (1/3 N as basal, 1/3 N knee high stage, 1/3 N flowering stage), 1/2 N as basal 1/2 N at knee high stage, 1/2 N as basal and 1/4 N at knee high stage and 1/4 Nat waist high stage, 1/3 N as basal, 1/3 N at knee high stage and 1/3 N at waist high stage in maize and recommended schedule (full dose of DAP 137.5 kg ha-1 and 51.75 kg N ha-1as basal, 25.8 kg N ha-1 at 30 and 60 DAS), full dose of DAP 137.5 kg ha- 1 as basal and 51.75 kg N ha-1 at 30 and 60 DAS, full dose of DAP 137.5 kg ha-1 as basal and 51.75 at 60 and 90 DAS, full dose of DAP 137.5 kg ha-1 as basal and 34.5 kg N ha-1 at 30, 60 and 90 DAS in wheat in sub plots with three replications. In maize crop plant height, dry matter accumulation, PARI and canopy temperature were significantly influenced by combination of tillage system and planting methods. However emergence count, NDVI, and nitrogen content were not influenced by combination of tillage system, planting methods and time of nitrogen application treatment. Yield and yield attributes were not influenced by combination of tillage system, planting methods and time of nitrogen application treatment. In wheat crop combination of tillage system, planting methods and time of nitrogen application significantly influenced the plant height, dry matter accumulation, PAR interception and number of tillers. However emergence count, canopy temperature and NDVI were not influenced by combination of tillage system, planting methods and time of nitrogen application treatment. Yield and yield attributes were significantly influenced with time of nitrogen application treatments. Significantly highest grain yield was recorded under full dose of DAP 137.5 kg ha-1 as basal and 34.5 kg N ha-1 at 30, 60 and 90 DAS.ThesisItem Open Access Enhancing carbohydrate and starch accumulation in microalgae for bioethanol production(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Amanpreet Kaur; Taggar, Monica SachdevaThe present study was carried out to optimize the culture conditions for enhancing carbohydrate and starch accumulation in Chlorella sorokiniana for the bioethanol production. The growth and biomass of microalgae was studied with the sparging of carbon dioxide into the culture medium. The mean growth (0.70), fresh biomass (7983.33 mg l-1), dry biomass (1516.67 mg l-1) and biomass productivity (163.33 mg l-1 day-1) of microalgae was higher with the sparging of carbon dioxide into the culture medium. The effect of different concentrations of potassium nitrate, i.e. 4, 2 and 1 g l-1 in the culture medium revealed high growth (0.98), fresh (8053.33 mg l-1) and dry biomass (1556.67 mg l-1) of microalgae at 4 g l-1 potassium nitrate in the culture medium. The maximum accumulation of total carbohydrate (50.28%) and starch (34.06%) in the microalgae was observed at 1 g l-1 potassium nitrate concentration in the culture medium at 2 days after culturing (DAC) while the total soluble protein content (18.24%) was observed to be maximum at 4 g l-1 potassium nitrate concentration in the culture medium at 8 DAC. The maximum chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content of 403.22 μg g-1 fw, 346.66 μg g-1 fw and 749.88 μg g-1 fw of microalgae was observed at 4 g l-1 potassium nitrate level in the culture medium, respectively. Morphological characterization of C. sorokiniana revealed dense starch granules in the cells under nitrogen limiting conditions. Chitosan, at a concentration of 200 ppm, showed maximum flocculation (90.94%) of microalgal suspension after 60 min. Pre-treatment of microalgal biomass with 1 N sulphuric acid revealed maximum production of total (487.41 mg g-1) and reducing sugars (277.56 mg g-1). The fermentation of microalgal hydrolysate by Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in maximum ethanol content and yield of 0.52 g and 0.052 g g-1 biomass at 96 h of fermentation.
