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Open Access
Functionality and stability assessment of fruit based dairy beverage
(PAU, 2015) Shukla, Preeti; Bajwa, Usha
The present investigation was carried out to enhance the functional properties of mango based milk beverage through the generation of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) and assess its storage stability. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the level of milk fat, sugar and mango pulp in the beverage for responses of desirable viscosity, maximum antioxidant activity and high overall acceptability. The optimized levels were found to be 0.5 per cent milk fat, 6.0 per cent sugar and 30.0 per cent mango pulp. The beverage was packaged in HDPE sachets and glass bottles, sealed, pasteurized at 80°C for 5 sec and stored at 5.0°C. Also, the beverage was packaged in glass bottles, sterilized at 116°C for 15 min and stored at ambient temperature (25°C). The samples of beverages were evaluated for physicochemical, microbial and sensory quality at regular intervals. There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in total solids, pH, ascorbic acid, reducing sugars, viscosity, antioxidant activity, HMF concentration and sensory scores and increase in total soluble solids and acidity during storage. Standard Plate Count (SPC) and Yeast and mold count of pasteurized beverages increased significantly (p<0.05) after ten days whereas sterilized beverage remained microbiologically stable even after 75 days of storage. The pasteurized beverage was acceptable up to six days whereas the sterilized one upto 60 days. To explore the role of milk proteins and sugar in MRP generation, simulated beverage samples were formulated using whey protein, casein and sugar in the concentration range from 0.0 to 1.0, 0.0 to 1.0 and 0.0 to 6.0 per cent, respectively. These were subjected to heat treatments varying from 63 to 121°C for 15s to 50 min. Antioxidant activity (as % inhibition of DPPH) and HMF as an index of MRPs generation, were determined at regular time interval during heat treatment. There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in the antioxidant activity and HMF concentration of samples at all the thermal treatments. The samples containing higher amounts of milk protein and sugar produced more MRPs and exhibited more antioxidant activity than control. The incorporation of mango further contributed to antioxidative components and enhanced the functional quality of the milk beverage.
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Development and evaluation of tractor operated flail type forage harvester with chaffing system
(PAU, 2015) Goyal, Rajesh; Mahal, Jaskarn Singh
Fodder harvesting, transporting and its chopping is a major resource consuming component in dairy farming business. To do all the above three operation simultaneously, a tractor operated flail type forage harvester cum chopper was developed in the Dept of FM&PE, PAU. But machine could not become popular at farmer’s field because of uneven size of cut of fodder. Thus a study was undertaken to develop and evaluate a tractor operated flail type forage harvester with chaffing system. For this, flail unit of already developed machine was studied for different flail peripherial speeds ( 3 levels : 25, 29 & 35 m/s ) and forward speeds ( 3 levels : 2.5, 3.8 & 4.6 km/h ) for harvesting two types of fodder crops i.e Maize and Sorghum. Bulk density of fodder chopped by flails, height of cut, harvesting efficiency, flail throw efficiency were taken as performance parameters. Optimum combination of parameters were Flail peripherial speed of 35 m/s and forward speed of 2.5 km/hat which loss of fodder was minimum due to maximum flail throw efficiency and harvesting efficiency. The bulk density of fodder chopped by flails at these speeds was 103.5 kg/m3. A tractor operated flail type forage harvester with chaffing system was developed by replacing screw conveyer & blowing cum chopping mechanism with belt conveyer and positive feed chaffing system respectively. For this, design of belt conveyer and chaffing system was done considering the cropping intensity of fodder crop, bulk density of fodder chopped by flails and field capacity of machine at the optimum selected speed of machine. The developed machine was evaluated for three forward speeds (3 levels: 2.0, 2.5 & 3.0 km/h) and three conveyer speeds (3 levels: 0.55, 0.70 & 0.85 m/s) on two crops maize and sorghum. The forward speed of 2.0 km/h and conveyer speed of 0.55 m/swas foundto be best among all the studied parameters. The weighted size of cut of chopped fodderfor maize and sorghum fodder was 3.09 cm and 3.04 cm respectively. The fuel consumption, height of cut, harvesting efficiency, material capacity and field capacity for maize and sorghum fodderwas 6.25 l/h, 4.8 cm, 98.0 %, 6.53 t/h & 0.23 ha/h and 6.48 l/h, 4.9 cm, 98.5 %, 6.60 t/h & 0.23 ha/hrespectively.
Open Access
Physical and Genetic Mapping of chromosome 2AL of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
(PAU, 2015) Jindal, Suruchi; Singh, Kuldeep
Among crop plants, hexaploid wheat has one of the largest genome, being 17000 Mbp. The largest genome coupled with polyploidy nature and very high level of repeat sequence makes sequencing of hexaploid wheat very complex. Several studies, coordinated by IWGSC (International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium) are in progress with the aim of obtaining and characterizing the wheat genome. The IWGSC has produced a draft sequence of hexaploid wheat genome by sequencing chromosome arms that were isolated from double ditelosomic stocks of Chinese Spring by flow sorting. Under IWGSC, India has the mandate for generating Bacterial Artificial Chromosome based physical map and whole genome sequencing of chromosome 2A and and PAU has been given the responsibility for physical mapping and sample sequencing of chromosome 2AL. BAC library comprising 76,800 clones for the long arm of 2A with an average insert size of 120kb and 16X coverage was generated from DNA of chromosome arms purified by flow cytometry. Using HICF (High Information Content Fingerprinting) we have fingerprinted 76,800 clones in total as group, out of which 20,000 clones were fingerprinted for this thesis. Automated assembly of high quality fingerprints was performed to generate physical map for 2AL using FPC (Fingerprinting Contig) and LTC (Linear Topolgy Contig) software for the generation of Minimum tiling Path (MTP). FPC and LTC generated 2450 comprising 5804 clones and 1204 contigs comprising 7854 clones respectively. Whole genome shotgun sequence for the chromosome 2AL was also generated using Illumina GAII, Hiseq2000 (paired end) and 454 Roche platform. Both the platforms generated combined reads of 4, 50,120,605 for the long arm. De novo hybrid assembly resulted into 425,821 contigs for 2AL covering 63% of arm. Size based markers were generated from assembled chromosome data. SSR mining was done on the assembled data which resulted in identification of more than 3000 usable SSRs for 2AL using MISA tool. About 501 di-, tri-, and tetra- nucleotide SSR markers were identified, with one marker from each contig for genetic mapping. Insertion Site Based Polymorphism markers (ISBPs) were also predicted from the assembled data using ISBPFINDER.pl. A total of 2, 16,414 ISBPs have been predicted out of which 12,706 can be used as markers and 50 ISBPs were selected randomly for mapping. Parental polymorphism was done on Triticum monococcum and Triticum boeoticum using ABI 3730XL genotyping system and agarose gel system for SSRs and ISBPs respectively. 225 SSR markers and 6 ISBP markers were found to be polymorphic, out of which 95 loci (including SSR and ISBP markers) were used to enrich the genetic map of 2A using the RIL population derived from the cross between Triticum monococcum and Triticum boeoticum and 39 markers were mapped on 2AL while remaining markers mapped on other linkage groups.
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Nutritional evaluation of antioxidant rich products of two cultivars of sweet potato and effect of supplementation on nutritional status of elderly males and females
(PAU, 2015) Sinha, Jyoti; Bains, Kiran
To improve the anti-oxidant status of adult males and females, value added products like soup, porridge, chips, french fries, chaat, mixed vegetable, stuffed paratha, pancake, cutlet, idli, poha and mathi were developed by using orange (OFSP) and purple (PFSP) fleshed sweet potato at 20 and 40% level and with 100%. Antioxidant content, carotene in OFSP and anthocyanin in PFSP were significantly affected by the methods of cooking. Steaming was found to be the best method for the retention of antioxidant content. Supplementation of base material with 20% OFSP and PFSP were found acceptable with score ranging from 5.78 to 8.24. Nutritional analysis revealed that products supplemented with OFSP had more protein and iron whereas higher fibre and calcium was found in PFSP products. Twenty male and twenty female subjects within the age range of 40-60 years were selected and were equally divided in Control and Experimental groups. Subjects were supplemented with antioxidant powder 20g/day for 3 months. Dietary survey revealed that the intake of cereals, fats and sugar were decreased whereas, the intake of green leafy vegetables, milk and milk products and fruits were increased but not upto the recommended dietary allowances (RDA). The reduction was observed in weight, body mass index, mid upper arm circumference and triceps skin fold thickness in the subjects of experimental group. After supplementation of OFSP powder, serum retinol and glutathione peroxidase increased (22.8 and 27.1%, 35.12 and 35.9% in males and females, respectively). Random blood sugar was also reduced (13.2% in males and 9.65% in females). Total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C and VLDL-C decreased while HDL-C increased after supplementation. Blood pressure also decreased (systolic BP: 8.86% in males and 16.54% in females; diastolic BP: 7.43% in males and 13.40% in females) with OFSP supplementation. The study concluded that supplementation of 20g of OFSP significantly reduced the oxidative stress, improved the lipid profile and antioxidant status of male and female subjects. The finding indicated that processed flour from orange fleshed sweet potato can create a new economy and employment activity for farmers and rural households and add nutritional value to food systems.
Open Access
Changing Pattern of Dowry and Its Implications-A Study of Rural Punjab
(PAU, 2015) Kaur, Gaganpreet; Singh, Sukhdev
The present study was conducted to assess the changing pattern of dowry and its implications in four districts of Punjab by taking a sample of two generations i.e. 360 mothers-in-law (G1) and 360 daughters-in-law (G2). The age at marriage has shown significant difference between two generations i.e. from 19.5 years to 23.6 years. Data revealed that the marriages of all the G1 respondents were arranged and intra-caste while there was a shift towards marriage by choice and inter-caste marriages in G2. As regard to the matrimonial alliance in G1 all marriages were arranged by Vicholas (middleman) and relatives whereas in G2 group new sources of introduction of marriage took place. Further, in G1 group most of marriages were performed in Tent houses and catered by Local Halwais whereas in G2, 48.89% marriages were in palaces with help of professional caterers (55.83%) which are quiet expensive also. The form of owry was quiet simple in G1 group and dowry was never indicated by groom‟s side whereas in G2 lot of modern luxury items are becoming a part of dowry. The findings reveal that in high economic status group and medium economic status group expenses on marriages over time increased whereas for the low conomic status group the expenses are becoming out of reach. Number of traditional ceremonies and religious beliefs attached to marriage are significantly reduced. Land holding with bridegroom, restige issue, demonstration effect, following of traditions and to meet the expectations of in-laws were some of the important factors responsible for the phenomenon of dowry. Besides, caste and land holding, the outlook of the girl is considered as an important factor in selection process. Dowry proved to be a source of debtedness in both the generations i.e. 67.50% and 73.33% coupled with negative social and sychological consequences. Curiously, dowry proved to be a source of happiness for 61% of G2 while 23.06 % of G1 respondents. A new phenomenon of „reversal dowry‟ came in light in which girls heaving PR or eligible to take spouse abroad seeks dowry. Developing role models in the society, generating awareness largely through media and enforcement of strict laws were some of the suggestions by both the generations to arrest the phenomenon of dowry.
Open Access
Study of grain carbon metabolism in relation to nitrogen use efficiency in wheat
(PAU, 2015) Kaur, Balraj; Asthir, Bavita
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of application of nitrogen (N) under field conditions on six wheat genotypes (GLU 1356, HD 2967, PBW 621, PBW 636, PBW 550 and PBW 343) at three levels of N optimal N dose (120 Kg N/ha), sub-optimal N dose (90 Kg N/ha) and supra-optimal N dose (150 Kg N/ha). Enzymes involved in N metabolism (viz. nitrate reductase , glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase); and carbon metabolism [viz. sucrose synthase (synthesis), sucrose phosphate synthase, Sucrose synthase cleavage, acid invertase, neutral invertase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH)] along with various metabolites were studied in roots, flag leaf and grains at different developmental stages. Results indicated that supra-optimal dose upregulated N and carbon metabolizing enzymes, whereas sub-optimal N dose indicated that aminotransferases enhanced the protein content while increased activities of invertases provide carbon skeleton for amino acid. Apparently, PEPC, ICDH and MDH resulted in assimilating ammonium ions thereby reducing its toxicity. Interestingly at sub-optimal N dose, higher activity of polyamine catabolizing enzymes results in speeding up oxidation of various polyamines to cope up with N deficiency in plant. Putrescine was found to be higher at early stage whereas spermidine and spermine were found to be higher towards mature stages of grain indicating the role of putrescine in grain filling process. Using, hydroponic culture technique in lab providing N sources viz. 4mM KNO3, NH4Cl and NH4NO3 for 12 days, the size of shoot and root system decreased significantly when plants were supplied with NH4Cl as exclusive N source. NH4Cl speed up amino acid content by elevated glutamate dehydrogenase, aminotransferases and PEPC activities and thereby decreasing NH4+ toxicity. Whereas under NH4NO3 treatment, N and carbon metabolism were elevated as compared to NH4Cl and control conditions but less than KNO3 source indicating inhibition of NH4+ toxicity by NO3- uptake. Tiller culturing technique also supported the above findings of grain filling processes, soluble sugars/starch were strongly correlated to invertase activities whereas proteins to aminotransferases. GLU 1356, HD 2967 showed highest value of nitrogen use efficiency followed by PBW 621, PBW 636, PBW 550 and PBW 343, therefore, categorized as N efficient genotypes.
Open Access
Impact of resource conservation interventions on water and sediment yield in a watershed of Shivalik
(PAU, 2015) Yangchan, Jigmet; Jain, A.K.
Soil and water are considered as one of the world‟s limited and non-renewable resource. Soil erosion by water is being increasingly recognized as a problem across the world. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of resource conservation interventions on water and sediment yield in a watershed. Morphometric analysis of Sukhna Lake watershed covering Chandigarh, Punjab and Haryana was carried out by using GIS technique. This analysis shows that the basin has a dendritic pattern with fifth order stream. Bifurcation ratio, drainage density, drainage texture, elongation ratio and relief ratio value of the watershed confirm that the geologic structures do not distort the drainage pattern. The area was impermeable subsurface having sparse vegetation, hilly relief and steep slop es with very fine texture cause prone to soil erosion. Impact analysis for six scenarios have indicated that in the initial period (1958-70) rainfall was less but runoff percentage was 22% of rainfall, no soil conservation measures were present due to which heavy soil loss of 150 ton/ha/yr, where as in 2013 rainfall was high but runoff percentage significantly decreased to 7.8% of rainfall due to increased number of structures over 190 as a result the sediment yield also decreased to 5 ton/ha/yr. This study shows that an adequate soil conservation measure exists, as result creations of new strictures are not required. In order to retain the sediment yield, the structures need regular maintenance. High evaporation rate in the region causes drying of the lake as the capacity has reduced from 10.74 million cubic meter (MCM) initially to 5.24 (MCM) at present, almost 50% of the lake‟s capacity reducing the depth of lake. In case of afforestation preference should be given to drought resistant species and deep rooted plantation. However the sediment yield has reduced to 5 ton/ha/yr but from the catchment of 4284 ha it is a huge amount settling down in the lake and reducing its capacity. In such case periodic desilting has to be taken up once in 2-3 years. To maintain the required water level in Sukhna Lake on a sustainable basis throughout the year, strategies must be made to divert the water from the other adjacent catchments.
Open Access
Molecular marker and morphological characterization of triticale x wheat derivatives
(PAU, 2015) Feltaous, Yousef Mohsen; Bains, N.S.
The study is based on near homozygous derivatives from three crosses: TL 2908/2*CSS//PBW 343; TL 2908/2*CSS//DBW 17 and TL 2908/2*CSS//PBW 550 where TL 2908 is an improved, amber grained triticale variety, CSS is a bread stock carrying Ph suppressor genes in Chinese Spring background and PBW 343, DBW 17 and PBW 550 are bread wheat varieties used as recipient parents. As all the recipient wheat varieties carried 1B/1R translocation, it was expected to be present in half of the derivatives. Out of 1244 lines screened using SSR marker diagnostic of 1B/1R translocation (SCM 9), 652 turned out to be non 1B/1R. The lines negative for 1B/1R translocation were screened for presence of rye chromatin using a universal marker (Rye R3/F3). A large proportion (266 out of 552 lines, 48.2%) was positive for rye chromatin. A set of 164 derivatives positive for rye chromosome introgression were taken up for evaluation in replicated trials. Transfer of large anther size and high anther extrusion was indicated in several derivatives, which is relevant for hybrid wheat development. Sixty five derivatives showing almost complete resistance to highly virulent stripe rust race 78S84 were evaluated in a separate trial. While all the recipient bread wheat parents were highly susceptible to stripe rust and Karnal bunt, twelve derivative lines combined high level of resistance to stripe rust (mostly 0 or ts) and Karnal bunt (less than 2% infection). Another three lines were found to be highly tolerant to micronutrient deficiency. SSR marker based screening of elite derivatives revealed three lines to carry rye chromosome 5 (and three lines with rye chromosome 6. One line carried both chromosomes 5R and 6R.
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Cloning and characterization of heat shock protein gene(s) from Aegilops speltoides (Tausch) Gren. and their association with heat tolerance
(PAU, 2015) Pratibha; Singh, Kuldeep
Wheat is staple food for half of the world population. Wheat yields are increasing at 0.9% annually, which is much less than the requisite increase to meet its demand in 2050. Wheat production is often limited by continual or terminal heat stress and not much is known about the mechanisms conferring olerance to heat stress. Heat shock proteins are known to play an essential role in preventing deleterious effects of high temperature and in many plant species HSP101 has a central role in heat stress survival. Aegilops speltoides, a close relative of B genome of bread wheat has been observed to confer tolerance to terminal heat stress. The present study, therefore, aimed at characterization of heat shock protein gene HSP101 in Ae. speltoides and comparing it with other species. The Ae. speltoides and other wild and cultivated wheat genotypes were analyzed for chlorophyll content at various growth stages until maturity. Ae .speltoides, per se, had significantly higher chlorophyll content at all the growth stages, even when the temperature was above 35°C. Coding sequences of HSP101C of T. aestivum were used to design the primers for studying expression of HSP101 at varying day/night temperature regimes. Expression analysis of HSP101C gene through Quantitative RT-PCR revealed differences in their induction in wild and cultivated wheat genotypes. Two Aegilops speltoides accessions pau3583 and pau3809 showed high level of expression of HSP101C gene at higher temperature compared to bread wheat, suggesting that it might be playing a role in conferring heat tolerance. Coding sequence of HSP101C gene of T. aestivum was used to identify the whole gene sequence in T. durum and Ae.speltoides genome databases. Overlapping primers were designed to amplify the whole gene from Ae. speltoides, Ae. tauschii, T. monococcum, T. durum and T. aestivum. Amplification was successful for all the fragments in all the species, however, clean sequence could be obtained in only one accession of Ae. speltoides acc pau3583. The HSP101C gene of Ae. speltoides acc. pau3583, designated as AsHsp101Cpau3583 is 4133 bp long with 2667 bp of coding sequence encoding an ORF of 888 amino acids. The AsHSP101C-pau3583 gene sequence contains more than 50 SNPs compared to AsHSP101C-TGAC. In silico comparative analysis of sequence of HSP101C of T. aestivum, Ae. speltoides, Ae. speltoides acc. pau3583, T. durum cv cappelli, T. durum cv strongfield, T. monococcum, Ae. tauschii and T. urartu HSP101C protein showed that multiple conserved domains (AAA, AAA+2, ClpB, ClpN, ClpD domains) are present. All ClpB/HSP100 genes in wheat share conserved nucleotide-binding domains. There appears to be HSP101C protein (encoded by Aegilops speltoides pau3583) that are variably homologous to proteins encoded by above wheat species throughout the entire amino acid sequence. The above eight wheat species Hsp101C gene show significant similarities in the signature sequences known to be conserved among Hsp100 proteins. The protein models of HSP101C in all eight wheat species provides high information for the ATP-binding motifs within the nucleotide binding domains (NBD) which are specific for the chaperone activity and knowledge about the mutagenic sites. These findings are important for further dissection of the molecular mechanisms underlying the stress response and for understanding the functions of the HSP100 fami ly members. The sequence information could also be used designing markers for precise transfer AsHSP101C-pau3583 gene into hexaploid wheat and test its role in heat tolerance.

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