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Open Access
EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE PROFILE IN Spodoptera litura (FABRICIUS) POPULATIONS THROUGH BIOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Harpreet Kaur Cheema; B. K., KANG
Evaluation of insecticide resistance profile in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations was done through biological, biochemical and molecular diagnosis. Population from Sangrur was found to be the least susceptible for most of the insecticides, except for chlorpyriphos, chlorantraniliprole and novaluron which were least toxic to population from Bathinda, and pyridalyl which was least toxic to population from Ludhiana. Population from Hoshiarpur was found to be the most susceptible for all insecticides except acephate and pyridalyl to which Bathinda population was most susceptible. Thiodicarb among the conventional group of insecticides and chlorantraniliprole among the newer insecticides were found to be the most toxic against all the test populations. The synergistic effect of TPP (6.16- fold), PBO (3.72- fold) and DEM (1.73- fold) in the least susceptible population suggested the involvement of esterases and mixed function oxidases in providing resistance to various insecticides. Synergistic effect of PBO (6.21- fold) on the fenvalerate- selected population followed by TPP (5.74- fold) and DEM (1.89- fold) indicated the possible role of mixed function oxidases, esterases and to some extent glutathione S- transferases in imparting resistance to pyrethroids in S. litura. Multiple detoxification enzymes and AChE insensitivity were found to be involved in imparting resistance in S. litura towards various insecticides. Selection with fenvalerate increased the activities of MFOs, esterases and GST by 1.84, 1.73 and 1.3 times in S. litura proving their role in pyrethroid-mediated resistance. Activities of MFO, esterases and insensitivity of AChE can be used as biochemical tools for monitoring insecticide resistance in S. litura. RAPD markers established the presence of inter and intra population variations that might be related to insecticide resistance. Alignment between COI sequences of fenvalerate- selected (SGR-Sel) and susceptible types (SGR) identified existence of a single base/ nucleotide polymorphism at position 421 represented by substitution of T in SGR-Sel with C in SGR type. Based on this polymorphism, COI based specific primers were developed, tested and validated for differentiating amongst these S. litura types.
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A STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE OF THE SELECTED STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITIES IN INDIA
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Sayanika Borah; Kiranjot, Sidhu
The study was conducted in four state agricultural universities of India viz. PAU Punjab (North); ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh (South); AAU, Assam (East) and MPAUT, Rajasthan (West) to study the variations in perceptions of the faculty and administrators regarding the importance of dimension of organizational climate along with their perception of prevailing and expected organizational climate. The data collected from the 216 faculty members and 60 administrators using a scale developed on 13 dimensions viz. communication, management of rewards, interpersonal relationships, control and supervision, orientation, decision making, leadership, policies and rules, innovation, physical facilities, team work, monetary gains and accountability/ evaluation revealed that communication followed by leadership, team work and physical facilities were the most important dimensions according to the faculty who ranked monetary gains, accountability/ evaluation, management of rewards and control and supervision as least important. Administrators ranked communication, leadership and decision making at the top and innovation, monetary gains and management of rewards at the least important. There was a good agreement between faculty and administrator of all selected SAU’s as well as between SAU’s in assigning ranks. Faculty perceived highest gap between the prevailing and expected climate with regard to orientation and monetary gains and lowest in management of rewards and interpersonal relationship, whereas administrators found it to be highest in monetary gains and lowest in decision making and communication. Age, income, job experience and training acquired were significantly related with the perception. Faculty suggested improvement in communication as one of the important ways to improve organizational climate.
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MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF Triticum durum – Aegilops speltoides INTROGRESSION LINES AND EVALUATION FOR THERMO–TOLERANCE AND ITS COMPONENTS
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Zewdu Teshome; Parveen, Chhuneja
Backcross introgression lines (BILs) developed from crosses of Triticum durum –Aegilops speltoides were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with heat tolerance.Three hundred lines in the first season and 100 selected lines in two consecutive cropping seasons were grown under normal sown and late sown conditions. Membrane thermostability, chlorophyll content (CH), canopy temperature and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) tests have been used for identifying genetic variability within genotypes.Yield and yield related traits were also recorded. In all the traits variations between BILs in both normal sown and late sown conditions have been observed. Early maturity, shorter height and reduced tillering were recorded in late sown conditions which could be due to terminal heat stress. Out of 386 markers tested, 76 markers (19.7%) showed polymorphism between the parental lines. These polymorphic markers were used to genotype 100 selected BILs. Graphical genotyping showed introgressed regions in all 14 chromosomes of the recipient parent with overall 14.2% introgression.Single marker analysis (SMA) revealed that six markers (Xgwm293, Xgwm565, Xgwm148, Xwmc269, Xgwm299 and Xwmc603) were significantly associated with spikelets/spike at LOD values ranging from 6.1-10.3 and phenotypic contribution of 18.5-44.3%.Similarly, markers Xgwm293,Xwmc269, Xgwm565, Xgwm471, Xgwm148, Xgwm299, Xwmc603, Xwmc31, Xcfd6 and Xcfa2278 were linked to thousand grain weight. One marker Xcfd60 revealed association to TTC in normal sown BILs with LOD value of 3.1 and PVE of 16.1%. Four markers Xgwm293,Xgwm148, Xcfd60 and Xwmc269 showed linkage with CH with varying LOD score and PVE%. SMA also identified eight markers (Xgwm293, Xgwm565, Xgwm471, Xgwm148, Xgwm299, Xwmc603, Xcfd6 and Xwmc269) linked to days to flowering and four markers viz, Xgwm293, Xgwm471, Xgwm299 and Xwmc603 showed association to days to maturity with LOD value higher than the threshold. Plant height was also linked to four marker loci (Xgwm471, Xgwm148, Xgwm565 and Xwmc603) in average environment and stay green trait was linked to Xgwm148, Xwmc269, Xgwm471 and Xwmc269 with LOD score in the range of2.6 -3.4 and PVE of 12.6-15.9%. Additive QTL analysis identified that most of the traits were contributed from the donor parent and a number of markers identified in SMA were validated in additive QTL analysis also.
Open Access
MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GERMPLASM AND F1 HYBRIDS.
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Daljinder Singh; M. I. S, . Gill
The present investigation entitled “Morphological and molecular characterization of guava (Psidium guajava L.) germplasm and F1 hybrids” was conducted during years 2010 to 2013 at P.A.U., Ludhiana and Regional Fruit Research Station, Bahadurgarh. Thirty five guava genotypes grafted on seedling rootstocks were evaluated for tree, vegetative, reproductive, fruit and seed characters based on UPOV descriptors. Statistically significant difference for all the traits was observed among tested genotypes. Among components of genetic variation, phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation for different traits ranged from 7.26 and 6.95 to 35.00 and 33.11 %, respectively. Divergence analysis based on D2 statistic grouped the tested genotypes into six clusters with variable number of genotypes in each cluster, indicating the presence of genetic diversity in them. Cluster I, cluster IV, cluster V and cluster VI showed intra cluster distance of 55.12, 55.40, 50.70 and 61.84 respectively, indicating sufficient dissimilarity among genotypes for morphological features. Molecular characterization using 80 SSR primer pairs was done enabling cluster analysis of 43 guava genotypes. Among the primers, 78 markers amplified 258 alleles across the 43 genotypes with an average of 3.25 alleles per locus. The highest number of seven alleles per locus was amplified by mPgCIR 32, followed by six alleles per locus by mPgCIR98. The power of discrimination was found to be least (0.00) for markers mPgCIR251 and mPgCIR 414 and highest (0.84) for markers mPgCIR137. Values of expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 in monomorphic locus (mPgCIR251 and 414) to maximum 0.79 for locus mPgCIR32, with an average 0.47 expected heterozygosity. Estimated genetic dissimilarity coefficient ranged from minimum 0.020 (between genotypes 14-10 and 12-11) to 0.590 (between One Kg and Portugal) with an average dissimilarity of 0.322 across all the genotypes. Cluster analysis on the basis of molecular analysis classified the guava genotypes into two major groups having 3 and 40 genotypes each. The dendrogram generated using SSR markers along with the phenotypic data will be useful for choosing the diverse parents for further guava breeding programmes. A total of nine F1 hybrids were generated and vegetative parameters were recorded in different hybrids to distinguish them, as well as SSR markers were also used to confirm the parentage of these hybrids.
Open Access
STUDY ON ERGOSTEROL CONTENT AND PROTEIN PROFILE OF MEDICINAL MUSHROOM, Ganoderma lucidum
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Anna Goyal; H. S., SODHI
Ganoderma lucidum, a specie belonging to the class basidiomycetes, family polyporaceae of the order aphyllophorales has been widely used as a source of potent nutracuetical products. Present study was planned to identify and characterize the role of proteins and ergosterol in the developmental process of Ganoderma lucidum. Four strains of Ganoderma lucidum (GL I - IV) showed a gradual increase in biomass to give 25.52g to 31.72g of biomass after three weeks of growth in mushroom complete medium broth with maximum in strain GL-III. Ganoderma lucidum strains were grown on wheat straw supplemented with 5% wheat bran with maximum biological efficiency for GL-I strain (31.27%) followed by GL-II (26.76%) and number of fruit bodies were 927 and 693 each weighing 33.7g and 38.6g, respectively. Ganoderma lucidum strain GL-I showed maximum ergosterol content (4601μg/g) whereas strain GL-III showed only 32μg/g. From spawn run, maximum ergosterol was obtained from GL-IV strain followed by strain GL-II while at pin head formation and fruit body formation ergosterol content was better for GL-II. Ergosterol content of fruit body of GL-1 was observed maximum (7009μg/g). Overall observation indicated that the ergosterol content increased with each stage of cultivation process i.e. from spawn run to pinhead and finally to fruit body formation. The intracellular and extracellular enzymatic studies have indicated enhanced activity during spawn run on solid substrate in comparison to that grown in the broth. The esterase and peroxidase activity significantly increased during the pinning of the cultures thus, indicating a positive role of these enzymes in fructification process. The FTIR analysis of proteins made during different stages of cultivation namely spawn run, pin head formation and fruiting indicated that the fruiting strains (GL-I and GL-II) have an ordered protein structure with hydrophobic amino acids. In case of GL-IV, unordered structure was obtained that could be related to the role of hydrophobin proteins in mushroom fructification process. Another observation on GL-IV indicated the presence of basic amino acids and aromatic amino acids with very low amount of acidic amino acids like aspartic acid and glutamic acid. The observation recorded during present study indicated a positive role of hydrophobic amino acids and hydrophobin proteins in mushroom fructification process. Ganoderma lucidum strain GL-II was also grown on selenium fortified mushroom minimal medium at different concentrations of 5ppm to 25ppm of sodium selenate. Scanning electron micrographs exhibited gradual decrease in hyphal diameter, spore number and spore diameter with increase in selenium concentration and the spore structures were altered. A significant decrease in spore diameter is observed in concentration of 20ppm and 25ppm (5.60 and 1.26 μm, respectively) as compared to control (10.04 μm). The SEM-EDS studies showed no selenium traces on the hyphal surface, however, on the contrary, SEM-EDS studies of crushate samples revealed selenium traces indicating selenium absorption as the cytosolic moieties as selenoproteins. Atomic absorption spectroscopy indicated an increasing trend in the uptake by the hyphal biomass as the concentration of sodium selenate increased with maximum absorption at concentrations of 15 ppm and 25 ppm (9.9%). It was concluded that fortification till 15 ppm can be used as stress was not that prominent and culture could grow rapidly without significant alteration in structure and morphology to enhance its biomedicinal properties. Present study has indicated that during the mushroom development process, ergosterol content increases with a positive role of proteins like peroxidases and hydrophobins at each stage of morphogenesis.
Open Access
Incidence of insect pests and management of shoot fly, Atherigona spp. in spring sown maize.
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Jawala Jindal; Dulcha S., Brar
The studies on the incidence of insect pests and management of shoot fly, Atherigona spp. in spring sown maize were conducted during 2011 and 2012 in the Punjab. At Ludhiana and Hoshiarpur, shoot fly was recorded as the key pest of this crop, while the incidence of other insect pests of maize was of minor importance. At Ludhiana, the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) was observed for the first time on the crop and its highest counts were observed in 3rd (96.06 to 186.08/ sweep) in 2011 and 4th week of April (0.16 to 1.49/ plant) in 2012. The predatory coccinellids were also observed in correspondence to the higher population of L. striatellus during 2011. The maximum egg counts of Atherigona spp. were observed at 10 DAG (0.19 to 0.52 eggs/ plant ) in 2011 and at 17, 7 and 12 DAG (0.15 to 0.79 eggs/ plant ) in end January, mid and end February sown crops, respectively during 2012. The deadhearts due to shoot fly damage were more in end February (11.58 & 17.72 %) followed by mid February (9.73 & 16.85 %) and least in end January sown crop (5.79 & 8.98 %) with grain yield loss of 27.93 & 37.97, 38.21 & 38.66; and 38.99 & 45.04 per cent, respectively during 2011 and 2012. Based on deadhearts incidence, the genotypes JH 3459 (10.49 %) & JH 3956 (10.95 %); CM 143 (15.16 %), PMH 1 (15.35 %) & JH 31244 (16.70 %); and LM 16 (21.48 %), PMH 2 (21.52 %) & Parkash (23.57 %) were found to be least, intermediate and highly susceptible to shoot fly, Atherigona naqvii Steyskal. The proportion of deadhearts out of total shoot fly incidence was minimum in JH 3459 & JH 3956.Whereas LM 16, PMH 2 & Parkash had lower larval & pupal periods; and higher larval survival, male & female pupal weight & fecundity. Thus, revealed the presence of tolerance and antibiosis mechanism of plant resistance in test genotypes against A. naqvii. The more leaf length, leaf width, stem girth and reducing sugars content were found related to susceptibility in the test genotypes and thus, could be useful in screening of maize germplasms against A. naqvii. The seed treatment with imidacloprid 600 FS @ 6 ml/ kg seed was found to be highly effective for the management of shoot fly in the spring sown maize.
Open Access
STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRESS AND SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIVITY OF SCIENTISTS OF PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, LUDHIANA
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Uritkhinbam Supriya Devi; D.S., Dhillon
The present study entitled ―Study of organizational stress and scientific productivity of scientists of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana‖ was undertaken to study the nature and extent of organizational stress and measure the scientific productivity of the scientists, analyze the factors affecting the organizational stress and the measures used to manage it and relationship between the organizational stress and scientific productivity of the scientists. A total sample of 250 scientists having minimum five years of service experience belonging to three cadres of teaching, research and extension was selected in proportion to their number in each stream from each of the four constituent colleges. A questionnaire was developed and used to collect requisite information pertaining to the objectives of the study. The data were collected from the scientists using distributed questionnaire approach. The pretesting of the questionnaire was done and necessary modifications were made in the parameters of teaching, research and extension. The reliability of the measurement scales was found by using split half method and their content validity was ensured. The results of the study revealed that majority of the scientists ‗sometimes‘ faced the mental, emotional, physical and behavioural stress. About an equal per cent of teachers (23.08%) had ‗high‘ mental and physical stress respectively and one fourth of researchers (21.90%) had high level of emotional stress. About 40 per cent teachers, 41.90 per cent researchers and 40.74 per cent extensionists had ‗medium‘ level of scientific productivity. On the other hand, one fourth of teachers (25.27%), researchers (22.86%) and extensionists (24.07%) had ‗high‘ level of scientific productivity. The factors affecting the organizational stress such as self, family, environmental factors, organizational factors, role in organization, interpersonal relationships at work, workload influence on career development lead to the stress as perceived by about 36-50 per cent of the scientists. The characteristics such as family, social factors, role in organization, workload and home work interference were positively and significantly correlated with the overall scientific productivity of the scientists. It was further observed that organizational factors, organizational culture, strict adherence to working hours and influence on career development were negatively and significantly correlated with the overall scientific productivity of the scientists. Further, about 30-60 per cent scientists from all the three cadres used stress management techniques such as work related techniques, meditation, diet, social support and natural cures to manage and relieve their day to day stress.
Open Access
Resource use, employment and income among marginal and small farm households in Punjab
(PAU, 2013) Sharma, Richa; Garg, B.R.
The present study was undertaken to study the resource use and income on the marginal and small farms in Punjab, to develop optimum product-mix for these farms and compare it with existing ones, to find out credit requirements and access to institutional finance on these farms, to study the nature and extent of employment of these farm households and to identify factors determining income for the marginal and small farm households. The primary data related to availability and use of various resources on the marginal and the small farms, access to credit of the farmers, nature and extent of employment and sources of income of the marginal and small farm households were collected through personal interview method from the sample of 320 farmers in Punjab pertaining to the year 2009-10. The results brought out that the marginal and the small farmers not only had a small size of operational holding but also suffered from lack of various resources in farm production. There existed a scope to increase income on their farm provided new high yielding crop and other alternative activities were introduced to them along with provision of sufficient capital and technical knowhow for their production. The industry of agriculture was the main source of employment for the household members of the marginal and the small farmers. Only a few persons from these farm households could find employment in the other industries. There was felt an urgent need to strengthen non-farm sector in Punjab in order to siphon off unemployed or disguisedly employed household members of the marginal and small farmers from the industry of agriculture.
Open Access
Effect of alien cytoplasms on heterosis and combining ability of yield, quality and water use efficiency traits in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
(PAU, 2013) Tyagi, Vikrant; Dhillon, S K
The present investigation was undertaken in the Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the years 2011 and 2012 to study the effect of alien cytoplasms on heterosis and combining ability of yield, quality and water use efficiency traits in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L). Analysis of variance for morphological, physiological and quality traits revealed significant differences due to genotypes and environments (irrigation regimes) for all the characters. Among sources E002-91A recorded a substantial increase in plant height, head diameter, seed yield and harvest index under stress environment, indicating its suitability for developing water use efficient hybrids. The D 2 analysis revealed a lot of diversity between cms analogues. Euclidean distance values indicated the uniqueness of ARG-3A under stress environment. For seed yield and its component traits E002-91A, ARG-3A, ARG-6A and RCR-8297 were good combiners under both the environments while PRUN-29A and CMS-XA under stress environment. The role of female parent was more in expression of all the traits as compared to male parents. The hybrid s CMS-XA x P100R, ARG-2A x P100R, ARG-6A x P69R, DV-10A x P100R, PRUN-29A x RCR-8297, 234A x P69R and 38A x P124R were identified as best specific combiners for seed yield and E002-91A x P124R, E002-91A x P100R, ARG-3A x RCR-8297, ARG-6A x P124R, DV-10A x P69R, PRUN-29A x P100R, 40A x RCR-8297, 40A x P124R for oil content. For seed yield maximum standard heterosis over check PSH-996 was recorded as 24.72 per cent for 40A x P69R (under normal environment) and 60.7 per cent for PRUN -29A x P69R (under stress environment). It is pertinent to mention here that all the sources significantly differed from PET-1 source with respect to seed yield per plant under both the environments and this effect was in positive direction. The sources ARG-3A and DV-10A had significant effect on heterosis for 100 seed weight under stress environment. Similarly for seed yield none of the sources recorded significant effect on heterosis under normal environment while in stress environment all the sources except ARG-2A and ARG-6A had positive effect on heterosis. Seed yield recorded significant positive association with plant height (0.301), highly significant correlation with leaf water potential (0.417) and biological yield (0.372) under normal environment. A total of 11 hybrids giving stable performance over normal and stress environments have been identified for seed yield. The genotypes with stay green trait at maturity were identified under both the environments. Drought susceptibility index (DSI) studies revealed that few genotypes recorded stable performance under both the environments with respect to seed yield having DSI values near to zero.

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