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EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE PROFILE IN Spodoptera litura (FABRICIUS) POPULATIONS THROUGH BIOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Harpreet Kaur Cheema; B. K., KANG
Evaluation of insecticide resistance profile in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations was done through biological, biochemical and molecular diagnosis. Population from Sangrur was found to be the least susceptible for most of the insecticides, except for chlorpyriphos, chlorantraniliprole and novaluron which were least toxic to population from Bathinda, and pyridalyl which was least toxic to population from Ludhiana. Population from Hoshiarpur was found to be the most susceptible for all insecticides except acephate and pyridalyl to which Bathinda population was most susceptible. Thiodicarb among the conventional group of insecticides and chlorantraniliprole among the newer insecticides were found to be the most toxic against all the test populations. The synergistic effect of TPP (6.16- fold), PBO (3.72- fold) and DEM (1.73- fold) in the least susceptible population suggested the involvement of esterases and mixed function oxidases in providing resistance to various insecticides. Synergistic effect of PBO (6.21- fold) on the fenvalerate- selected population followed by TPP (5.74- fold) and DEM (1.89- fold) indicated the possible role of mixed function oxidases, esterases and to some extent glutathione S- transferases in imparting resistance to pyrethroids in S. litura. Multiple detoxification enzymes and AChE insensitivity were found to be involved in imparting resistance in S. litura towards various insecticides. Selection with fenvalerate increased the activities of MFOs, esterases and GST by 1.84, 1.73 and 1.3 times in S. litura proving their role in pyrethroid-mediated resistance. Activities of MFO, esterases and insensitivity of AChE can be used as biochemical tools for monitoring insecticide resistance in S. litura. RAPD markers established the presence of inter and intra population variations that might be related to insecticide resistance. Alignment between COI sequences of fenvalerate- selected (SGR-Sel) and susceptible types (SGR) identified existence of a single base/ nucleotide polymorphism at position 421 represented by substitution of T in SGR-Sel with C in SGR type. Based on this polymorphism, COI based specific primers were developed, tested and validated for differentiating amongst these S. litura types.
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A STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE OF THE SELECTED STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITIES IN INDIA
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Sayanika Borah; Kiranjot, Sidhu
The study was conducted in four state agricultural universities of India viz. PAU Punjab (North); ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh (South); AAU, Assam (East) and MPAUT, Rajasthan (West) to study the variations in perceptions of the faculty and administrators regarding the importance of dimension of organizational climate along with their perception of prevailing and expected organizational climate. The data collected from the 216 faculty members and 60 administrators using a scale developed on 13 dimensions viz. communication, management of rewards, interpersonal relationships, control and supervision, orientation, decision making, leadership, policies and rules, innovation, physical facilities, team work, monetary gains and accountability/ evaluation revealed that communication followed by leadership, team work and physical facilities were the most important dimensions according to the faculty who ranked monetary gains, accountability/ evaluation, management of rewards and control and supervision as least important. Administrators ranked communication, leadership and decision making at the top and innovation, monetary gains and management of rewards at the least important. There was a good agreement between faculty and administrator of all selected SAU’s as well as between SAU’s in assigning ranks. Faculty perceived highest gap between the prevailing and expected climate with regard to orientation and monetary gains and lowest in management of rewards and interpersonal relationship, whereas administrators found it to be highest in monetary gains and lowest in decision making and communication. Age, income, job experience and training acquired were significantly related with the perception. Faculty suggested improvement in communication as one of the important ways to improve organizational climate.
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MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF Triticum durum – Aegilops speltoides INTROGRESSION LINES AND EVALUATION FOR THERMO–TOLERANCE AND ITS COMPONENTS
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Zewdu Teshome; Parveen, Chhuneja
Backcross introgression lines (BILs) developed from crosses of Triticum durum –Aegilops speltoides were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with heat tolerance.Three hundred lines in the first season and 100 selected lines in two consecutive cropping seasons were grown under normal sown and late sown conditions. Membrane thermostability, chlorophyll content (CH), canopy temperature and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) tests have been used for identifying genetic variability within genotypes.Yield and yield related traits were also recorded. In all the traits variations between BILs in both normal sown and late sown conditions have been observed. Early maturity, shorter height and reduced tillering were recorded in late sown conditions which could be due to terminal heat stress. Out of 386 markers tested, 76 markers (19.7%) showed polymorphism between the parental lines. These polymorphic markers were used to genotype 100 selected BILs. Graphical genotyping showed introgressed regions in all 14 chromosomes of the recipient parent with overall 14.2% introgression.Single marker analysis (SMA) revealed that six markers (Xgwm293, Xgwm565, Xgwm148, Xwmc269, Xgwm299 and Xwmc603) were significantly associated with spikelets/spike at LOD values ranging from 6.1-10.3 and phenotypic contribution of 18.5-44.3%.Similarly, markers Xgwm293,Xwmc269, Xgwm565, Xgwm471, Xgwm148, Xgwm299, Xwmc603, Xwmc31, Xcfd6 and Xcfa2278 were linked to thousand grain weight. One marker Xcfd60 revealed association to TTC in normal sown BILs with LOD value of 3.1 and PVE of 16.1%. Four markers Xgwm293,Xgwm148, Xcfd60 and Xwmc269 showed linkage with CH with varying LOD score and PVE%. SMA also identified eight markers (Xgwm293, Xgwm565, Xgwm471, Xgwm148, Xgwm299, Xwmc603, Xcfd6 and Xwmc269) linked to days to flowering and four markers viz, Xgwm293, Xgwm471, Xgwm299 and Xwmc603 showed association to days to maturity with LOD value higher than the threshold. Plant height was also linked to four marker loci (Xgwm471, Xgwm148, Xgwm565 and Xwmc603) in average environment and stay green trait was linked to Xgwm148, Xwmc269, Xgwm471 and Xwmc269 with LOD score in the range of2.6 -3.4 and PVE of 12.6-15.9%. Additive QTL analysis identified that most of the traits were contributed from the donor parent and a number of markers identified in SMA were validated in additive QTL analysis also.
Open Access
UPTAKE AND METABOLISM OF IMIDACLOPRID IN SUGARCANE AND ITS PERSISTENCE IN SOIL
(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Smriti Sharma; Balwinder Singh
The uptake and metabolism of imidacloprid in sugarcane leaves and soil were studied following application of imidacloprid @ 20 and 80 g a.i. ha-1. Samples of sugarcane leaves and soil were collected at various time intervals and analyzed by using High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) and confirmed by Liquid Chromatograph –Mass Spectrometry (LCMS). Total residues of imidacloprid and its metabolites were found to be 4.97 and 12.99 mg kg-1 in leaves collected 7 days after the application of imidacloprid @ 20 and 80 g a.i. ha-1 respectively. These residues declined to below the detectable limit at 90 days after the application at both the dosages. The samples of sugarcane juice and trash did not reveal the presence of imidacloprid residues at harvest. In soil samples total residues of imidacloprid were found to be 4.29 and 7.81 mg kg-1 collected 7 days after the application @ 20 and 80 g a.i. ha-1 respectively. These residues could not be detected at 90 days after the application at both the dosages. In laboratory experiment, residues of imidacloprid in sandy loam, loamy sand and clay loam after 7 day of its application @ 100 mg kg-1 were found to be 69.74, 72.66 and 77.20 mg kg-1, respectively. The persistence of imidacloprid was almost similar in all type of soils. In sterilized soil, Bacillus alkaninitricus was found to be more efficient than B. aerophilus and their consortium while, in unsterilized soil, bacterial consortium proved to be more efficient in imidacloprid degradation.
Open Access
MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GERMPLASM AND F1 HYBRIDS.
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Daljinder Singh; M. I. S, . Gill
The present investigation entitled “Morphological and molecular characterization of guava (Psidium guajava L.) germplasm and F1 hybrids” was conducted during years 2010 to 2013 at P.A.U., Ludhiana and Regional Fruit Research Station, Bahadurgarh. Thirty five guava genotypes grafted on seedling rootstocks were evaluated for tree, vegetative, reproductive, fruit and seed characters based on UPOV descriptors. Statistically significant difference for all the traits was observed among tested genotypes. Among components of genetic variation, phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation for different traits ranged from 7.26 and 6.95 to 35.00 and 33.11 %, respectively. Divergence analysis based on D2 statistic grouped the tested genotypes into six clusters with variable number of genotypes in each cluster, indicating the presence of genetic diversity in them. Cluster I, cluster IV, cluster V and cluster VI showed intra cluster distance of 55.12, 55.40, 50.70 and 61.84 respectively, indicating sufficient dissimilarity among genotypes for morphological features. Molecular characterization using 80 SSR primer pairs was done enabling cluster analysis of 43 guava genotypes. Among the primers, 78 markers amplified 258 alleles across the 43 genotypes with an average of 3.25 alleles per locus. The highest number of seven alleles per locus was amplified by mPgCIR 32, followed by six alleles per locus by mPgCIR98. The power of discrimination was found to be least (0.00) for markers mPgCIR251 and mPgCIR 414 and highest (0.84) for markers mPgCIR137. Values of expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 in monomorphic locus (mPgCIR251 and 414) to maximum 0.79 for locus mPgCIR32, with an average 0.47 expected heterozygosity. Estimated genetic dissimilarity coefficient ranged from minimum 0.020 (between genotypes 14-10 and 12-11) to 0.590 (between One Kg and Portugal) with an average dissimilarity of 0.322 across all the genotypes. Cluster analysis on the basis of molecular analysis classified the guava genotypes into two major groups having 3 and 40 genotypes each. The dendrogram generated using SSR markers along with the phenotypic data will be useful for choosing the diverse parents for further guava breeding programmes. A total of nine F1 hybrids were generated and vegetative parameters were recorded in different hybrids to distinguish them, as well as SSR markers were also used to confirm the parentage of these hybrids.
Open Access
Osmo-mechanical dehydration of Fig (Ficus carica L.) and its value addition.
(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Rajneesh Kant; Jarnail Singh
The fresh fully matured fig fruits were procured from markets, orchard of PAU Ludhiana and Dera Baba Jaimal Singh, Beas, Punjab. The detailed nutritional, mechanical, physical and colour analysis of fresh fig fruit were carried out before undergoing osmo-mechanical drying. Osmotic dehydration followed by hot air drying and only hot air drying were carried out under different process parameters. The independent process variable was temperature for hot air drying. Concentration of osmotic agent, temperature of osmotic agent and fruit to solution ratio were independent variables for osmotic dehydration. Levels of temperature for hot air drying were 60, 70, and 80OC. Levels of concentration and temperature of osmotic agent (sucrose solution) were 50, 60, and 70OBx and 60, 70 and 80OC respectively. Similarly levels of fruit to solution ratio were 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6 (w/w basis). Process variables were standardized by carrying out experimental observations and score rating of hedonic scale. Response surface methodology was also adopted for optimization of these process variables. Water loss, solute gain and overall acceptability were response variables under central composite face centered design. The selected process conditions viz. concentration, temperature and fruit to solution ratio for desired product were 60OBx, 70OC and 1:5 respectively. Kinetics of hot air drying and osmotic dehydration were studied. Variations in drying rates and moisture content were investigated. The desired product was observed to be in the range of 18-20% moisture content. Sensory, nutritional and colour analysis of the osmo-mechanically dried fig slices was carried out during storage of six months under ambient conditions. The fig slices were found acceptable. The microbial count, water activity and color was comparable to market product and safe for human consumption. Protein, carbohydrates, and total fat were observed as 3.4g, 65.2 g, 1.2 g per 100g respectively. These remained intact as for fresh fig fruit these values were 1.50g,18.50g and 0.20g respectively. Vitamin A was observed as 180 IU and150 IU for dried and fresh fig respectively.
Open Access
MUSCLE FATTY ACID PROFILES OF SOME WILD FISH SPECIES AND ENHANCEMENT OF OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS THROUGH DIETARY MANIPULATION IN Cyprinus carpio (Linn.)
(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Jyotika; H.S., Sehgal
The study has been conducted on i) seasonal variations in muscle total lipid content (MTLC), fatty acid profiles and proximate composition of two wild fish species, Puntius conchonius (Hamilton-Buchanan) and P. sarana (Hamilton-Buchanan), to determine their nutritional status and ii) enhancement of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), considered vital for human health, through dietary manipulation in a cultured carp species, Cyprinus carpio (Linn.). Both the wild species were found to be rich in crude protein, which varied between 15.74% to 18.18% in P. conchonius and 15.15% to 18.04% in P. sarana during different seasons. Based on their MTLC (2.36% to 4.89%), both the species could be categorized as lean or low-fat fishes. However, the MTLC was higher and the moisture, ash and carbohydrate contents of the fishes were comparable with many other freshwater fish species. The fishes had good PUFA content. Omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs were 2.78% in P. sarana and 2.21% in P. conchonius. Total n-6 PUFAs were 4.56% in P. sarana and 4.20% in P .conchonius, and the values of n-3/n-6 ratio were 0.73 and 0.60 in P. sarana and P. conchonius, respectively. Linolenic acid formed 1.64% of the total n-3 PUFAs in P. sarana and 1.02% in P. conchonius. EPA constituted 0.31% in P. conchonius and 0.24% in P. sarana and DHA 0.75% in P. sarana and 0.69% in P.conchonius. Stearic acid was the dominant saturated fatty acid (SFA) forming 28.75% of the total SFAs in P. sarana and 28.10% in P. conchonius. The MTLC and n-3 PUFAs of C. carpio (Linn.), a cultured carp species could be enhanced through dietary manipulation. The MTLC could be increased from 1.44% in fish fed traditional diet with no flaxseed oil to 2.83% in fish fed 30% flaxseed oil diet. Similarly, the total n-3 PUFAs could be enhanced from 10.38% in fishes fed 0% flaxseed oil diet for 90 days to 18.67% in fishes fed 30% flaxseed oil diet for 60 days and 30% fish oil diet for 30 days.
Open Access
STUDY ON ERGOSTEROL CONTENT AND PROTEIN PROFILE OF MEDICINAL MUSHROOM, Ganoderma lucidum
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Anna Goyal; H. S., SODHI
Ganoderma lucidum, a specie belonging to the class basidiomycetes, family polyporaceae of the order aphyllophorales has been widely used as a source of potent nutracuetical products. Present study was planned to identify and characterize the role of proteins and ergosterol in the developmental process of Ganoderma lucidum. Four strains of Ganoderma lucidum (GL I - IV) showed a gradual increase in biomass to give 25.52g to 31.72g of biomass after three weeks of growth in mushroom complete medium broth with maximum in strain GL-III. Ganoderma lucidum strains were grown on wheat straw supplemented with 5% wheat bran with maximum biological efficiency for GL-I strain (31.27%) followed by GL-II (26.76%) and number of fruit bodies were 927 and 693 each weighing 33.7g and 38.6g, respectively. Ganoderma lucidum strain GL-I showed maximum ergosterol content (4601μg/g) whereas strain GL-III showed only 32μg/g. From spawn run, maximum ergosterol was obtained from GL-IV strain followed by strain GL-II while at pin head formation and fruit body formation ergosterol content was better for GL-II. Ergosterol content of fruit body of GL-1 was observed maximum (7009μg/g). Overall observation indicated that the ergosterol content increased with each stage of cultivation process i.e. from spawn run to pinhead and finally to fruit body formation. The intracellular and extracellular enzymatic studies have indicated enhanced activity during spawn run on solid substrate in comparison to that grown in the broth. The esterase and peroxidase activity significantly increased during the pinning of the cultures thus, indicating a positive role of these enzymes in fructification process. The FTIR analysis of proteins made during different stages of cultivation namely spawn run, pin head formation and fruiting indicated that the fruiting strains (GL-I and GL-II) have an ordered protein structure with hydrophobic amino acids. In case of GL-IV, unordered structure was obtained that could be related to the role of hydrophobin proteins in mushroom fructification process. Another observation on GL-IV indicated the presence of basic amino acids and aromatic amino acids with very low amount of acidic amino acids like aspartic acid and glutamic acid. The observation recorded during present study indicated a positive role of hydrophobic amino acids and hydrophobin proteins in mushroom fructification process. Ganoderma lucidum strain GL-II was also grown on selenium fortified mushroom minimal medium at different concentrations of 5ppm to 25ppm of sodium selenate. Scanning electron micrographs exhibited gradual decrease in hyphal diameter, spore number and spore diameter with increase in selenium concentration and the spore structures were altered. A significant decrease in spore diameter is observed in concentration of 20ppm and 25ppm (5.60 and 1.26 μm, respectively) as compared to control (10.04 μm). The SEM-EDS studies showed no selenium traces on the hyphal surface, however, on the contrary, SEM-EDS studies of crushate samples revealed selenium traces indicating selenium absorption as the cytosolic moieties as selenoproteins. Atomic absorption spectroscopy indicated an increasing trend in the uptake by the hyphal biomass as the concentration of sodium selenate increased with maximum absorption at concentrations of 15 ppm and 25 ppm (9.9%). It was concluded that fortification till 15 ppm can be used as stress was not that prominent and culture could grow rapidly without significant alteration in structure and morphology to enhance its biomedicinal properties. Present study has indicated that during the mushroom development process, ergosterol content increases with a positive role of proteins like peroxidases and hydrophobins at each stage of morphogenesis.
Open Access
CARBON AND PHOSPHORUS DYNAMICS IN SOIL IN RELATION TO NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN RICE-WHEAT SYSTEM
(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Seema Sharma; G. S., Saroa
The study comprised of two field and two laboratory experiments. In field experiment on organic and integrated nutrient management of basmati-wheat sequence, the effect of inorganic, organic and integrated nutrient management was studied on crop yield and soil properties. Water infiltration rate was highest and soil bulk density was lowest in recommended fertilizer + FYM (INM2) treatement. Total water stable aggregates (WSA) in the 0-15 cm soil depth ranged from 58.5 to 82.4 per cent; minimum WSA were observed in control and maximum in INM2 treatment. Among the aggregates 0.11-0.25 mm fraction constituted the greatest proportion and > 2 mm fraction constituted the least proportion. Maximum pH and EC were recorded in control plots and minimum in plots receiving 400 kg N ha-1 through FYM. Soil organic carbon (SOC), aggregate associated C, labile C and hot water soluble C was highest in FYM 400N treatment. Ammonical-N, nitrate-N, Olsen P, Bray I P, ammonium acetate extractable K, soil P fractions and total P in soil were highest in INM2 treatment and lowest in control. Grain yield, straw yield, NPK content and their uptake by basmati and wheat were maximum in INM2 treatment and minimum in control. Basmati and wheat grain yield were significantly correlated with soil P fractions and the highest correlation was observed with saloid-P. In the second experiment, effect of rock phosphate on crop yield and P fractions in soil under rice-wheat sequence was studied. Highest SOC, Olsen P, soil P fractions, ammonium extractable K and non-exchangeable K were recorded in rock phosphate (RP) and FYM treatment and lowest content of all these parameters was observed in control. Highest pH was observed in control P treatment and lowest in treatment where FYM was applied along with RP. Grain yield, straw yield, NPK content and uptake in grain and straw were also highest in plots recieving P from RP along with FYM. Grain and straw yield of both the crops were significantly correlated with all the soil P fractions (Sa-P, Al-P, Fe-P and Ca-P). Highest correlation of paddy grain yield was observed with Sa-P whereas wheat grain yield gave highest correlation with Al-P fraction and lowest with Ca-P. Rock phosphate gave almost similar crop yield and P availability in soil as that with SSP. In laboratory study I, P was extracted by different methods and the lowest amount of P was extracted with AB-DTPA and the highest with Bray-I method. Phosphorus extracted by Olsen, Bray-I, Morgan and AB-DTPA methods gave significant positive correlations with grain yield and nutrient uptake of paddy and wheat. In the soils from long-term experiments with different fertilization history, maximum P adsorption was observed in unammended soil and minimum in soils where FYM was applied alongwith chemical fertilizer. Contrarily, desorption was minimum in control plots and maximum in plots where organic sources along with inorganic fertilizers were applied. Adsorption data fitted well to both Freunlich and Lagmuir models. .

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