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ThesisItem Open Access ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOR TOWARDS MUTUAL FUND VALUE ADDITIONS : A STUDY OF INVESTORS IN LUDHIANA CITY(PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY; LUDHIANA, 2011) JAIN, ANKIT; GUPTA, MOHITThesisItem Open Access A Study of Compliance of Basel II Norms by Selected Banks(College of Basic Science and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Sharma, Sarishma; Kumar, BabitaThesisItem Open Access A Study of Corpotate Governance Practices in Selected Banks(College of Basic Science and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Loi, Shifali; Kumar, BabitaThesisItem Open Access A Study of Risk Tolerance of Investors in Ludhiana(College of Basic Science and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Kaur, Harpreet; Aggarwlal, NavdeepThesisItem Open Access Study on potentials of farm income in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Sachdeva, Jatinder; Sharma, J. L.The study was undertaken with a view to identify the potentials of increasing farm income in Punjab. The study was conducted in all the three agro-climatic zones of Punjab to make it representative for the state. The primary data were collected from a sample of 300 farmers pertaining to the agricultural year 2008-09. The techniques of multiple regression analysis and linear programming were used to analyze the data. The production function analysis revealed that human labour employed, availability of irrigation machinery and farm size were the most important determinants of the gross value of produce from crop production. Whereas, in the case of dairy farming quantity of concentrates fed and expenditure on veterinary care emerged as important determinants of the gross value of milk produced. The technical efficiency of the farms of Central Plain Zone (Zone-II) was the highest followed by South-western Zone (Zone-III) and Sub-mountainous Zone (Zone-I). This can be attributed to favourable soil, water and climatic conditions and better access to research and extension agencies in Zone-II. The improved plans developed at two levels of technology increased the returns to fixed farm resources ranging from 2.19 to 3.86 per cent in Improved Plan-I and 13.95 to 17.06 per cent in Improved Plan-II on farms of different size categories in the state. The findings of the study revealed that by developing irrigation facilities, providing training for vegetable cultivation and short term credit facilities will help in increasing farm income especially in Sub-mountainous Zone. The development of short duration varieties of oilseeds and pulses which can easily fit in the paddy-wheat rotation will also help in increasing the income of farmers. The rational use of inputs like fertilizers and insecticides-pesticides helps in decreasing variable cost and ultimately increases the farm income. To make the agricultural system competitive and to increase the income of farmers, efforts should be made by all the interest groups involved in the farm sector.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRIDS OF PLEUROTUS FLORIDA AND VOLVARIELLA VOLVACEA THROUGH PROTOPLAST FUSION(2013) Zenebe Teka MengeshaProtoplast fusion using Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and electrofusion was carried out between strains of Pleurotus florida and Volvariella volvacea to develop improved hybrids. Preliminary screening was carried out based on responses to growth at different temperature regimes, colony radial growth, morphology and growth patterns of colony, hyphal size, presence or absence of clamp connections, and other unique characters like production of reddish exudates. Following the rigorous screening, eight intergeneric hybrids (Pv14, Pv19, Pv21, Pv27, Pv45, Pv66, Pv102 and Pv127) were selected and further evaluated for fruit body formation. Pv45, Pv66 and Pv102 were unable to give primordia after 25 days of growth and were considered sterile. Among those which developed fruit bodies, Pv21 and Pv127 had brownish circular caps with regular margins and central stipes. Other strains showed cap morphologies closely related to PF5. Isozyme (alcohol dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, esterase and super oxide dismutase) pattern analyses indicated presence of bands in all the strains which verified hybridization between the two parents. Besides, two bands observed neither in the parents nor in the other strains were noticed in pv27 and pv127. Amplifications of genomic DNA from all the strains using 14 arbitrary decamer RAPD primers resulted in 98 bands, with size range of 160bps to 2500bps, of which 57.14 per cent were polymorphic. The bands were obtained only from 8 primers. A combined clustering analysis of these bands using NTSYSpc software indicated that Pv127 exhibited marked divergence from the other strains in the phylogenetic clusters and had better performance. Therefore, the salient investigation of the current work was screening of a hybrid strain (Pv127) with high BE (52.71%) and low temperature tolerance compared to V. volvaceaThesisItem Restricted DEVELOPMENT OF INSTANT KHEER MIX USING EXTRUSION TECHNOLOGY(2013) simta singlaExtrusion technology was used to optimize the process for preparation of precooked rice granules for making instant kheer mix. Kheer is a traditional Indian dessert made from milk, sugar and rice. It generally takes long time for cooking. With this study, process to render this product instant was optimized. Effect of moisture (16-20%), screw speed (100-300rpm) and temperature (130-170⁰C) on bulk density (BD), Water Absorption Index (WAI), Water Solubility Index (WSI) and starch conversion (SC) was studied. BD, WAI and SC increased with increasing moisture. Increase in screw speed and temperature resulted in decrease in BD and increase in WAI, WSI and SC. Interactions of any two independent variables were also studied for any significant effect on any of the dependent variables. Interaction of feed moisture and screw speed was found to significantly affect BD and WAI in a positive manner. Process was optimized for minimum BD and maximum WSI and SC. The most suitable working conditions were found to be 17.7% moisture, 285-300 rpm screw speed and 170⁰C temperature. Further ratio of extrudate, Skimmed Milk powder (SMP) and sugar was standardized. The final mix contained extrudate, SMP and sugar in ratio 45:35:20, reconstitution was done in standardized milk at 80⁰C, with mix to milk ratio of 1:3. Storage studies were conducted for a period of three months. During the storage period, the mix was analyzed for its moisture content and overall acceptability at monthly intervals. Moisture showed slight increase by end of third month. Overall acceptability on the basis of sensory evaluation decreased slightly during storage but remained within acceptable range.ThesisItem Restricted OPTIMIZATION OF CONVECTIVE-CUM-MICROWAVE DEHYDRATION OF OYSTER MUSHROOMS (Pleurotus sajor-caju)(2013) Sakti BansalInvestigations were carried out to study the effect of drying parameters viz. loading density, air velocity, power level on convective-cum-microwave dehydration of oyster mushroom. Multi layer drying of commercially grown mushroom cv. Pleurotus sajor-caju was carried out at 3 levels of loading densities (26-52 kg/m2) and air velocities, 3-5 m/s and microwave drying was carried out at 3 power levels (270-810 W). The drying parameters studied were drying rate, temperature and relative humidity of outgoing air, product temperature and heat utilization factor. Quality attributes included rehydration ratio, shrinkage ratio, texture (hardness and chewiness), colour and overall acceptability. Multi layer drying of mushroom with an initial moisture content of 91% wb was carried out at 60°C in a mechanical drier till the moisture content reached 27% wb followed by drying in microwave oven to a final moisture content of 6.89% wb. It was observed that drying rate, relative humidity of outgoing air and heat utilization factor decreased with drying time but opposite trend was observed for temperature of outgoing air and product. The decline in drying rate increased with increase in air velocities and power level whereas opposite trend was observed for loading densities. Increase in loading density and air velocity resulted in decrease in heat utilization factor and relative humidity however temperature of outgoing air and product showed the opposite trend. Logarithmic model showed the highest adequacy of fit for multi layer drying and two term exponential model for microwave drying. The effective moisture diffusivity increased with increase in both loading density and air velocity. The increase in loading density resulted in increase in rehydration ratio, shrinkage ratio, colour change but decrease in texture and overall acceptability. The increase in air velocity resulted in increase in rehydration ratio, hardness, colour change overall acceptability but decrease in shrinkage ratio and chewiness. The increase in power level resulted in increase in rehydration ratio, texture, colour change and decrease in shrinkage ratio and overall acceptability. The optimum conditions for convective-cum-microwave drying of mushroom were found to be 38.80 kg/m2 loading density, 3.86 m/s air velocity and 413.6 W power level. Keywords: Oyster mushroom, drying kinetics, quality, optimizationThesisItem Open Access MODELLING THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN CENTRAL PUNJAB(2013) samanpreet kaurA study was planned to assess the impacts of climate change on groundwater resources in Ludhiana district under PRECIS A1B climate change scenario by linking the outputs of climate, soil-water-vegetation and groundwater models using GIS. Bias correction of climate data was done by correction functions, developed using modified difference, approach at daily time scale for rainfall and at monthly time scale for Tmax and Tmin. The methodology consists of development of simulation zones by overlaying soil, drainage, canal and landuse thematic maps in GIS and estimating water balance components using CropSyst and well defined norms. The groundwater draft for individual simulation zones was computed on the basis of landuse, irrigation requirement and rainfall conditions. The spatial distribution of recharge and groundwater draft was mapped to GIS and was provided as input to groundwater model. The results showed that temperature and rainfall would be increased by 2.4°C, 315 mm in MC (2021-2050); and 5.1°C and 465 mm in EC (2071-2098), respectively. During kharif season increase in RF would be 28.0% in MC and 52.0% in EC compared to that in PTS (1971-2010). The corresponding values during rabi would be 82.3% and 88.6%, respectively. As a consequence of increased precipitation, the irrigation requirements in MC and EC would decrease by 46% and 45% during kharif; and 21% and 34% in rabi, respectively. However, the potential groundwater recharge would be reduced by 23.1 and 4.2 per cent in kharif, and increased by 39.1 and 79.6 per cent in rabi during MC and EC, respectively. The average groundwater levels would decrease by 2.2 m in 2050 and increase by 4.8 m in 2098, compared to base year of June 2000. The results presented here should be interpreted as trends and not as accurate quantitative predictions of the hydrological changes as there are numerous sources of uncertainties associated with climate change prediction. Keywords: Climate change, Groundwater, MODFLOW, CropSyst, Geographical information system
