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Open Access
CHEMISTRY AND INSECTICIDAL POTENTIAL OF PARTHENIN AND ITS TRANSFORMATION REACTION PRODUCTS AGAINST Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).
(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Ramandeep Kaur; K. K., Chahal
The present investigation deals with Chemistry and insecticidal potential of parthenin and its transformation reaction products against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).The shade dried and powdered leaves of Parthenium hysterophorous were extracted in chloroform using Soxhlet extraction method. Parthenin was isolated by column chromatography using chloroform:acetone (5%) solution as the eluent. Parthenin was subjected to reaction with diazoester which resulted into the formation of two compoundspyrolysis product and diazoester adduct. Parthenin on reactions with dry hydrochloric acid gas and formic acid gets converted into anhydroparthenin. Parthenin on irradiation with microwave gets converted into anhydroparthenin. Parthenin and its derivatives were characterised on the basis of melting point, TLC, FT-IR and 1H NMR. Parthenin and its derivatives were tested for their bioefficacy against adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) by releasing them in wheat grains spiked with various concentrations of test compounds viz. 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 5,000, 10,000 and 20,000 μg g-1 of wheat respectively. The observations of mortality were noted every 24 hours till complete or constant mortality was obtained. The corrected per cent mortality was calculated using Abbott’s formula. All the compounds exhibited complete mortality at the spiking level of 10,000 and 20,000μg g-1. Parthenin was found to be most potent followed by anhydroparthenin, pyrolysis product and diazoester adduct.
Open Access
IMPACT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF HEALTH DRINK USING UNDER UTILIZED FOODS ON THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF ADOLESCENT GIRLS
(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Neha Kapoor; Anita, Kochhar
Sixty adolescent girls in the age group of 16 to 18 years were selected from Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to determine the impact of supplementation of health drink using under utilized foods on the nutritional status of adolescent girls. Health drink was prepared by using whey water, pearl millet, broccoli leaf powder, banana and jaggery at three different levels i.e. S 1 with 5 g Pearl millet, 2.5 g Broccoli leaf powder, 50 g Banana, 10 g Jaggery, and 82.5 ml whey water, S 2 with 5 g Pearl millet, 3 g Broccoli leaf powder, 50 g Banana, 10 g Jaggery, and 82.5 ml whey water and S 3 with 5 g Pearl millet, 3.5 g Broccoli leaf powder, 50 g Banana, 10 g Jaggery, and 82.5 ml whey water. The developed health drink was organoleptically evaluated by a panel of judges and students by using nine-point hedonic scale. Both the panels gave the highest overall acceptability scores to the S1 level. The most acceptable level was chemically analyzed for proximate composition, available carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals and anti-nutritional factors by using standard methods. The subjects were divided into two groups i.e. control group and experimental group. The subjects in control group were observed without the supplementation of health drink and in the experimental group the subjects were supplemented with 150 ml of developed health drink for a period of three month. The mean daily intake of cereals, green leafy vegetables, fruits and sugar/jaggery increased significantly (p<0.01) after the supplementation of health drink to the subjects of experimental group. The percent increase in average daily intake of Energy, Carbohydrates, Protein and Fats was found to be 7.36, 6.68, 12.55 and 4.11 percent respectively after supplementation of health drink. The percent increase in serum retinol level, blood heamoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, packed cell volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and TIBC was 4.65, 7.13, 4.88, 5.56, 2.35 and 4.88 percent, respectively was observed in the subjects after the supplementation of health drink. Hence, it can be inferred from the results that supplementation of health drink improved the nutritional status of the adolescent girls. Therefore, the consumption of underutilized foods such as pearl millet, whey water and broccoli leaf powder should be encouraged to improve their nutritional status.
Open Access
DEVELOPMENT OF EXTRUDED SNACKS UTILIZING BROKEN RICE AND MUNG BEAN
(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Chetan Sharma; Baljit Singh
A study was carried out to develop extruded snacks from broken rice (70 parts) and mung bean (30 parts) using twin screw intermeshing extruder. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the effects of feed moisture content, screw speed and barrel temperature on response variables. Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) with moisture (14-18%), screw speed (400-550 rpm) and die temperature (130-170 °C) as independent variables produced 20 different combinations that were used to investigate the effect of these variables on specific mechanical energy (SME), bulk density (BD), water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), and hardness. The response contour plots were plotted as a function of two variables to show the effect of process variables on the physical and functional properties of the extruded snacks. Significant regression models were established with the coefficient of correlation (R2) greater than 0.95. An optimization of process variables was attempted for maximum desirability. Increasing feed moisture caused increase in density and hardness whereas lowers SME, WAI and WSI. Increasing screw speed resulted in increase in SME and WSI and decrease in WAI of the extrudates. Higher barrel temperature reduced SME, density and hardness but increased the WSI of the extrudates. Optimized conditions for preparation of snacks were 14% moisture, 549 rpm screw speed, 148° C. the moisture, protein, fat, fiber, ash and carbohydrates content of snacks were 5.9, 12.7, 0.6, 2.5, 2.9 and 75.1 per cent respectively.
Open Access
“STUDIES ON GROWTH PARAMETERS OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI AND ITS EVALUATION AGAINST Tetranychus urticae KOCH
(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Neha Sharma; Neelam, Joshi
Eight fungal isolates were studied for the growth parameters on different substrates, effect of pesticides on fungal growth and pathogenicity against Tetranychus urticae. In the study of effect of pesticides on fungal growth at different concentrations radial growth of fungal isolates on the growth media supplemented with pesticides was recorded and was found that the radial growth of fungal isolates varied among genera and species. Among all fungal isolates, Metarhizium anisopliae MTCC 4104 @ 750 ppm was most compatible to propargite and showed 33.6 per cent growth reduction over control. In media supplemented with ethion, endosulfan and chlorpyriphos, Hirsutella thompsonii PDBC-1 caused 32.9 per cent @ 1000 ppm, 6.3 per cent @ 2500 ppm and 20.1 per cent @ 2500 ppm per cent growth reduction over control, respectively and was most compatible with these pesticides. Further, in all pesticides tested, radial growth varied in inverse proportion to the concentration. Lower the concentration, more is the radial growth. Seven different substrates were evaluated for growth parameters of all fungal isolates and variability of the mean conidial count, colony forming unit and biomass was observed both among substrates and various fungal isolates. Among the isolates, mean conidial count and colony forming unit was maximum in H. thompsonii PDBC-1 recording 26.79 x 106conidia/g and 26.6 x 106 CFU/g, respectively whereas Beauveria bassiana P isolate recorded maximum mean biomass production of 0.49 g. Among the substrates, sorghum recorded maximum mean conidial count and colony forming unit of 21.29 x 106conidia/g and 20.9 CFU/g, respectively whereas maximum biomass production was recorded in rice wash water (0.37 g). In bioassay studies against adult of T. urticae, the fungal isolate H. thompsonii PDBC-1 and Beauveria bassiana MTCC 6291 recorded 96.50 per cent mortality at 1011conidia/ml after seven days of treatment. Further in all treatments, higher concentration was significantly better than the middle and lower concentration. Similarly, H. thompsonii PDBC-1 recorded minimum LC50 value of 6.84 x 109, 1.20 x 107and 8.38 x 102 conidia/ml after 72, 120 and 168 hrs, respectively which was significantly better than all other isolates and was the most pathogenic isolate.
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DEVELOPMENT OF TOBACCO CATERPILLAR, Spodoptera litura (FABRICIUS) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF CABBAGE
(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Jasjinder Kaur; Inderpal Singh)
The development of tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was studied during 2012-13 on cabbage cultivars viz. Pride of India, Pusa Drum Head, KGMR-1, Golden Acre and Pusa Mukta at the Entomological Laboratory, PAU, Ludhiana. There were significant differences in incubation period and hatchability of eggs with a minimum incubation period on Pusa Mukta (4.27 ± 0.09 days) and maximum on Pride of India (4.87 ± 0.10 days). Egg hatchability was maximum on Pusa Mukta (86.66 ± 0.82%) and minimum on Pride of India (81.76 ± 1.06%). There were significant differences in duration of larval instars on different cultivars. Total larval duration was minimum on Pusa Mukta (15.55 ± 0.12 days) and maximum on Pride of India (20.09 ± 0.14 days). The larval survival was minimum on Pride of India (71.00 ± 1.29%) and maximum on Pusa Mukta (89.00 ±1.29%). Pre-pupal and pupal periods were observed as minimum on Pusa Mukta (2.26 ± 0.02 and 6.38 ± 0.03 days, respectively) and maximum (2.89 ± 0.10 and 9.08 ± 0.05 days, respectively) on Pride of India. The male and female pupal weight was maximum on Pusa Mukta (0.362 ± 0.003g and 0.364 ± 0.004g, respectively) and minimum on Pride of India (0.349 ± 0.003g and 0.351 ± 0.003g, respectively). Pupal survival was maximum on Pusa Mukta (92.00 ± 1.83%) and minimum on Pride of India (80.00 ± 2.42%) and Pusa Drum Head (80.00 ± 2.08%). No significant differences were observed in pre-oviposition, oviposition, post-oviposition periods; adult longevity and fecundity on all the test cultivars. The female and male sex ratio ranged from 1.22:1 to 1.86:1 on different test cultivars. The total life duration of S. litura varied significantly among different cultivars with maximum on Pride of India (36.93 ± 0.25 days) and minimum on Pusa Mukta (28.46 ± 0.54 days). The extent of damage in terms of leaf area consumed/ larva was maximum on Pusa Mukta (158.28 ± 0.89 cm²) and minimum on Pride of India (139.82 ± 0.69 cm²). The Consumption Index (CI), Approximate Digestibility (AD), Relative Growth Rate (RGR) and Efficiency of Conversion of Ingested food (ECI) were found to be maximum on Pusa Mukta (2.20 ± 0.04, 88.10 ± 1.04%, 0.20 ± 0.01 and 9.18 ± 0.37%, respectively). However, Pride of India recorded minimum CI (1.06 ± 0.02) and AD (76.10 ± 1.74%) with comparatively lower RGR (0.09 ± 0.01) and ECI (8.28 ± 0.33%), and thus proved least suitable for the development of S. litura.
Open Access
CROP LOSSES BY BLISTER BEETLE (Mylabris pustulata Thunberg) (Coleoptera: Meloidae) ON PIGEONPEA AND MUNGBEAN AND ITS MANAGEMENT
(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Gurjeet Singh; Ravinder Singh
Studies on seasonal incidence, crop losses, host preference and management of blister beetle (Mylabris pustulata Thunberg) (Coleoptera: Meloidae) on pigeonpea and mungbean were carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during Kharif 2010 -11. The crop losses studies were carried out under net house conditions as well as under field conditions while the management studies were made under field conditions. The experiments on seasonal abundance revealed that blister beetle started appearing in the 4th week of August with peak activity period during the 4th week of September in pigeonpea and mungbean under Punjab conditions. The blister beetles were more active during morning and evening hours on both the crops. The activity during noon hours was relatively low. Studies on crop losses under field conditions showed that blister beetle caused up to 36.20 per cent damage to flowers and 53.22 per cent losses in yield at 1.96 beetles per plant in pigeonpea and 15.80 per cent damage to flowers and 35.90 per cent losses in yield at 1.3 beetles per plant in mungbean crop. The investigations on crop losses under net house conditions revealed that M. pustulata caused maximum reduction up to 54.18 per cent in pod setting, 20.15 per cent in seed setting and 65.00 per cent in grain yield @ 2 beetles per plant in pigeonpea. However, in mungbean crop, M. pustulata caused maximum reduction up to 67.14 per cent in pod setting, 26.65 per cent seed setting and 75.29 per cent in grain yield @ 4 beetles per plant. Host preference studies carried out under laboratory conditions revealed that M. pustulata showed highest preference towards pigeonpea (87.22 per cent flowers eaten), followed by urdbean (43.52 per cent flowers eaten) and mungbean (30.38 per cent flowers eaten). Amongst varieties, pigeonpea variety AL 201, mungbean variety ML 818 and urdbean variety Mash 338 were more preferred than other varieties of these pulse crops. The studies on management of M. pustulata showed that deltamethrin 2.8 EC @ 500 ml ha-1 > cypermethrin 25 EC @ 250 ml ha-1 > chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 3750 ml ha-1 were the most effective insecticides among all the treatments in both pigeonpea and mungbean.
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SALICYLIC ACID INDUCED CHANGES IN SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN MASHBEAN (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) GENOTYPES GROWN UNDER SALINITY
(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Manpreet Kaur; Navita Ghai
The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of salicylic acid on physiological and biochemical parameters in salt sensitive (KUG 363 and KUG 310) and salt tolerant (KUG 529 and KUG 502) mashbean genotypes, along with a check variety (UL 338) grown under NaCl (30mM and 45mM) stress. The plants were grown in plastic pots kept under a rain-out shelter. NaCl was applied in split dose: 50% at the time of sowing and remaining 50% at 15 days after sowing (DAS). Salicylic acid (SA) @ 0.5 mM and 1.0 mM was applied as a foliar spray at 25 DAS. Data on various physiological and biochemical changes was recorded at 35 (vegetative stage), 50 (flowering stage) and 65 (pod setting stage) DAS. Salt stress decreased the leaf area and plant dry biomass of all the genotypes at various stages of development. The decrease in plant dry biomass led to reduction in relative growth rate and crop growth rate. Sensitive as well as tolerant genotypes showed a sharp increase in membrane permeability under saline conditions. NaCl caused a decrease in photosynthetic pigments and increase in levels of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content. Under saline conditions, all the genotypes showed a higher accumulation of osmotic solute proline, with tolerant genotypes accumulating more amount than sensitive ones. Antioxidant enzymes like catalase and ascorbate peroxidase showed a decrease under saline conditions. However, peroxidase activity was increased under salt stress. Maximum increase was shown in salt sensitive genotypes. Reduction in yield contributing parameters like number of pods plant-1, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight and seed yield plant-1 was observed at both the levels of salinity. SA treatments had a pronounced ameliorative as well as, growth promoting effect under saline conditions. The ameliorative effect of SA was observed as increase in leaf area, relative leaf water content, water potential of leaves and photosynthetic pigments in salt-stressed plants. SA treatments increased the biosynthesis of proline under salt stress. Foliar application of SA enhanced the level of antioxidant system (catalase and ascorbate peroxidase) in mashbean plants under NaCl stress and reduced the hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content. The reduction in yield and yield contributing parameters was also less in SA-treated salt-stressed plants as compared to non saline controls. However, tolerant genotypes (KUG 529 and KUG 502) and check variety (UL 338) were able to tolerate high salinity and responded better to the application of SA as compared to sensitive genotypes probably due to improved growth, metabolism and enhanced antioxidant system. Lower concentration of SA (0.5 mM) proved to be more effective to ameliorate the adverse effects of salt stress.
Open Access
EFFECT OF ETHEPHON AND ETHYLENE GAS ON RIPENING AND QUALITY OF WINTER TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Prince Deep Singh; P.S., BRAR
The investigation was carried out to obtain information about effect of ethephon and ethylene gas on ripening and quality of winter tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) using two hybrids (Hybrid-1001 and Avinash-3). The first experiment comprised of treatment of mature green tomatoes with different concentrations of aqueous solution of ethephon (500, 1000 and 1500 ppm) for 5 minutes. The fruits were packed in plastic crates and kept in storage room at 20±1oC and 90-95% RH. The second experiment comprised of exposing the mature green tomatoes to ethylene gas (100 ppm) inside the ripening chamber for 24 hours (20±1oC and 90-95% RH) and thereafter kept in the ripening chamber maintained at 20±1oC and 90-95% RH. The one lot of fruits was not treated and kept as control. The physico-chemical parameters of fruits from mature green to senescent stage of maturation were analyzed. The ethylene gas (100 ppm) treatment registered the highest ripening percentage. The ripening and rotting percentage increased with increase in the concentration of ethephon (500-1500 ppm) and with the duration of days for which the fruits were kept for ripening. The titratable acidity of tomato fruits experienced a linear decline but ascorbic acid and lycopene content registered an increase with the advancement of ripening period irrespective of any treatment. The tomato fruits harvested at green mature stage get successfully ripened in 9 days with application of ethephon (500, 1000, 1500 ppm) but the rotting was more than 14 per cent till 9th day in both the hybrids which makes fruits unmarketable. Therefore, the application of ethephon for ripening is not a good option. Treatment with ethylene gas (100 ppm) resulted in adequate ripening of fruits after 9 days with uniform red colour, desirable firmness, minimum rotting and acceptable quality and therefore this treatment is better over ethephon. In control fruits similar results of ripening, firmness, rotting and quality were observed as in case of ethylene gas (100 ppm) treatment but the fruits get longer time (11 days) to uniformly ripen.
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EFFECTS OF VARYING TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD ON GRAIN YIELD AND QUALITY CHARACTERS IN SOYBEAN [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] GENOTYPES
(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Kuldeep Kaur; B. S., Gill
The present investigation on Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) was carried out to study the effect of environmental conditions (different photoperiod and temperature regimes) on grain yield, nutritional and antinutritional factors as well as genetic variability and the correlations. Seventeen different soybean genotypes were planted at the Pulse Research area of Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana during 2011 under three different planting dates i.e., March 1 (D1), June 5 (D2) and August 7 (D3) to expose seed development stage to varying temperature and photoperiod conditions. Data were recorded on different morphological, agronomic and quality characters. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for genotypes, environment and genotype x environment interaction except for G x E interaction for oil content indicating diverse nature of genotypes, environments and differential response of genotypes to environments i.e. sowing dates. Maximum number of days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, 100-seed weight, phytic and oleic acid content were observed for March sowing (D1). Highest grain yield per plant, number of pods per plant, protein content, TIA, tocopherol content, tannin content, phenol content and linolenic acid were recorded for June sowing (D2). Harvest index, sucrose and linoleic acid were observed to be highest in August sowing (D3) whereas oil content, palmitic and stearic acid content were unaffected by sowing dates. High GCV and PCV values were exhibited by grain yield per plant, pods per plant, harvest index, saponin content, tocopherol content and linolenic acid in all the sowings except for harvest index in D2 and linolenic acid in D1sowing. High heritability with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for plant height, grain yield per plant, harvest index, saponin content, tocopherol content, palmitic acid and linolenic acid. Correlation study revealed the presence of positive association of grain yield with 100-seed weight and harvest index in D1 and D2 and with number of pods in D2 and D3 sowings. Seed weight showed significant and positive correlation with protein content in D1 and with oil content in D2 while no association with either of them in D3. Phenol and tannin contents were significantly and positively associated in D1 only. Significant negative association was noticed for oleic acid with linoleic acid and positive association was noticed for palmitic acid with stearic acid in all the three sowing dates. Oleic acid was negatively correlated with linolenic acid in March and August sowing but no correlation was recorded in June sowing.

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