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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of preceding summer crops on nitrogen requirement of direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Simardeep Singh; Thakar Singhof direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during summer and kharif 2020. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in texture, normal in pH and electrical conductivity, low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and potassium. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with preceding summer crops (summer moong, maize fodder and sunn hemp as green manuring), FYM @ 15 t ha-1 and summer fallow in main plots and four levels of nitrogen applied to DSR viz. 100, 125, 150 and 175 kg N ha-1 in sub plots. Application of FYM @ 15 t ha-1 and green manuring of sunn hemp before sowing of DSR significantly increased different growth parameters viz. plant height, DMA, LAI, chlorophyll content index, internode length and yield attributes viz. number of effective tillers per meter row length, panicle length, number of branches per panicle and number of grains per panicle as compared to summer fallow, summer moong and maize fodder as preceding crops. Application of FYM @ 15 t ha-1, sunn hemp as green manure and summer moong residue incorporation resulted in 10.6, 8.4 and 2.0 per cent higher grain yield of DSR over summer fallow, whereas sowing of maize fodder as preceding crop caused 3.6 per cent reduction in grain yield of DSR over summer fallow. DSR responded to nitrogen application only up to 100 kg ha-1 after application of FYM @ 15 t ha-1 and sunn hamp as green manuring, however the response was observed up to 125 kg N ha-1 after residue incorporation of preceding summer moong, while it responded up to 150 kg N ha-1 after summer fallow and maize fodder. Maximum gross and net returns were recorded from maize fodder-DSR system followed by summer moong-DSR system.ThesisItem Open Access Income and expenditure pattern of farmers in Amritsar district of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Simardeep Singh; Kingra, H.S.The present study was designed to examine the income and expenditure pattern of farmers in Amritsar district of Punjab during 2018-19. By using three stages random sampling technique, a total sample of 90 farmers covering, three blocks and six villages of Amritsar district of Punjab was taken for ultimate analysis. The overall family size of all categories of farmers was 5.20 persons per family. The study revealed that average operational area in case of marginal, small, semi-medium, medium and large farms was 1.91, 4.17, 8.52, 15.68 and 34.02 acres, respectively. Crop production and dairy farming were the main sources of income of the sampled farmers. The net income obtained from farm and non-farm sector was found to be ₹ 184318, ₹ 333588, ₹ 608021, ₹ 858989 and ₹ 1371378 for marginal, small, semi-medium, medium and large farmers, respectively. Income from non- farm source has not been a major contribution to the net income of farm households. The annual consumption expenditure was found to be ₹ 161890, ₹ 244265, ₹ 424938, ₹ 611822 and 808518 for marginal, small, semi-medium, medium and large farmers respectively. The total cost (fixed and variable) incurred on the farm was found to be was ₹ 106386, ₹ 199173, ₹ 398625, ₹ 730717 and ₹ 1720786 for marginal, small, semi-medium, medium and large farmers respectively. The savings of marginal, small, semi-medium, medium and large farmers was found to be ₹ 22428, ₹ 89322, ₹ 183083, ₹ 247166 and ₹ 562859 respectively. As the farm size increased the saving were also increased in same pattern. The study concluded that farmers need to initiate the farm allied activities and off farm projects to increase their income.ThesisItem Open Access Income and expenditure pattern of farmers in Amritsar district of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Simardeep Singh; Kingra, H.S.The present study was designed to examine the income and expenditure pattern of farmers in Amritsar district of Punjab during 2018-19. By using three stages random sampling technique, a total sample of 90 farmers covering, three blocks and six villages of Amritsar district of Punjab was taken for ultimate analysis. The overall family size of all categories of farmers was 5.20 persons per family. The study revealed that average operational area in case of marginal, small, semi-medium, medium and large farms was 1.91, 4.17, 8.52, 15.68 and 34.02 acres, respectively. Crop production and dairy farming were the main sources of income of the sampled farmers. The net income obtained from farm and non-farm sector was found to be ₹ 184318, ₹ 333588, ₹ 608021, ₹ 858989 and ₹ 1371378 for marginal, small, semi-medium, medium and large farmers, respectively. Income from non- farm source has not been a major contribution to the net income of farm households. The annual consumption expenditure was found to be ₹ 161890, ₹ 244265, ₹ 424938, ₹ 611822 and 808518 for marginal, small, semi-medium, medium and large farmers respectively. The total cost (fixed and variable) incurred on the farm was found to be was ₹ 106386, ₹ 199173, ₹ 398625, ₹ 730717 and ₹ 1720786 for marginal, small, semi-medium, medium and large farmers respectively. The savings of marginal, small, semi-medium, medium and large farmers was found to be ₹ 22428, ₹ 89322, ₹ 183083, ₹ 247166 and ₹ 562859 respectively. As the farm size increased the saving were also increased in same pattern. The study concluded that farmers need to initiate the farm allied activities and off farm projects to increase their income.
