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ThesisItem Restricted Development of Nano Encapsulated Bioactive Ingredients for their Delivery In Selected Functional Foods(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Sharma, Neha; Gurkirat KaurBioactive compounds are identified with numerous health promoting benefits but their chemically labile nature and poor solubility and low bioavailability limit their direct incorporation into foods. Therefore, the present study is addressed to optimize the conditions for their successful encapsulation and to study the stability and efficacy of developed encapsulated compounds when incorporated into different food models. Three different classes of bioactive compounds, namely curcumin, ɷ-3 fatty acid and anthocyanins were selected as model system for the experimental work. For curcumin, oil in water type nanoemulsions were fabricated using various concentration of oil and emulsifiers by employing ultrasonication method and encapsulation rates as high as 93.60% were achieved. The developed Cur-NE were also identified to exhibit good physical stability and increased bioavailability. Incorporation of developed Cur-NE into pasta offered effective protection to curcumin as higher stability rates were observed with no significant impact on its sensorial properties. For ɷ-3 fatty acid, ultrasonication and spray drying were investigated as encapsulation technologies using different wall materials combinations. Encapsulation rates of 92.30% were achieved and microcapsules were also observed to possess good flow properties and storage stability for a period of 8 weeks. Good in-vitro release rates of 55% were observed for ɷ-3 fatty acid loaded microcapsules under simulated gastro-intestinal conditions. Incorporation of developed ɷ-3 fatty acid loaded microcapsules into mayonnaise was identified with improved retention of α-linolenic acid in it. For anthocyanins encapsulation, water in oil type nanoemulsion were developed using high speed stirring and ultrasonication technology. Different oil and extract proportions were investigated to achieve effective encapsulation. Highest encapsulation rates of 88.03 % were obtained for anthocyanins with good physical stability. Their in vitro release results depicted their efficient resistance under gastric conditions and higher bioaccessibilities under intestinal condition with rapid release rates of 75.16%. FTIR results also confirmed their successful encapsulation into nanoemulsions. A kulfi model was employed to study the effectiveness of antho-NE as its delivery system. Fortified functional kulfi reported higher anthocyanins contents and antioxidant activity with reduced melting rate when compared with control. Sensory scores of the fortified functional kulfi were also found to be acceptable.ThesisItem Open Access Sorption, dissipation and enzymatic activity of bispyribac-sodium in rice straw biochar amended soil(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Sharma, Neha; Pervinder KaurThe present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of rice straw and its biochar amendment on sorption and dissipation of bispyribac-sodium and its effect on soil enzymes and bacterial population. The rice straw biochars were prepared, characterized and investigated for their potential to affect fate of bispyribac-sodium. The adsorption-desorption kinetics of bispyribac-sodium was well described by pseudo second order kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm (R2>0.99). KFads increased from 1.55 to 29.57 μg1−ng−1mln on amendment of soil with URS and biochars. The variation in the adsorption capacity of bispyribac-sodium amongst rice straw and its biochars amended soils was in line with surface area of the amendments. Desorption of bispyribac-sodium decreased on amendment of soil with rice straw and its biochars and it varied from 90.45 to 95.20 and 60.95 to 89.50% in unamended and amended soil, respectively. Adsorption and desorption of bispyribac-sodium varied significantly with the herbicide concentration, amendment type and amendment level of rice straw and its biochars in soil. The half-life of bispyribac-sodium ranged from 23.13 to 28.60 and 7.55 to 18.44 days in unamended and amended soil, respectively and it was inversely related to their adsorption capacity in amended soil. Bispyribac-sodium application and amendment of soil with rice straw and its biochars significantly affected the soil dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase activity and bacterial population.ThesisItem Restricted Individual and Contextual Traits as Determinants of Delinquency amongst Juveniles(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sharma, Neha; Sharma, SeemaThe present study was undertaken to investigate the individual and contextual traits as determinants of delinquency amongst juveniles. The sample comprised of 120 respondents in 16-18 years of age range, selected from observation homes of six districts, from three cultural zones of Punjab. Further the sample was distributed over two sexes i.e. 80 juvenile delinquent boys and 40 juvenile delinquent girls. A self structured sheet was used to procure information regarding the socio-personal status of the respondents. Other scales used to collect the relevant information for the study were: Eysenck’s Personality Questionnaire (Eysenck and Eysenck 1975), Cognitive Style Inventory (Jha 1985), Social Maturity Scale (Rao 1986), Emotional Maturity Scale (Singh and Bhargava 1990), Children’s Perception of Parenting Style (Pyari and Kalra 2005), Peer Pressure Scale (Saini and Singh 2012). The results revealed that majority of respondents reported accepting, overprotective and autocratic type of parenting styles. Most of the delinquents had shown psychotic and introvert personality and the most common cognitive style among delinquents was undifferentiated style. Low levels of social and emotional maturity were found in most of the delinquents. As far as gender differentiations are concerned delinquent girls had more introvert personality as compared to delinquent boys whereas delinquent boys had shown more integrated cognitive style. The study further depicted a positive significant correlation between delinquency levels and psychoticism dimension of personality while a negative significant correlation was found between delinquency levels and extraversion dimension of personality among delinquent girls. A positive significant correlation in delinquent girls was found between delinquency levels and intuitive cognitive style. A positive significant correlation was also found between delinquency levels and peer pressure among delinquent boys and girls. A negative significant correlation was found between socio-emotional maturity and delinquency level among juvenile delinquent boys and girls.ThesisItem Restricted Development of Micronutrient Fortified Pasta(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sharma, Neha; Sharma, SavitaResearch study was undertaken to develop micronutrient (iron and vitamin A) fortified pasta using chemical (NaFeEDTA and FeSO4 for iron and retinyl acetate for vitamin A) and natural fortificants (spinach powder and pearl millet flour for iron and carrot powder and sorghum flour for vitamin A). Chemical sources of iron used were NaFeEDTA and FeSO4 added @ of 4, 5, 6 mg/100g and 6, 7, 8 mg/100g respectively, whereas for vitamin A, retinyl acetate was added @ 700, 800, 900 µg/100g. Natural sources viz., spinach and carrot powders were added @ 6, 12, 18 per cent, whereas for millet flours the levels of incorporation kept were 10, 20 and 30 per cent. The pastas were prepared and assessed for stability of micronutrients during processing, cooking quality, colour attributes and organoleptic acceptability. Different micronutrients and their levels ushered a significant variation in their stability rates, with iron more than 95 per cent retention was recorded whereas for vitamin A in fortified pasta 90-94 per cent retention was observed. The best optimized level of fortificant was used to prepare pasta singly or in combination. Storage studies were carried out for optimized levels of micronutrients packed in two different packaging materials namely laminates and polypropylene at two temperatures 25ºC and 40ºC for a period of 4 months. After storage, an overall loss of 10 per cent was observed for iron whereas for vitamin A, 30 to 35 per cent loss was observed. Significant effect of packaging material and temperature was observed on the vitamin A content of the fortified pasta. Stored samples remained passable in terms of quality (cooking, organoleptic, moisture content and free fatty acid) as the storage progressed.ThesisItem Open Access Pcr Based Assay For Species Specific Determination Of Raw As Well As Cooked Meat Of Avian And Porcine Origin(Punjab Agricultural University; Ludhiana, 2004) Sharma, Neha; Thind, S S
