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ThesisItem Open Access Impact of climate change on productivity of wheat and cotton in south west Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Ramandeep Kaur; Gill, K.K.The study entitled "Impact of climate change on productivity of wheat and cotton in south west Punjab" was conducted to assess the shift, variation and deviation in climate of Punjab during 37 year (1981-2017) in Bathinda and 17 years (2001-2017) in Faridkot using correlation regression techniques and estimating the possible effects of climate and technology on the productivity of cotton (Gossypium spp.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops. Three different statistical models i.e. Basic Model (Model 1), Modified Model (Model 2) and SPSS Software (Model 3) were used. The results showed that in case of maximum temperature at Bathinda, more variation has been found in fourth decade as compared to others and at Faridkot the variation was observed more during second pentad. More variation in minimum temperature has been found in fourth decade and third pentad at Bathinda and Faridkot, respectively. In case of rainfall at Bathinda, more variation has been found in fourth decade as compared to others. At Faridkot, the variation was more during second pentad. GStat was used for the development of multiple regression equation and correlation was developed for the sensitive crop periods in model I or basic model. The basic model is then modified through inclusion of an assumed composite index while other independent variables are kept constant. SPSS software was used as a model for wheat and cotton for forecast analysis. The use of basic model (model 1) has shown that the maximum temperature during 2nd and 3rd weeks of wheat growing season had negative effect on wheat yield at Bathinda district. At Faridkot, minimum temperature during 2nd week showed negative effect on wheat yield. The three models (i.e. basic model, modified model and SPSS software) predicted wheat and cotton yield and the error per cent of all these models was remained 30 per cent for two districts (Faridkot and Bathinda) of south west Punjab. For American cotton and desi cotton grown in Bathinda and Faridkot districts, SPSS software (model 3) was best fit as R2 value was highest for American cotton by 83 % ( Bathinda district) and 97% (Faridkot district), whereas, for desi cotton it was 82 % and 96 % for Bathinda and Faridkot district, respectively. For wheat grown in Bathinda, SPSS software was best fit as R2 value was 97 % while wheat grown in Faridkot, modified model (model 2) was best fit (95 %).ThesisItem Open Access Fine mapping of QTL on chromosome 9 for drought tolerance in maize(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Ramandeep Kaur; Sharma, PritiDrought is considered as one of the major limiting factors in sustainable maize production all over the world as it causes yield reduction by an average of 15% to 20%. Maize is generally grown in Kharif season but spring maize is now coming up in India. However, the water requirement is very high but farmers are reluctant to see the long term effect of maize cultivation during spring season. To meet the growing demand of water during spring season, enhancement of maize yield can be achieved by developing water efficient maize hybrids. The objective of the study was to identify and to transfer QTL associated with drought tolerance into spring maize inbreds through marker assisted backcross breeding (MABB). A total of 135 F8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the cross between CM123 as the susceptible (female) parent and CM140 as the tolerant (male) parent along with parents were evaluated under control and drought stress conditions for two consecutive seasons. The QTL on chromosome 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 9 were identified for drought tolerance under both stress and control conditions. The present study focused on fine mapping of QTL for number of kernel per ear (qKPE) present on chromosome 9 (bnlg1401-umc1634) explaining phenotypic variance of 23.14% under stressed environment. This region was narrow down by designing 50 new SSR markers between the bracketed QTL (qKPE). Seventeen SSR markers showed the polymorphism between CM123 and CM140. These markers along-with previous mapped markers were employed on RIL population. The QTL analysis narrowed down the genetic distance to 3.8 cM from 11.5 cM and physical distance to 691 kb from earlier distance of 15 Mb flanked by two new SSR markers viz. PAU_1143 and PAU_1137. The qKPE is also introgressed through MABB into two spring maize inbreds LM23 and LM24 of hybrid PMH10 for water use efficiency. The foreground selection has been carried out in two generations i.e., BC1F1 and BC2F1. Also, Background selection has been done in BC1F1 to check the background recovery of recurrent parent. The plants carrying the QTL with highest recurrent parent background recovery were selected and again backcrossed to respective parent for generation of BC3F1 population. The BC3F1 plants have been raised during Kharif 2019. The development of drought tolerant PMH10 hybrid will lead to overcome frequent irrigations during spring season and helps to conserve ground water depletion.ThesisItem Open Access Optimization Of Microwave Assisted Multilayer Drying Of Bittergourd For Capacity Enhancement And Energy Conservation(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Ramandeep Kaur; Satish KumarStudies were carried out on optimization of microwave assisted multilayer drying of bittergourd (Momordica charantia). The drying of bittergourd was carried out by three different methods: Multilayer drying at 5 levels of loading densities (31-60 kg/m2) and air velocities, 2.6-5.41 m/s; Multilayer-cum-microwave drying at 3 power levels (300-600 W) and exposure time (8-24s) with pause time 30s; Multilayer-cum-customized microwave drying at 3 power level (300-600W), exposure time (8-24s) and air velocity (3-9 m/s) with pause time 20s. The drying parameters included moisture content, drying rate, temperature and relative humidity of outgoing air, product temperature, heat utilization factor and specific energy consumption. Quality attributes included rehydration ratio, shrinkage ratio, ascorbic acid, texture (hardness), colour, protein and overall acceptability. Multilayer drying of bittergourd with an initial moisture content of 91% wb was carried out at 60°C in mechanical drier (SATAKE) till it reached 7.05% db. Optimized result of multilayer drying was used for multilayer-cum-microwave drying; product was partially dried at optimized condition up-to 27% wb followed by microwave drying to 7.05% db. The drying time to reach equilibrium moisture content were found to be between 210 – 480, 190 – 213 and 185 -188 min for multilayer, multilayer-cum-microwave and multilayer-cum-customized microwave drying, respectively. The decline in drying rate increased with increase in air velocities, power level and exposure time whereas opposite trend was observed for loading densities. Maximum drying rate (15.25% db/min) was observed for multilayer-cum-customized microwave. Relative humidity of outgoing air and heat utilization factor decreased with drying time but opposite trend was observed for temperature of outgoing air and product. Page model showed the highest adequacy of fit for multilayer drying; Logarithmic model for multilayer-cum-microwave drying and Midli et al model for multilayer-cum-customized microwave drying. The effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) increased with increase in air velocity, power level, exposure time and decreased with increase in loading density. The highest Deff of 1.33×10-05m2/s was observed for multilayer-cum-customized microwave drying, which was 70% higher than multilayer drying. The optimum operating conditions for multilayer drying, multilayer-cum-microwave drying and customized microwave drying were 55.0 kg/m2& 5.0 m/s, 450W & 24s and 450W, 24s & 3.75 m/s, respectively. It was concluded that multilayer drying and multilayer-cum-customized drying resulted in capacity enhancement by 3.3 & 4.84 time more in compare to single layer drying. Alternatively it will resulted in saving drying time by 70 & 79.3% in respective methods. Overall multilayer-cum-customized microwave drying was found to be best method.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of genetic potential of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes in poly-net house(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Ramandeep Kaur; Dhillon, Tarsem SinghFrench bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., 2n=2x=22) is one of the most important legume crop grown throughout the world for green tender pods and dry seeds (rajmah). The experiment was conducted to assess the genetic potential of 29 French bean genotypes collected from various sources. The crop was raised in poly-net house during winter 2016-17 and 2017-18 in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) at Vegetable Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana with an objective to get high productivity and quality pods during off-season. The significant variation was observed among all the genotypes for all the traits. The green pod yield per plant was found to be high in genotypes Lakshmi (992.33 g), Star-1 (955.50 g), FBK-4 (911.17 g), AVT Var-3 (908.50 g), Kentucky Blue (856.17 g) and FBK-1 (842.67 g) which out yielded check variety Kentucky Wonder (793.33 g). Regarding quality parameters, maximum dry matter was observed in FBK-13 (13.87%), protein content in FBK-1 (9.67%), sugar content in FBK-5 (9.67%) and minimum fibre content in FBK-12 (0.69%). The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was found to be higher than their respective genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits which showed the influence of environment on these traits. Selection is preferred when a major proportion of variation is heritable variation. The high heritability along with high genetic advance was recorded for most of characters which showed the presence of additive gene action and selection should be performed for improvement of these characters. Path analysis study revealed that pod weight, number of pods per plant, number of pickings and harvesting span had maximum direct effect on green pod yield per plant. The above characters which had maximum positive direct effect on green pod yield were also positively correlated with yield and thus selection for these traits will be effective for improving the total green pod yield. There was an excellent plant growth, productivity and better quality pods under poly net house conditions. This off season crop can be successfully raised under Punjab conditions during winter season which fetches high price in the market and is economical to the farmers of Punjab when there is no availability of green pods from high altitude. Hence, there is a great scope of cultivation of pole type French bean under poly-net house conditions in Punjab.ThesisItem Restricted Extraction and characterization of fibre from by-products of carrot, kinnow and pea for their utilization in food(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Ramandeep Kaur; Bhatia, SurekhaThe present investigation was undertaken to extract and characterize dietary fibre from carrot pomace, pea pod, kinnow peel and pomace. Three independent variables viz. temperature (30-90oC), time (5-15min) and s: w ratio (1:5-1:10) were selected using experimental design of software design expert and 13 different combination were formed for preparation of fibre concentrate. Optimization of fibre extraction was done using Box-Behnken design Response surface methodology. Temperature had significant effect on the total dietary fibre (TDF), ferric reducimg ability of plasma (FRAP), water holding capacity (WHC) and oil holding capacity (OHC) of fibre concentrate from carrot pomace, pea pod, kinnow peel and pomace except on the WHC of kinnow peel. Time had significant effect on TDF, FRAP, WHC and OHC of carrot pomace, pea pod and kinnow pomace fibre concentrate. However, in kinnow peel significant effect of time was observed only on FRAP activity of fibre concentrate. Sample: water (s:w) ratio had significant effect only on FRAP activity of pea pod, kinnow peel and pomace and WHC of kinnow pomace fibre concentrate. The optimum process parameters for fibre concentrate preparation from carrot pomace were: temperature 90o C, time 15 min and s:w ratio 1: 8.94 under which 73.56% TDF, 21.97 mg/g FRAP, 7.89 g/g WHC and 2.50 g/g OHC was found. The optimum process parameters for pea pod were: temperature 47.23o C, time 15 min and s:w ratio 1:9.37, under which 51.55% TDF, 25.98 mg/g FRAP, 6.25 g/g WHC and 2.00 g/g OHC was found. The optimum process parameters for kinnow peel and pomace were: temperature 73.98 and 60.52oC, time 5 and 8.33min and s:w ratio 1:5 under which 68.74 and 65.17% TDF, 42.45 and 21.55 mg/g FRAP, 7.80 and 7.01 g/g WHC and 5.88 and 3.53 g/g OHC was found. The fibre concentrate prepared under optimum conditions were dried by different methods (lyophilizer, microwave and oven drying). Methods of drying had no significant effect on TDF, crude protein, fat and functional properties, whereas, phenolic content and antioxidative activity were affected by drying. Carrot pomace fibre concentrate had highest TDF content whereas, antioxidative activity and phenolics was found highest in kinnow peel. Highest SDF/IDF ratio (1:3.75-1:4.52) was found for kinnow pomace and lowest value (1:1.95-1:2.81) for kinnow peel fibre concentrate. Maximum WHC and SWC were observed in carrot pomace and maximum OHC was in kinnow peel fibre concentrate. Packaging of fibre concentrate in AF, LDPE and PP bags and storage for 6 months under ambient and refrigerated conditions did not show any significant effect on TDF and functional properties of fibre concentrate. However, phenolic content and FRAP activity decreased during storage. Cookies at 5% replacement of refined wheat flour with carrot pomace fibre concentrate were most accebtable than other levels of replacement as well as replacement with other fibre concentrates. In conclusion, fibre concentrates from the by-products are good sources of dietary fibre with optimum SDF/IDF ratio and can be used in formulation of functional foods.ThesisItem Open Access Weed management in maize (Zea mays L.) using straw mulch and herbicides(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Ramandeep Kaur; Charanjeet KaurThe field experiment entitled “Weed management in maize (Zea mays L.) using straw mulch and herbicides” was conducted at Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, PAU, Ludhiana and Research Farm, Regional Research Station Gurdaspur (PAU) during kharif 2017. The experiment was conducted in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. There were three mulch treatments as first factor (no mulch, paddy straw mulch at 6.25 t ha-1 and paddy straw mulch at 9.0 t ha-1) and six weed control treatments were taken as second factor viz. atrazine at 1.0 kg ha-1 pre-emergence, atrazine at 0.8 kg ha-1 preemergence, tembotrione at 0.110 kg ha-1 at 20 DAS, tembotrione at 0.088 kg ha-1 at 20 DAS, weed free and unweeded check. The major weed flora included Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Eragrostis tenella, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa colona, Cynodon dactylon as grasses, Trianthema portulacastrum as broadleaf weed and Cyperus rotundus as sedge. Among different mulch treatments, application of paddy straw mulch at 9.0 t ha-1 recorded significantly lower density and weed dry matter accumulation of grasses, sedges and broadleaf weeds as compared to paddy straw mulch at 6.25 t ha-1 and no mulch treatments. Highest yield attributing characters, grain yield, net returns and benefit cost ratio were recorded with application of paddy straw mulch at 9.0 t ha-1 which were significantly higher than application of paddy straw mulch at 6.25 t ha-1 and no mulch treatment. Also, application of paddy straw mulch at 6.25 t ha-1 produced significantly higher growth and yield attributes of maize as compared to no mulch treatment. Among the herbicide treatments, tembotrione at 0.088 kg ha-1 and tembotrione at 0.110 kg ha-1 were found very effective in controlling different weed species as compared to atrazine at 0.8 kg ha-1 and atrazine at 1.0 kg ha-1. Application of tembotrione at 0.088 or 0.110 kg ha-1 in combination with straw mulch at 9.0 t ha-1 recorded significantly lower density and dry matter accumulation of all weed species but resulted in significantly higher yield attributing characters, grain yield, net returns and benefit cost ratio as compared to all other combinations of straw mulch and herbicides. Thus, for getting higher productivity and profitability from maize, tembotrione at 0.088 kg ha-1 as post-emergence in combination with paddy straw mulch at 9.0 t ha-1 can be applied, as this herbicide-mulch combination helps in reduction of 20% dose of herbicide.ThesisItem Restricted Genotypic variation for phytic acid content in wheat lines with high grain micronutrient(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Ramandeep Kaur; Sohu, V. S.The present study was conducted to identify lines with enhanced micronutrients along with low phytic acid content in wheat. A set of 210 BC1F3 and 210 BC2F3 wheat backcross derivatives generated by crossing advanced backcross lines of T. durum having grain zinc QTL introgressed from T. monococcum and T. boeoticum with high yielding varieties as a recipient parent, were taken as a base material to assess the variation for phytic acid content. Among wheat backcross lines, 107 genotypes from BC1F3 and 93 genotypes from BC2F3 progenies were shortlisted on the basis of high grain iron and zinc concentration and rust resistance. The phytic acid content of the shortlisted genotypes was assessed that ranged from 10.92 – 63.93 mg/g of whole wheat meal. From the shortlisted genotypes, 35 promising genotypes were further selected that had the combination of high grain iron concentration, high grain zinc concentration, low phytic acid content and rust resistance. The promising genotypes were sown for generation advancement in off season. BC1F5 and BC2F5 progenies having high grain micronutrient along with low phytic acid content were evaluated for morphological and grain quality parameters. The variation in the genotypes was significant for all the traits studied except the grain iron concentration. For the grain zinc concentration, the genotype from the cross WH1105*3/BF20 possessed highest zinc concentration among all the genotypes. The genotype from the cross PBW698*3/BF22 had lowest phytic acid content among all the genotypes and it had high zinc concentration as well. Although the genotype had combination of both the traits i.e. high grain zinc and low phytic acid content but it was low yielding. Analysis of variation and correlation studies showed that the genotypes which possessed high grain protein content and grain zinc concentration were low yielding with less number of grains per spike, late maturity and relatively more plant height. Phytic acid content did not show any significant correlation with traits studied suggesting the possibility of selection and breeding for low phytic acid content without any impact on other desired traits.ThesisItem Open Access CHEMISTRY AND INSECTICIDAL POTENTIAL OF PARTHENIN AND ITS TRANSFORMATION REACTION PRODUCTS AGAINST Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Ramandeep Kaur; K. K., ChahalThe present investigation deals with Chemistry and insecticidal potential of parthenin and its transformation reaction products against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).The shade dried and powdered leaves of Parthenium hysterophorous were extracted in chloroform using Soxhlet extraction method. Parthenin was isolated by column chromatography using chloroform:acetone (5%) solution as the eluent. Parthenin was subjected to reaction with diazoester which resulted into the formation of two compoundspyrolysis product and diazoester adduct. Parthenin on reactions with dry hydrochloric acid gas and formic acid gets converted into anhydroparthenin. Parthenin on irradiation with microwave gets converted into anhydroparthenin. Parthenin and its derivatives were characterised on the basis of melting point, TLC, FT-IR and 1H NMR. Parthenin and its derivatives were tested for their bioefficacy against adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) by releasing them in wheat grains spiked with various concentrations of test compounds viz. 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 5,000, 10,000 and 20,000 μg g-1 of wheat respectively. The observations of mortality were noted every 24 hours till complete or constant mortality was obtained. The corrected per cent mortality was calculated using Abbott’s formula. All the compounds exhibited complete mortality at the spiking level of 10,000 and 20,000μg g-1. Parthenin was found to be most potent followed by anhydroparthenin, pyrolysis product and diazoester adduct.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF EUCALYPTUS AND CITRONELLA OILS AS REPELLENTS AGAINST HOUSE RAT, Rattus rattus (Linnaeus)(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Ramandeep Kaur; Neena, SinglaExperiments were conducted in laboratory pens, maze and store houses using two essential oils namely eucalyptus and citronella oils to study their repellency against house rat, Rattus rattus. In laboratory pens, both oils were applied as paint, as encapsulated wax blocks and as spray each further with three modes of application i.e. daily, once a week, and alternatively in a week at three concentrations 5, 10 and 20%. Repellent effect of the two oils was observed at all the concentrations tested but significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher effect of eucalyptus oil was in female rats at 20% concentration and of citronella oil in male rats at 10% concentration when applied as spray alternatively. Multichoice experiment conducted in T-maze using 5% eucalyptus and citronella oils as encapsulated wax blocks in choice with no treatment revealed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher repellent effect of eucalyptus oil compared to citronella oil in female rats. Bichoice experiment conducted in I-maze using 5% eucalyptus oil as encapsulated wax blocks in choice with no treatment showed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced movements and activities of both male and female rats in treated zone compared to untreated zone. In store house experiments conducted using 5% eucalyptus and citronella oils as encapsulated wax blocks and as spray revealed more percent repellency and control success with eucalyptus oil as encapsulated wax blocks. Present studies thus reveal the efficacy of 5% eucalyptus oil encapsulated in wax blocks as repellent against R. rattus of both sexes.
