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ThesisItem Open Access Status of high density planting of Kinnow mandarin in Sub- mountainous zone of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Parminder Singh; Pankaj KumarThe study entitled “Status of high density planting of kinnow mandarin in sub- mountainous zone of Punjab” was undertaken with the objectives to study different cultivation practices, problems faced by kinnow growers and to ascertain the economic benefits in HDP over conventional planting of Kinnow. The study was conducted in sub-mountainous zone of Punjab and a total of 120 Kinnow growers were selected for the study. It was observed that the majority (64.2%) of respondents belonged to the age group 25-59 years. One third (32.5%) of respondents educated up to graduation and 37.5 percent of the respondents had semi-medium operational landholding. Majority of respondents had low level of extension contacts and mass media exposure. Only 18.3 percent of the respondents procured nursery plants from recommended sources. About 45 percent in HDP and 14.3 percent of the respondents in conventional planting planted recommended number of plants per acre. In general respondents used prescribed pesticides for management of insects (aphids, citrus psylla, leaf minor and mites etc.) and diseases (citrus canker and gummosis) on recommended time in high density and in conventional planting. Majority (90.8%) of respondents leased out their Kinnow orchards to contractors in HDP but in conventional planting majority (57.2%) sold their produce on their own. Higher returns as compared to traditional planting was major reason (94.2%) behind adoption of high density planting whereas small land holding was the major limiting factor for kinnow cultivation. Conventional planting kinnow growers fetched more price than high density due to better fruit quality. The net income from leased out orchard was found to be Rs. 52763 and Rs 44505 per acre for high density planting and conventional planting respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Status of high density planting of Kinnow mandarin in Sub- mountainous zone of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Parminder Singh; Pankaj KumarThe study entitled “Status of high density planting of kinnow mandarin in sub- mountainous zone of Punjab” was undertaken with the objectives to study different cultivation practices, problems faced by kinnow growers and to ascertain the economic benefits in HDP over conventional planting of Kinnow. The study was conducted in sub-mountainous zone of Punjab and a total of 120 Kinnow growers were selected for the study. It was observed that the majority (64.2%) of respondents belonged to the age group 25-59 years. One third (32.5%) of respondents educated up to graduation and 37.5 percent of the respondents had semi-medium operational landholding. Majority of respondents had low level of extension contacts and mass media exposure. Only 18.3 percent of the respondents procured nursery plants from recommended sources. About 45 percent in HDP and 14.3 percent of the respondents in conventional planting planted recommended number of plants per acre. In general respondents used prescribed pesticides for management of insects (aphids, citrus psylla, leaf minor and mites etc.) and diseases (citrus canker and gummosis) on recommended time in high density and in conventional planting. Majority (90.8%) of respondents leased out their Kinnow orchards to contractors in HDP but in conventional planting majority (57.2%) sold their produce on their own. Higher returns as compared to traditional planting was major reason (94.2%) behind adoption of high density planting whereas small land holding was the major limiting factor for kinnow cultivation. Conventional planting kinnow growers fetched more price than high density due to better fruit quality. The net income from leased out orchard was found to be Rs. 52763 and Rs 44505 per acre for high density planting and conventional planting respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Study on women engaged in micro-enterprises in sub-mountainous region of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Parminder Singh; Sharma, ShaliniMicro- enterprises creates rapid employment opportunities with relatively low capital investment, builds up more equitable circulation of national income, makes effective mobilization of untapped capital and human skills. So, the present study was an attempt to address the impact of micro-enterprises on the women engaged in micro enterprises with specific objectives- to ascertain the socio-economic status of women, to analyze the impact of micro-enterprises on women‟s well being and agency aspect and to assess the challenges faced by women and suggest possible remedies. The study was conducted in randomly selected two districts viz. Hoshiarpur and Roopnagar of sub mountainous region of Punjab. From each selected district five enterprises were selected viz. two registered and three unregistered. From each selected enterprise twelve respondents were selected to make sample of 120 respondents. The study found that majority of the respondents (42.50 %) fall in the age group of 31-40 years, earned less than five thousand rupees per month (78.33%), married (71.67%), practiced Sikh religion (50.83%) and belonged to Scheduled Castes (43.33%). Women engaged in registered enterprises (29.17%) had higher Socio-economic Status compared to their counterpart in un-registered enterprises (9.72%). Microenterprises impacted personal, familial, social and economic factors of women engaged in registered enterprises (25.00%) and in un-registered (6.94%) one. Lack of experience in financial matters, lack of appreciation and high cost of production (each ranked I) were the personal, socio-familial and production related problems respectively in registered enterprises, and loaning procedure of financial institutes and intensive market competition (each ranked I) were socio-familial and market related problems for those in un-registered enterprises. Study suggested proactive role of extension personnels and NGOs in apprising women entrepreneurs with latest, motivating and training them to improve economic viability of their enterprises.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different mulches on weed management and growth parameters of guava nursery plants(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Parminder Singh; Kang, Kirandeep KaurThe present investigation to study the effect of different combinations of organic (paddy straw mulch and coco mulch mats) and inorganic mulches (biodegradable polythene mulch, black and silver polythene mulch and black and green polypropylene woven mats) on the weed control efficacy, health and productivity of nursery plants was conducted during the year 2018-19. The studies clearly revealed that black and green polypropylene woven mats in combination with paddy straw mulch were very effective in suppressing the weed growth as the weeds did not appeared even after 240 days of application. Weed biomass of 0.6 g/m2 was recorded in black polypropylene woven mats in combination with paddy straw mulch after 300 days as compared to 42.5 g/m2 in control.The biodegradable mulch started degrading after 120 days of application and recorded a weed biomass of 5.3g/m2 at this stage. The chemical, nutritional and soil microbial properties improved with the application of organic mulches. Black polypropylene woven mats resulted in 2-3 per cent higher soil temperature during winters and maintained 1.5-2 percent higher moisture content during the month of May-June. Among the plant growth parameters, maximum plant height (47.51 cm) was recorded under green polypropylene woven mats and stem diameter (1.47 cm) was recorded under black polypropylene woven mats as compared to other mulching treatments. The plots mulched with black polypropylene woven mats resulted in highest B: C ratio (0.95) closely followed by green polypropylene woven mats in combination with paddy straw mulch (0.91) while the lowest B: C ratio was observed under the control plots. From the study, it was concluded that, the polypropylene woven weed mats can be applied in the guava nursery plots to control the weed growth effectively as well as to enhance the percentage of buddable seedlings.ThesisItem Restricted Genetic enhancement for kernel elongation of rice variety Basmati 370(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Parminder Singh; Sidhu, NavjotIndia is a major exporter of Basmati rice in the international market due to exemplary quality traits. Attempts were made to characterize the aromatic rices which possess a wide array of diversity which can be incorporated in Basmati improvement programmes. A set of 36 aromatic accessions was evaluated for various morphological and quality traits during Kharif 2017. Significant genotypic variations was observed for days to 50% flowering, plant height, ear bearing tillers/m2, number of grains per panicle, lodging, grain yield, milled rice recovery, head rice recovery, grain length, grain breadth, length/breadth ratio and kernel length after cooking. The genotypes Laldhan, Hung-mi-hriang-matsan, UPR 35565-10-1-1, IET 22187 (RP 4594-121-148-24-11) and Basmati 867 were early in maturity. The genotypes, IR 841- 85-1-1-2 was early maturing, semi-dwarf, and high yielding along with good tillering ability and high number of grains per panicle. Another genotype, IET 22187 (RP 4594-121-148-24- 11) was early maturing and high yielding along with high grain length and good kernel length after cooking. Two genotypes, Bony Cay and Kalikhasa showed resistance to bacterial blight against pathotype PbXo-7. These genotypes can be used in Basmati improvement programmes for various traits. With an aim of combining the elongation ratio of Pusa Basmati 1509 with long slender grain type of Basmati 370, a large F2 population derived from a cross of Pusa Basmati 1509 and Basmati 370 was subjected to quality analysis. Considerable variation was observed for all the progenies. Among these, 53 progenies were identified which possessed desirable grain length suitable for raw milling. Two progenies, 18091 and 18678 also possessed good KLAC and thus can be used to select best segregants in the near future.ThesisItem Open Access Morpho-physiological and molecular characterization of drought pyramided PR121 variety of rice (Oryza sativa L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Parminder Singh; Parminder Singh; Rupinder Kaur; Rupinder KaurPunjab is a major rice producing state of India. It is facing the problem of receding water table due to intensive cultivation. Thus, attempts were made to improve the water use efficiency of the predominantly grown high yielding variety PR121 by introducing two drought QTLs qDTY1.1 and qDTY3.1 from donor parent IR96321-1447-561-B-1 using marker assisted selection (MAS). A set of 72 BC1F4 lines in the background of PR121 derived from this cross was evaluated for various morpho-physiological traits under reproductive stage drought stress as well as non stress conditions during Kharif 2017. Significant genotypic variation was observed for days to 50% flowering, plant height, ear bearing tillers/m2, spikelet fertility, thousand grain weight, proline content, SPAD reading and yield/plant under both the environments.Most of the lines early under stress conditions. About 10 lines had similar days to flowering under both stress and non stress conditions. The plant height, ear bearing tillers/m2, spikelet fertility and grain yield/ plant were significantly reduced under water stress conditions while the proline content increased. The progeny lines 1680, 1690, 1883, 1922 and 1975 had good yield under both environments. The line 1883 had desirable maturity, high yield, drought tolerance traits as well as good milling quality. The 72 BC1F4 lines were subjected to foreground and background selection. Foreground selection showed presence of qDTY1.1, qDTY3.1 and both QTLs in 36, 15 and 21 lines respectively. Background selection was carried out using 56 polymorphic SSR markers present on 12 chromosomes. Maximum recurrent parent genome was present in the line 1607. Among the five best lines selected on the of morpho-physiological traits, the line 1922 showed maximum background recovery of 84.5% and line 1975 showed minimum background recovery of 58.8%. These lines also showed bacterial blight resistance against pathotype VII similar to the recurrent parent. These lines with drought tolerance will help to improve the water use efficiency of PR121 and also serve as a source to improve cultivars in the future.ThesisItem Open Access Copper substituted nano-phosphate mineral for its use as a novel fertilizer(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Parminder Singh; Kukal, S. S.Copper containing nanomaterials in apatite-mineral receptacles are envisioned as environmental compliable nutrient supplier to plants. Therefore, this study aimed to fabricate apatite mineral using wet chemistry technique followed. The selected apatite was functionalized, and brought to nanoform by top-down method. The Copper based products were obtained by reacting apatite receptacles in nanostate with copper (Cu2+) which were characterized through nanotechnology tools. Scanning and Transmission Electron micrographs depicted roughly rectangular to square rhomboidal structures existing as short and long columns, thick plates-like and needle-like aggregatesand particle shapes varied from roughly spherical, oval, oblong to cylindrical/ tubular for nano-apatite samples. The SEM-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) detected perceptible adsorption of copper on apatite and confirmed occurrence of 6.69 percent of Cu atom in nanoapatite receptacle. While the SEM-X-ray mapping exhibited spheroid shaped distribution of Cu2+on nanoapatite receptacle. TheFT-IR spectra depicted the characteristic symmetric and asymmetric valence oscillations of the phosphate bond. The HAp showed strong X-ray reflections and most intense peaks appeared in the range of 2θ ~ 12.4 to 40º.The XRD pattern of nanohydroxyapatite shows the occurrence of broad and diffuse peaks which indicate towards low crystallization degree of the sample crystals further accentuating their nanoscale crystal size. Moreover, copper substitution resulted in increase in the peak count only at 002 while it decreased the peak height of (300), (202), (130) these (h,k,l) planes The in vitro hydroponic based corn-seed germination test showed the potential of the nano-product to support plant growth. Therefore, the Cu adsorbed nano-apatite receptacles can be utilized as a beneficial plant-nutrient supplier.ThesisItem Restricted Adsorption-desorption of zinc in soils and its availability as influenced by phosphorus in maize(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Parminder Singh; Saini, Sat PalAn investigation was undertaken on three different treated soils from long term experiment of Maize-wheat cropping sequence (1971) to study the adsorption-desorption of zinc in soils and its availability as influenced by phosphorus in maize. Three soils selected were Soil I (100%N), Soil II (50% NPK) and Soil III (100% NPK) and were tested for pH, EC, OC, available P, available K, available N, microntutrients and texture. A pot experiment was conducted at screen house with application of different levels of P (0, 30, 60 and 120 mg kg-1 soil) and Zn (0, 6.25, 12.5 and 25 mg kg-1 soil). Plant samples were analyzed for P and Zn concentration and their uptake. Soil III had highest dry matter yield, highest P uptake and lowest Zn uptake. Available P and dry matter was significantly and positively correlated, where as Zn uptake and dry matter showed significant negative correlation. Soil III with highest content of phosphorus showed the higher adsorption of Zn, adsorptive capacity, extent of Zn adsorption (n), bonding energy constant (K) and adsorption maxima (Y). Zinc dynamics were studied at different times (5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 360, 480 and 960) minutes. The faster rate of Zn desorption during the first four hour may be attributed to desorption of Zn from macro-aggregates or the outer surfaces of micro-aggregates, whereas, the slower rate of desorption after four hour may correspond to desorption and diffusion of Zn from inside macro or micro aggregates. Experimental data was fitted into four kinetic models among which Elovich model was considered to be best suited.
