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ThesisItem Restricted Arthropods diversity under paired row direct seeded rice and management of its major insect pests with biopesticides(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Navjot Kaur; Randhawa, Harpal SinghThe present studies were conducted at Rice Research Area, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and PAU, Regional Research Station (RRS), Gurdaspur during kharif 2017 to determine arthropods diversity under paired row direct seeded rice and bio efficacy of biopesticides against major insect-pests of rice. The experiment on arthropods diversity was laid out with three dates of sowing and sprayed/unsprayed conditions. The Overall highest arthropods diversity was recorded with second date (first fortnight of June) followed by third (second fortnight of June) and first (second fortnight of May) date of sowing. The higher arthropods diversity was recorded at Gurdaspur as compared to Ludhiana. The maximum incidence of leaffolder and stem borers and population of planthoppers was observed in third (second fortnight of June) date of sowing at both the locations. The leaffolder incidence and planthoppers population was higher at Gurdaspur whereas stem borers damage was higher at Ludhiana. The experiment on bio-efficacy of biopesticides was also conducted at both the locations (Ludhiana and Gurdaspur). It was found that the biopesticides i.e. Neem baan (azadirachtin 1%) @ 3 ml/litre of water was more effective against leaffolder, stem borers and planthoppers. The Beauveria bassiana @ 10 ml/litre of water was also found effective against leaffolder and planthoppers whereas Bt (Delfin WG) @ 10 g/litre of water was effective only against stem borers. The highest cost-benefit ratio was recorded in treatment with chlorpyriphos @10 ml/litre of water followed by Neem baan @ 1 & 2 ml/litre of water. Although comparatively less cost-benefit ratio was observed with biopesticides yet these were safer to our environment and natural enemies. Therefore, it is suggested that farmers should prefer to spray biopesticides for management of insect-pests.ThesisItem Restricted Impact of electromagnetic radiation emitted from cell phone towers on breeding biology of birds(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Navjot Kaur; Vashishat, NishaBirds are one of the most diverse and evolutionary successful groups which occupy almost every habitat on earth. Birds act asbiological indicator of an environment because of their tiny head with thin cranium, non-conducting plumages, high mobility and practice of inhabiting zones having high electromagnetic field. The present study deals with the impact of electromagnetic radiations emitted from cell phone tower on diversity and breeding biology of birds at two locations; location 1- Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana and location 2- village Baude, Moga. Three sites each with cell phone tower in the centre were selected at two locations and one site without any cell phone tower was selected as control site. The bird diversity was recorded within 200 m radius of cell phone tower and artificial nest boxes were installed to study the breeding biology of birds at selected sites. The maximum bird diversity was recorded at site II (17 bird species) of location 1 than the control site (12 bird species). In spite of the presence of cell phone tower there was significant difference amongst the bird diversity at site II and other selected sites under study which showed minimal effect of electromagnetic radiations on the avian diversity.This may be because the birds observed during the present study were not restricted to this area only and therefore were not under the continuous exposure of electromagnetic radiations. Common Myna occupied artificial nests at all the four selected sites under location 1 (PAU). Common Myna and House Sparrow occupied the artificial nest boxes for breeding at selected sites of location 2. The breeding success of Common Myna was ranging from 50-100% at control sites and 50-75% at sites having cell phone towers. House sparrows occupied 10-40% nests at sites of village Baude but further egg laying was not seen in these occupied nests. This may be attributed to the impact of continuous exposure of these birds to EMR (electromagnetic magnetic radiations) during the breeding season.ThesisItem Restricted Development of extruded products from Quality Protein Maize(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Navjot Kaur; Baljit SinghThe present research work was carried out to explore the utilization of quality protein maize (QPM) for development of extruded products (Snacks and instant porridge). The effect of extraction methods (Reflux and Stirring) as well as solvent concentrations on antioxidant activity of normal and quality protein maize was also evaluated. Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) in response surface methodology (RSM) was used to design experiments and to study the effect of independent variables on dependent variables. Significance of fitted model (p0.01, p0.05) was described based on ANOVA. The effect of three independent variables (moisture content (14-18 %), barrel temperature (125-175 °C) and screw speed (400-550 rpm)) on dependent variables such as carbohydrate solubility (CS), protein solubility (PS), hydration power (HP), milk absorption capacity (MAC), water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), bulk density (BD) etc. was evaluated. Multiple regression equations were obtained to describe the effects of each variable on product responses. Feed moisture and barrel temperature exhibited significant effect on PS, HP and MAC While screw speed showed non significant affects on HP and CS of porridge. Among the processing parameters, screw speed demonstrated a significantly higher effect on the product responses of extruded snacks. The optimum extrusion conditions to prepare QPM based porridge and snacks were feed moisture 15%;14.66%, barrel temperature 137.50º C; 171.96º C and 480.50 rpm ; 485.92 rpm screw speed , respectively. The final product were stored for 6 months and found to be acceptable at end of 6 months. So, Quality protein maize can be extruded into an acceptable as well as nutritious breakfast food and can provide wide opportunity to the food industry.ThesisItem Open Access AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CHILD LABOUR IN AGRICULTURAL TOOL MAKING UNITS IN MANDI AHMEDGARH OF SANGRUR DISTRICT OF PUNJAB(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Navjot Kaur; Mini, GoyalThe present study was conducted to examine the socio – economic and work profile of child labour in agricultural tool making units in Mandi Ahmedgarh of Sangrur district of Punjab. Different factors affecting their employment and the contribution towards their family income was also analyzed. A total number of 31 sickle making units were found in Mandi Ahmedgarh. The primary data were collected from 102 children working in these units. The study revealed that all the children employed in sickle making units were male and their mean age was found to be twelve years. Nearly ninety per cent of the working children were migrants and were from lower social strata of the society. Nearly half of the respondents were illiterate and the parents of majority of working children were also illiterate. The working children were found engaged in the activities like iron moulding, assembling and nailing in the sickle making. Per day mean wages of the child labour were about rupees eighty three only. The main reason which forced the children to join the work force was poverty and lack of their interest in the studies. The working conditions were not good and the behaviour of employer was bad. The employment of children helped the parents to take loan from the employer and gave the freedom to the children to spend their pocket money at their own will. The working children were found indulged in bad habits like smoking, consuming liquor, gutka, gambling etc. Though a social evil, child labour was found helpful in removing the poverty of the family to some extent. The children wanted to be educated and to be successful in their life. The study suggested the provision of night classes for those who wanted to study along with their work so that they may become literate and contribute in the nation’s development.ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION OF NARINGINASE ENZYME FOR PRODUCTION OF DEBITTERED LOW ALCOHOLIC NATURALLY CARBONATED KINNOW BEVERAGE(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Navjot Kaur; Param Pal, SahotaNaringin, the bitter flavonone glycoside and primary bitter component in citrus fruit juices can be hydrolysed by naringinase enzyme into tasteless component, naringenin. A rapid detection test for naringinase producing microorganisms using FeCl3 has been developed. Naringin an inducer in kinnow juice, mutated yeast Clavispora lusitaniae and induced the production of crude enzyme naringinase with the activity of 0.0135 IU/ml. The parameters optimized for naringinase production were pH (4), temperature (50°C), naringin (0.8%) and rhamnose concentration (0.6%) with high substrate activity Km value of 1.00 mM and Vmax value of 28.56 mM. Divalent cations Cu2+ and Ca2+ competitively inhibited enzyme activity where as Mn2+ and Zn2+ stimulated enzyme activity of 0.024 IU/ml and 0.0079 IU/ml, respectively. The debittering of kinnow juice by Clavispora lusitaniae mutant prompted for utilization of kinnow juice for the production of low alcoholic naturally carbonated fermented kinnow beverage. Technology for the production of low alcoholic naturally carbonated fermented kinnow beverage with yeast Clavispora lusitaniae under optimized fermentation conditions were developed. Microbiological, physiochemical and sensory evaluation of kinnow beverage with 40 percent juice revealed pH 4.2, TSS 10.5°B, acidity 0.53%, ascorbic acid 9.2 mg/100ml, reducing sugar 8.83 percent, total sugars 9.4 percent, limonin 1.7 ppm, naringin 120.8 ppm, β-carotene 0.26μg/L, alcohol 0.28% (w/v), CO2 1.09 bar and plate count 9.3x108 cfu/ml, ranked highest for taste 7.9, aroma 8.5, colour 7.8, astringency 8.25 and overall acceptability 7.8 during storage period of 70 days under refrigerated conditions (4°C). The percentage decrease in limonin and naringin on storage was 54 and 64.8 percent, below the threshold level of limonin (6 ppm) and naringin (600 ppm) respectively. The pasteurization conditions standardized for kinnow beverage were 85°C for 3 sec.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON COMBINED EFFECT OF BROMADIOLONE AND CHOLECALCIFEROL (VITAMIN D3) AGAINST HOUSE RAT, Rattus rattus LINNAEUS(PAU Ludhiana, 2010) Navjot Kaur; Devinder Kaur, KocherCommensal rodents, especially house rat (Rattus rattus Linnaeus) causes extensive losses by feeding and contaminating the food products and also plays a role in spreading several diseases of health importance. House rats were trapped from various commensal situations and were fed for 5 days in no-choice on standard baits of bromadiolone (0.005%) and cholecalciferol (0.075%) and their combinations having different concentrations mixed in WSO-mix bait. Male and female house rats showed 81.30% and 95.80% average acceptability of standard bait of bromadiolone over plain bait respectively. Hundred per cent mortality of male house rats was observed within 3-6 days, while all female rats died on 4th day of feeding of 0.005% bromadiolone. Both the sexes showed a significant increase in blood clotting time (sec) after 48 hours of feeding as compared to that of 0 hour. The acceptability of standard bait of cholecalciferol (0.075%) over plain bait was 40.10% and 35.30% in male and female house rats, respectively and 100% mortality was observed within 4-10 days in male and 7-14 days in female house rats. Feeding of standard bait of cholecalciferol resulted in stop feeding action in the form of significantly less consumption of this bait from 3rd day onward. Serum calcium level (mg/dL) was found to be significantly high in 0.075% cholecalciferol fed male and female rats after 48 hours of its feeding as compared to 0 hour. R. rattus when fed on four formulated baits having different concentrations of bromadiolone and cholecalciferol i.e. combination-I (0.0025% bromadiolone+0.05% cholecalciferol), combination-II (0.001% bromadiolone+0.05% cholecalciferol), combination-III (0.0025% bromadiolone+0.01% cholecalciferol) and combination-IV (0.001% bromadiolone+0.01% cholecalciferol). Out of these four tested formulated baits, combination-IV (having the lowest concentration of bromadiolone and cholecalciferol) showed efficient rodenticidal potential because of synergistic effect of bromadiolone and cholecalciferol in this combination. It was able to produce 100% mortality and showed a significant delay in blood clotting time (sec) and rise in serum calcium level and was cost effective also. R. rattus L trapped from commensal situations of Ludhiana area showed no resistance towards standard bait of bromadiolone (0.005%) as both male and female house rats (n=60) showed 100% mortality.ThesisItem Restricted STUDY ON COMBINED EFFECT OF BROMADIOLONE AND CHOLECALCIFEROL (VITAMIN D3) AGAINST HOUSE RAT, Rattus rattus LINNAEUS(2010) Navjot Kaur; Kocher, Devinder Kaurby feeding and contaminating the food products and also plays a role in spreading several diseases of health importance. House rats were trapped from various commensal situations and were fed for 5 days in no-choice on standard baits of bromadiolone (0.005%) and cholecalciferol (0.075%) and their combinations having different concentrations mixed in WSO-mix bait. Male and female house rats showed 81.30% and 95.80% average acceptability of standard bait of bromadiolone over plain bait respectively. Hundred per cent mortality of male house rats was observed within 3-6 days, while all female rats died on 4th day of feeding of 0.005% bromadiolone. Both the sexes showed a significant increase in blood clotting time (sec) after 48 hours of feeding as compared to that of 0 hour. The acceptability of standard bait of cholecalciferol (0.075%) over plain bait was 40.10% and 35.30% in male and female house rats, respectively and 100% mortality was observed within 4-10 days in male and 7-14 days in female house rats. Feeding of standard bait of cholecalciferol resulted in stop feeding action in the form of significantly less consumption of this bait from 3rd day onward. Serum calcium level (mg/dL) was found to be significantly high in 0.075% cholecalciferol fed male and female rats after 48 hours of its feeding as compared to 0 hour. R. rattus when fed on four formulated baits having different concentrations of bromadiolone and cholecalciferol i.e. combination-I (0.0025% bromadiolone+0.05% cholecalciferol), combination-II (0.001% bromadiolone+0.05% cholecalciferol), combination-III (0.0025% bromadiolone+0.01% cholecalciferol) and combination-IV (0.001% bromadiolone+0.01% cholecalciferol). Out of these four tested formulated baits, combination-IV (having the lowest concentration of bromadiolone and cholecalciferol) showed efficient rodenticidal potential because of synergistic effect of bromadiolone and cholecalciferol in this combination. It was able to produce 100% mortality and showed a significant delay in blood clotting time (sec) and rise in serum calcium level and was cost effective also. R. rattus L trapped from commensal situations of Ludhiana area showed no resistance towards standard bait of bromadiolone (0.005%) as both male and female house rats (n=60) showed 100% mortality. Keywords: Bromadiolone, cholecalciferol, resistance, synergistic effect, R. rattus ___________________________ThesisItem Open Access Development of mobile based agriculture scheduling system for farmers in regional language (Punjabi) using weather conditions(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Navjot Kaur; Sawhney, B.K.In Indian agriculture, farming activities like sowing, harvesting and irrigation plays very important role in productivity. These activities must be performed in suitable manner and most importantly at appropriate time in order to get good yield. But sadly most of the farmers are unaware about the impact of these activities on yield of their crop. So application is developed to educate farmers about it. The developed software application is basically for dissemination of information to farmers about the proper way of performing various farming activities in regional language Punjabi, of two main crops of Punjab- wheat and paddy. This application will assists farmers in performing these activities in proper manner and help them in improving their productivity of crops. Based on date of sowing, farmers will get notifications about farming activities. Additional advice will be provided along with the notification on the basis of weather conditions. This system is an android based application developed in regional language Punjabi for overcoming lingual barrier of farmers. The application is developed using Android Studio which is the official Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for developing an Android application.ThesisItem Open Access Biology of tetranychus urticae koch and seasonal incidence of mites infesting citrus(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2014) Navjot Kaur; Bhullar, Manmeet BrarThe biology of two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch and seasonal incidence of mites infesting citrus was studied during 2013-2014 at the Acarology Laboratory, Entomological Research Farm, Department of Entomology and New Orchard, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Biological studies on T. urticae revealed that the mean incubation, larval, protonymphal and deutonymphal period was found to be 2.52, 2.74, 2.08, and 2.40 days, respectively. The pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-ovipostion period was 0.96, 1.78 and 6.40 days, respectively. The fecundity of 1.56 eggs/female and longevity of females (9.40 days) and males (6.71 days) was observed. The sex ratio was in favour of females (4.33:1). Studies on oviposition response of T. urticae on different citrus genotypes revealed that oviposition was found to be maximum on SL-4 and G-4 followed by BL-2 and G-4 genotypes and no egg laying was observed on SL-3, SL-7, G-7, BL-1, BL-3 and Tahiti lime. Feeding preference studies revealed that mites preferred KL-7 genotype the most, but had least preference for G-4 genotype. Observations on the seasonal incidence revealed that peak occurrence of Brevipalpus phoenicis was reported during 47th standard week (SW) (23.0 mites/leaf); Tetranychus urticae during 21st SW (6.25 mites/leaf), while Polyphagotarsonemus latus started occurring during November-December (47th to 25th SW). The population of Eutetranychus orientalis was observed during April-June (16th to 26th SW) as with increase in temperature there was increase in population of mites. The population of predatory mites viz. Tydeids, Phytoseiids and Cunaxids was observed throughout the year with peak incidence during 29th SW and 46th SW, respectively. Although the mite populations showed both negative and positive correlations with the various abiotic parameters, but statistically these were found to be non significant.