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ThesisItem Restricted Effect of planting methods and moisture conservation practices on growth, yield and quality of rainfed maize (Zea mays L.) in Shivalik region of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Mandeep Kaur; Khokhar, Anil KumarThe present study entitled *Effect of planting methods and moisture conservation practices on growth, yield and quality of rainfed maize (Zea mays L.) in Shivalik region of Punjab'' was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University-Regional Research Station Ballowal Saunkhri and AICRPDA-NICRA project on farm experiment site at Village Achalpur, Block Garhshanker, District Hoshiarpur, during kharif 2020. The field experiment was conducted in split plot design with four planting methods viz. flat planting, ridge planting, bed planting and conservation furrow planting) as main plot and three moisture conservation practices viz. no interculture, locally available vegetative material (munja, nara, vetiver, babbar grass and sugarcane) straw mulch @6t ha' and earthing up as sub plot treatments using PMH- 1 variety of maize. The 12 treatment combinations were replicated thrice resulting in total 36 experimental plots. Among various planting methods, bed planting and ridge planting gave significantly higher grain yield at Ballowal Saunkhri (33.8 qha and 30.7 qha', respectively) and at Achalpur (40.3 qha' and 37.5, respectively) which a respective increase of 20.7 per cent and 12.7 per cent at Ballowal Saunkhri and31.3 per cent and 26.1 per cent at Achalpur over flat sowing. Moisture conservation practices also influenced maize grain yield significantly, with earthing up resulting in significantly higher grain yield of 33.5 qha' at Ballowal Saunkhri and 37.8 q ha' Achalpur with respective increase of 27.5 per cent and 24.1 per cent over no interculture. Among quality parameters, planting methods as well as moisture conservation practices have no significant effect on protein content in maize grain. Sugar and starch content were significantly affected under earthing up and straw mulch @6t ha' and with bed planting. Bed planting gave highest net returns of Rs. 31657 ha' at Ballowal Saunkhri and Rs. 44670 ha at Achalpur with respective B: C ratio of 1.84 and 2.16 followed by ridge planting system which gave net returns of Rs 27094 and Rs 41137 at Ballowal Saunkhri and Achalpur with respective B: C ratio of 1.75 and 2.11. Among moisture conservation practices, earthing up gave Rs 10475 and Rs 10101 per hectare higher net returns than no interculture at Ballowal Saunkhri and Achalpur, respectively. In conclusion, bed planting or ridge planting and earthing up at knee high stage proved beneficial in the increasing productivity and improving the quality of rainfed maize in Shivalik region of Punjab.ThesisItem Restricted Effects of rice straw incorporation on phosphorus and zinc availability in rice-wheat sequence(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Mandeep Kaur; Saini, Sat PalThe present study was conducted to investigate the effects of rice straw (RS) incorporation on P and Zn availability in surface (0-15 cm) soil under rice-wheat cropping sequence. The treatments were N application (0, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1, main plot) and RS incorporation (0, 5, 7.5 and 10 t ha-1, sub plot).Inorganic-P was dominating fraction (92% of total-P), while organic-P constituted only 8%. Relative preponderance of inorganic P fractions followed an order: calcium bound P (Ca-P) > aluminium-P (Al-P) > iron-P (Fe-P) > reductant soluble-P (Red-P) > saloid-P. Nitrogen and RS incorporation significantly (p<0.05) increased the concentration of inorganic P fractions, with highest concentration in RS10 and N150 treatments. The sequential extraction procedure for Zn fractionation showed the dominance of residual fraction (Res-Zn), and their relative abundance in the surface soil followed an order: water soluble and exchangeable Zn (WS+EX-Zn) < specifically adsorbed Zn (SpAd-Zn) < manganese oxide bound Zn (MnOx-Zn) < organic matter bound Zn (OM-Zn) < amorphous iron bound Zn (AFeOx-Zn) < crystalline iron oxide Zn (CFeOx-Zn) < Res-Zn. These Zn fractions were significantly increased with graded levels of RS incorporation. Increase in P fractions showed a linear positive relationship with SOC and available-P in soil. Zinc fractions were positively and linearly correlated to SOC and DTPA-Zn concentration. Maximum wheat grain yield was observed with N120 and RS7.5 treatments. Highest P and Zn uptakes were observed under RS10 treatment. These results showed that N application and RS incorporation significantly increased the P and Zn concentration in soil under rice-wheat cropping system.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological and biochemical changes associated with moisture stress tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Mandeep Kaur; Ghai, NavitaThe present investigation was conducted to study “Physiological and biochemical changes associated with moisture stress tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes”. Twenty genotypes (CML 32, CM 139, CM 140, CM 143, SE 503, SE 544, SE 547, SE 552, I 122, I 132, I 162, I 164, LM 5, LM 11, LM 13, LM 15, LM 16, LM 20, LM 23, LM 24) were screened on the basis of percent survival rate of seedlings under different levels of moisture stress created by withholding 40%, 50% and 60% irrigation. Percent survival of seedlings was noted at 10, 15, 20 and 25 days after sowing at 40%, 50% and 60% moisture stress level and four genotypes: CM 140, LM 16 as tolerant and LM 13, LM 20 as sensitive genotypes were selected out of twenty genotypes. Effects of moisture stress on morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters in tolerant and sensitive maize genotypes along with a check PMH 2 were studied at seedling stage. Morpho-physiological parameters viz. root length, shoot length, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, root density, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, root volume, root:shoot ratio, membrane stability, relative leaf water content, chlorophyll content, vigour index I and vigour index II decreased with the moisture stress. However, carotenoid content was found to increase with increasing stress level. The various biochemical parameters viz. proline content, activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase were recorded higher in check PMH 2 and in tolerant genotypes as compared to sensitive genotypes. Also, accumulation of hydrogen peroxide content was lower in CM 140 and LM 16 than LM 13 and LM 20. Under moisture stress, root anatomy showed variations in all the maize genotypes. Density of metaxylem elements increased in all the genotypes as well as in check PMH 2 and more number of root hairs were also in LM 16 and PMH 2. In tolerant genotype CM 140, the diameter of metaxylem also decreased with the drought stress which helped in retention of water in roots under stress conditions. Higher levels of antioxidant enzymes, proline, carotenoid content and decreased hydrogen peroxide might have helped in imparting moisture stress tolerance to CM 140 and LM 16 genotypes. These genotypes can be used by the breeders in further breeding programs.ThesisItem Restricted Fractionation of bay leaf oil and its bioefficacy against root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Mandeep Kaur; Chahal, K.K.The present investigation deals with Fractionation of bay leaf oil and its bioefficacy against root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. The bay leaf essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of twenty one compounds. Eugenol, α-Pinene, isoeugenol, caryophyllene and 1,8-Cineole were the major compounds present in bay leaf essential oil. The essential oil was fractionated into its non-polar and polar fractions by column chromatography. α-Pinene, 1,8-Cineole and eugenol were isolated from bay leaf oil. Campholenic aldehyde was prepared from α-pinene and eugenol epoxide was prepared from eugenol using different reagents. The compounds isolated and derivatized were identified using FT-IR, 1HNMR and 13CNMR spectroscopy. The nematicidal activity of bay leaf oil, its fractions, compounds isolated and derivatized was evaluated against Meloidogyne incognita at different concentrations viz.0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80, 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50 mg ml-1 for egg hatch inhibition and juvenile mortality studies. Bay leaf oil, polar fraction and eugenol were found to be very active against. M. incognita whereas αPinene and non-polar fraction showed less activityThesisItem Open Access Alteration of plant architecture and reproductive efficiency of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) genotypes through growth retardants(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Mandeep Kaur; Jagmeet KaurField experiment was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during kharif season in the year 2016-17 with an objective to investigate the effect of ethrel (@ 200 ppm), stance (@ 200 ml/ac) and mepiquat chloride (@ 200 ml/ac) on the growth, flower retention and yield of pigeonpea genotypes PAU 881 and AL 201. The biochemical changes associated with the use of growth substances were also studied. Foliar spray of growth substances were done at 60, 68 and 75 days after sowing. Various morpho-physiological, biochemical and yield characteristics were analyzed at different developmental stages. The plant height reduced effectively with the foliar applications of growth substances. The leaves of treated plants exhibited increased level of chlorophyll, which provided better conditions for higher production of photosynthates to be utilized for grain yield. The parameters determining reproductive efficiency and yield were significantly improved due to reduction in flower abscission, improved flower retention, pod formation, and seed weight. The treatments also affected the various biochemical constituents viz. total soluble sugars, total starch content (leaves and stem), total soluble proteins and amino acids (pod wall and developing seed). The activity of enzymes viz., invertase (stem, leaves, pod wall and developing seed) and sucrose synthase (leaves and stem) also increased in response to growth substances. Ethrel (@ 200 ppm) 60+75 DAS showed the best result among all the treatments.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) FOR DETECTION OF MELOIDOGYNE SPP. (ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE) ANTIGENS(PAU, 2010) Mandeep Kaur; Ghai, Jyotika KapurPlant parasitic nematodes are destructive pests worldwide that cause severe losses in agriculture. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are obligate, sedentary plant endoparasites that are extremely polyphagous in nature with a wide host range. Keeping in view the huge economic losses by this parasite, it is essential to control the disease at an early stage. For any control strategy to be effective, an early and accurate diagnosis is of paramount importance. Immunoassays have the inherent advantages of sensitivity and specificity; have the potential to identify and quantify these plant-parasitic nematodes. Hence, in the present studies, ELISA has been developed for the detection of Meloidogyne spp. antigens. This is based on detection of egg antigens, for which anti-Meloidogyne antibodies were produced by immunization of rabbits with soluble proteins of the eggs. The production of antibodies was confirmed by the appearance of precipitin lines in double immunodiffusion method. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for detection and titration of these antibodies. Results indicated as high as 320 K titre of the antisera. Finally competitive inhibition ELISA was developed employing these anti-Meloidogyne antibodies for detection of Meloidogyne antigens. This is based on competition between solid phase bound antigens and free antigens for limited antibodies. Sensitivity of ELISA was 10 femtograms. This sensitivity was further enhanced to 1 femtogram with an additional step of pre-incubation, in which antibodies and free antigens are allowed to react before the competition. Competitive inhibition ELISA developed in the present studies has the potential of being used as an easy, rapid, specific and sensitive diagnostic tool for the detection of Meloidogyne infection.ThesisItem Restricted REFASHIONING THE TRADITIONAL CRAFT OF PHULKARI THROUGH COMPUTER AIDED DESIGNING(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2014) Mandeep KaurThe present study entitled “Refashioning the traditional craft of Phulkari through Computer Aided Designing” was carried out in Ludhiana city. An interview schedule was prepared to document the motifs, fabrics, stitches and colours used in Phulkari products in the last five years (2009-2013) from forty consumers and twenty retailers. The results of the investigation revealed that most of the consumers possessing Phulkari products were females between 35-45 years of age and majority of the retailers offering Phulkari products were males between 35-45 years of age. The documentation revealed that majority of the products available with consumers and retailers were ornamented in the style of Phulkari instead of Bagh. The traditional flower motifs were used in the majority of the consumer and retailer articles. The other popular motifs used were of geometric shapes and leaves. The work was embroidered on chinon chiffon fabric in most of the consumer products whereas, on cambric fabric in most of the retailer products. Majority of the products documented from both consumers and retailers were embroidered with the darn stitch. The red colour was the most popular colour for both base fabric as well as the pat thread in the both consumer and retailer products. The Phulkari designs were then developed and simulated using Corel Draw X3, Adobe Photoshop and Corel Photo-Paint X3 softwares. Later ten fashion articles were prepared using the most preferred embroidery designs of Phulkari for belt, border, jacket, scarf, yoke, footwear, headband, bracelet, handbag and potli bag. On the basis of suitability of the base fabric used, footwear made using velvet and an embroidered strip of voile was preferred the most. The design of the potli bag superseded the designs of other fashion articles as per the consumers taste. According to the colour combination, green base with yellow and magenta coloured embroidery on the footwear was favored by most of the respondents. The footwear was outweighed by the consumers on the basis of the overall impact amongst the fashion articles. Majority of the respondents reported the quoted price for the fashion articles to be suitable. The results intended that the Phulkari fashion articles developed after visualisation of computerized simulated Phulkari patterns are commercially viable and thirty to forty percent profit can be incurred by making innovative fashion articles using Phulkari.ThesisItem Open Access Irradiation induced mutagenesis in sugarcane(2014) Mandeep Kaur; Thind, K.S.A study on irradiation induced mutagenesis in sugarcane was undertaken to investigate genetic variability for economic traits and red rot disease. Twelve hundred single bud setts of cv. Co J 64 were irradiated with gamma rays at 0, 10, 20, 25 and 30 Grays (Gy). The experimental material of M1V1 generation was planted during spring 2012 and second generation (M1V2) during 2013. Data was recorded on ten economic and quality traits in addition to reaction to red rot disease. Mutagenic treatments generated significant variation for germination, number of tillers/clump, number of millable canes/clump, cane height, HR brix, leaf length and single cane weight in both M1V1 and M1V2 generations indicating the potential of mutagenic treatments for creating genetic variability for different traits in sugarcane. Average cane height among different treatments ranged from 166.60 to 185.80 cm with a mean of 171.2 cm. Mean leaf length for different treatments varied from 106.30 to 114.80 cm with an average of 111.40 cm; maximum of 114.80 cm being recorded through 10 Gy treatment followed by control. Cane weight an important trait in sugar cane breeding programme ranged from 720.00 to 961.66 g. Maximum single cane weight was recorded for control followed by 10 Gy and 20 Gy treatments. The higher doses had a retarding effect on this trait. Artificial evaluation of irradiated subclones against two red rot pathotypes Cf 08 and Cf 09 using plug method revealed moderate resistance for all the mutagenic treatments. It is inferred that genetic variability could be induced in sugarcane using gamma rays for traits like germination, cane height, leaf length, HR brix, single cane weight and to red rot tolerance. The lower doses of gamma ray (10 and 20 Gy) were more effective to induce variation while higher doses have detrimental effects. The sub clones need to be further evaluated in M1V3 for their consistency in trait manifestation and future use in breeding programme.
