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2017 - 20194
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Author: Mandeep Kaur × End date: 2019 × Start date: 2017 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    Effects of rice straw incorporation on phosphorus and zinc availability in rice-wheat sequence
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Mandeep Kaur; Saini, Sat Pal
    The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of rice straw (RS) incorporation on P and Zn availability in surface (0-15 cm) soil under rice-wheat cropping sequence. The treatments were N application (0, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1, main plot) and RS incorporation (0, 5, 7.5 and 10 t ha-1, sub plot).Inorganic-P was dominating fraction (92% of total-P), while organic-P constituted only 8%. Relative preponderance of inorganic P fractions followed an order: calcium bound P (Ca-P) > aluminium-P (Al-P) > iron-P (Fe-P) > reductant soluble-P (Red-P) > saloid-P. Nitrogen and RS incorporation significantly (p<0.05) increased the concentration of inorganic P fractions, with highest concentration in RS10 and N150 treatments. The sequential extraction procedure for Zn fractionation showed the dominance of residual fraction (Res-Zn), and their relative abundance in the surface soil followed an order: water soluble and exchangeable Zn (WS+EX-Zn) < specifically adsorbed Zn (SpAd-Zn) < manganese oxide bound Zn (MnOx-Zn) < organic matter bound Zn (OM-Zn) < amorphous iron bound Zn (AFeOx-Zn) < crystalline iron oxide Zn (CFeOx-Zn) < Res-Zn. These Zn fractions were significantly increased with graded levels of RS incorporation. Increase in P fractions showed a linear positive relationship with SOC and available-P in soil. Zinc fractions were positively and linearly correlated to SOC and DTPA-Zn concentration. Maximum wheat grain yield was observed with N120 and RS7.5 treatments. Highest P and Zn uptakes were observed under RS10 treatment. These results showed that N application and RS incorporation significantly increased the P and Zn concentration in soil under rice-wheat cropping system.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Physiological and biochemical changes associated with moisture stress tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Mandeep Kaur; Ghai, Navita
    The present investigation was conducted to study “Physiological and biochemical changes associated with moisture stress tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes”. Twenty genotypes (CML 32, CM 139, CM 140, CM 143, SE 503, SE 544, SE 547, SE 552, I 122, I 132, I 162, I 164, LM 5, LM 11, LM 13, LM 15, LM 16, LM 20, LM 23, LM 24) were screened on the basis of percent survival rate of seedlings under different levels of moisture stress created by withholding 40%, 50% and 60% irrigation. Percent survival of seedlings was noted at 10, 15, 20 and 25 days after sowing at 40%, 50% and 60% moisture stress level and four genotypes: CM 140, LM 16 as tolerant and LM 13, LM 20 as sensitive genotypes were selected out of twenty genotypes. Effects of moisture stress on morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters in tolerant and sensitive maize genotypes along with a check PMH 2 were studied at seedling stage. Morpho-physiological parameters viz. root length, shoot length, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, root density, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, root volume, root:shoot ratio, membrane stability, relative leaf water content, chlorophyll content, vigour index I and vigour index II decreased with the moisture stress. However, carotenoid content was found to increase with increasing stress level. The various biochemical parameters viz. proline content, activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase were recorded higher in check PMH 2 and in tolerant genotypes as compared to sensitive genotypes. Also, accumulation of hydrogen peroxide content was lower in CM 140 and LM 16 than LM 13 and LM 20. Under moisture stress, root anatomy showed variations in all the maize genotypes. Density of metaxylem elements increased in all the genotypes as well as in check PMH 2 and more number of root hairs were also in LM 16 and PMH 2. In tolerant genotype CM 140, the diameter of metaxylem also decreased with the drought stress which helped in retention of water in roots under stress conditions. Higher levels of antioxidant enzymes, proline, carotenoid content and decreased hydrogen peroxide might have helped in imparting moisture stress tolerance to CM 140 and LM 16 genotypes. These genotypes can be used by the breeders in further breeding programs.
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    Fractionation of bay leaf oil and its bioefficacy against root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Mandeep Kaur; Chahal, K.K.
    The present investigation deals with Fractionation of bay leaf oil and its bioefficacy against root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. The bay leaf essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of twenty one compounds. Eugenol, α-Pinene, isoeugenol, caryophyllene and 1,8-Cineole were the major compounds present in bay leaf essential oil. The essential oil was fractionated into its non-polar and polar fractions by column chromatography. α-Pinene, 1,8-Cineole and eugenol were isolated from bay leaf oil. Campholenic aldehyde was prepared from α-pinene and eugenol epoxide was prepared from eugenol using different reagents. The compounds isolated and derivatized were identified using FT-IR, 1HNMR and 13CNMR spectroscopy. The nematicidal activity of bay leaf oil, its fractions, compounds isolated and derivatized was evaluated against Meloidogyne incognita at different concentrations viz.0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80, 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50 mg ml-1 for egg hatch inhibition and juvenile mortality studies. Bay leaf oil, polar fraction and eugenol were found to be very active against. M. incognita whereas αPinene and non-polar fraction showed less activity
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Alteration of plant architecture and reproductive efficiency of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) genotypes through growth retardants
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Mandeep Kaur; Jagmeet Kaur
    Field experiment was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during kharif season in the year 2016-17 with an objective to investigate the effect of ethrel (@ 200 ppm), stance (@ 200 ml/ac) and mepiquat chloride (@ 200 ml/ac) on the growth, flower retention and yield of pigeonpea genotypes PAU 881 and AL 201. The biochemical changes associated with the use of growth substances were also studied. Foliar spray of growth substances were done at 60, 68 and 75 days after sowing. Various morpho-physiological, biochemical and yield characteristics were analyzed at different developmental stages. The plant height reduced effectively with the foliar applications of growth substances. The leaves of treated plants exhibited increased level of chlorophyll, which provided better conditions for higher production of photosynthates to be utilized for grain yield. The parameters determining reproductive efficiency and yield were significantly improved due to reduction in flower abscission, improved flower retention, pod formation, and seed weight. The treatments also affected the various biochemical constituents viz. total soluble sugars, total starch content (leaves and stem), total soluble proteins and amino acids (pod wall and developing seed). The activity of enzymes viz., invertase (stem, leaves, pod wall and developing seed) and sucrose synthase (leaves and stem) also increased in response to growth substances. Ethrel (@ 200 ppm) 60+75 DAS showed the best result among all the treatments.