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ThesisItem Open Access Structural Stability Analysis of Naturally Ventilated Polyhouses(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Lovepreet Singh; Kaushal, ArunThe research work on structural stability analysis of naturally ventilated polyhouses was carried out at Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. There were total 12 treatments which were combination of four different sizes of polyhouses i.e. 560 m2 (T1-T3); 1008 m2 (T4-T6); 2080 m2 (T7-T9); 4000 m2 (T10-T12), with three design wind speeds 100 km/hr, 150 km/hr and 200 km/hr respectively. Truss members, columns and foundation stability analysis was carried out by considering dead loads, live loads and wind loads. Support reactions were computed on truss and column joints. Member forces were computed by using force method. The economic analysis was carried out by computing benefit cost (B/C) ratio and payback period for raising capsicum under stable structures. For every 17 set of truss members four members (two in compression (small arc) and two in tension (truss bracings)) failed in treatments with 150 and 200 km/hr wind speed while two members (in compression, (small arc)) failed in treatments with 100 km/hr wind speed. Minimum structural GI pipe material requirement for structurally stable polyhouses was under treatment T1 (2407 kg) and maximum under treatment T12 (19550 kg). The maximum benefit cost ratio was obtained in treatment T10 (1.77, 2.33) and minimum was in treatment T3 (1.36, 1.84) with no and 50% Government subsidy, respectively. The minimum payback period was obtained in treatment T10 (3.29 years, 1.26 years) and maximum in T3 (7.54 years, 2.19 years) with no and 50% subsidy, respectively. For the structurally stable naturally ventilated polyhouses as the size increases the benefit cost ratio increases, while the payback period decreases and for wind speed it is vice-versa.ThesisItem Restricted Population structure and mating type distribution of Ascochyta rabiei from Northern India(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Lovepreet Singh; Amarjit SinghA set of twenty-four isolates of Ascochyta rabiei causing Ascochyta blight (AB) of chickpea were collected from different chickpea growing areas of Northern India. The AB isolates were assessed for their virulence pattern on a set of varieties with varying levels of resistance viz; PBG 5, PBG 7, PBG 8 and L 555. Disease severity was observed as the lowest in case of AB 19 i.e. 2.83, indicating that it was the least virulent isolate on all four varieties. Likewise; the most virulent isolate was observed as AB 1 which showed the highest disease severity i.e. 7.9 on 1-9 rating scale. On the basis of virulence pattern, all the isolates were clustered into two main groups – Group A (14 isolates) and Group B (10 isolates). The mean disease severity of group A ranged from 4.75 to 7.83 whereas in case of group B, the disease severity ranged from 2.83 to 5.17. Genotyping of all 24 AB isolates with 27 SSR loci produced 119 alleles ranging from 2 to 8 in number and 138 to 490 bp in size with an average of 5.42 alleles per marker. The observed heterozygosity was zero in all the populations. This may be due to absence of sexual spores in India and presence of only haploid pycnidiospores of this fungus. Further, the percent variation between the populations was very small i.e. 0.56%. However, the genetic variation within the population was very high i.e. 99.93%. The unweighted neighbour-joining dendrogram grouped the 24 isolates of the three populations into three major clusters. Cluster I included isolates 1 and 6, cluster II consisted of 11 isolates 20, 4, 11, 24, 9, 14, 8, 21, 13, 15 and 18. Cluster III consisted of 11 isolates 2, 5, 12, 23, 3, 19, 7, 16, 17, 10 and 22. Principal coordinated analysis (PCoA) showed that overall, the AB isolates were grouped into four major groups. Clumpak (barplot) clustering of individuals into populations based on multi-locus genotyping grouped the isolates into 3 clusters with an admixture indicating no clear-cut geographical origin-based sub structuring of the population. The MAT1-2 primer amplified in all the isolates giving an amplicon of ~ 800bp whereas MAT1-1 did not amplify in any of the isolates. It indicated that only one mating type ie; MAT1-2 was present in all the AB isolates. For confirmatory study the 800 bp amplicon produced by MAT1-2 primer was sequenced and subjected to BLAST analysis which showed 81.05 to 98.29% homology with Didymella rabiei strain ATCC 76501MAT 1-2-1 (MAT 1-2-1) gene.ThesisItem Open Access Infrastructure, functioning and labour scenario in regulated markets of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Lovepreet Singh; Goyal, MiniAgricultural regulated markets have been playing a pivotal role in the overall economic development of a country. Therefore the present study has been designed to examine the status of infrastructure, functioning and labour scenario in the regulated markets of Punjab. The stratified random sampling technique was used to select the sample. The study was conducted in three agro-climatic zones of Punjab during the year 2019-20 and from each zone three markets i.e. small, medium and large markets were selected. A sample of 10 farmers and 10 labourers were taken from each market. For the selection of e-NAM markets, one market was randomly selected from each zone and a sample of 20 farmers was selected from each market. The study highlighted that number of regulated markets was increased from 1980-81 to 2019-20. Consequently there was a decline in average area and number of villages severed per market which in turn ensured betterment in number of regulated markets in the state. Growth in the number of regulated markets resulted in increase in the procurement of wheat and paddy in the state. Results of infrastructure development index revealed that large markets were equipped with better infrastructure facilities. Problem of lack of space and inadequate covered sheds were the major problems faced by famers. The efficiency of the regulated markets were computed and it was found that large markets were financially and managerially more efficient due to higher income, better management of income, employees, marketed surplus and produce. Markets were not organizationally efficient on the basis of staff strength and distance traveled by farmers. Mandi labourers got total employment for 297 days during a year including 126 days in regulated markets with income of Rs 57261.34 per annum and 171 days in other than market works by earning Rs.45059.64 per annum. In Punjab, about 2.16 lakh farmers, 2288 traders and 8376 commission agent were registered with e-NAM. It was found that e-NAM markets had a positive impact on prices. The factors like availability of electronic equipment’s followed by operational holding, age were the most influential determinants to participate in e-NAM system.ThesisItem Open Access Study on indigenous traditional knowledge regarding food preparations of Sri Muktsar Sahib district of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Lovepreet Singh; Brar, Jaswinder KaurThe present investigation was carried out to identify and document the traditional indigenous knowledge of food preparations of Sri Muktsar Sahib district of Punjab. One hundred households with at least one woman above sixty years of age were selected. An interview schedule was used to collect information from the women respondents in the age category of 60 years and above on Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (ITK) regarding foods prepared for different age groups i.e. infants, preschool children, adolescents, adults, pregnant women, lactating women and elderly. Sixty-eight food preparations traditionally prepared in the selected households were identified and documented under six food groups. The findings revealed that eight food preparations were for infants while 14 preparations were specifically for pre-school children, 29 for adolescents, 41 for adults, 4 for pregnant woman, 5 for lactating woman and 30 for elderly members in the selected households. The preparation of kanak pinni and bajra pinni for preschool children was reported by 42 and 43% of the respondents, while 45 and 65% of households used to prepare these for adolescents and adults, respectively. Desi ghee with milk was consumed by pregnant women of selected 40% households, whereas, panjiri and parshad with ajwain was consumed by lactating mothers of 32 and 38% of the households, respectively. Makki da daliya was prepared for elderly people in 28% of the households. The primary reasons for consuming the traditional food preparations were reported to be the growth and development of children, to regain the lost strength during birth process by mother, to purify blood, to cure infections, to boost immunity and to relieve gastrointestinal problems like diarrhea, constipation etc. Thirty-one reported food preparations were consumed during all seasons, while 30 and 7 were consumed during winter and summer season, respectively. Most of the food preparations were consumed as evening snack i.e. in 51% of the households followed by mid-morning (43%), lunch time (35%), early morning and bed time (21%), dinner (12%) and as breakfast (10%). The reported indigenous food preparations were documented in the form of booklet so that these documented food preparations can be popularized as an attempt to preserve traditional wisdom regarding health foods.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of bioinoculants on raising quality planting stock of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Lovepreet Singh; Sharma, RajniThe present investigation entitled “Effect of bioinoculants on raising quality planting stock of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.)” was conducted in fields of Department of Forestry and Natural Resources and Laboratory of Department of Soil Science, PAU, Ludhiana during the year 2019-2020.Seeds were collected from healthy plants of neem (Azadirachta indica) and were given five different treatments viz., Azotobacter (T1) (Nitrogen fixer), Pantoea agglomeran (T2) (plant growth promoting rhizobacteria), Pseudomonas fluorescens (T3) (phosphorus solubilizing bacteria), Consortium 1(T4) (PAU recommended), Consortium 2 (T5) (T1+T2+T3) and control to record their morphological, biochemical and nutrient parameters. Readings were recorded at interval of 3 and 6 months from the seedlings raised from these treated seeds. Among all treatments, Pantoea agglomeran (T2) recorded maximum total plant height (35.00 and 50.00 cm), Collar diameter (26.00 and 76.00 mm), number of branches per plant (22.33 and 29.30), leaf area per plant(1.98 and 4.10 cm2) , root length (12.50 and 14.00 cm), fresh weight of shoot (13.51 g and 20.96g), dry weight of shoot(10.51 g and 16.32 g), fresh weight of root (5.77 and 9.88 g), dry weight root(4.01 and 7.81g) sturdiness quotient(0.86 and 0.47) and seedling quality index(4.30 and 9.49) at 3 and 6 months respectively. The available P (35.90 and 37.83 kg/ha) and (0.36 and 0.37) organic carbon, alkaline phosphatase activity (19.69 and 21.26 µgPNP/g/ha), dehydrogenase activity (12.73 and 14.75 µgTPF/g/ha) from soil and nutrient content of root, shoot and leaf portions of neem seedlings was found maximum in soils treated with microbial Consortium 2 (T5) at 3 and 6 months of seedling growth. Among all treatments, Consortium 2 (T5) recorded maximum nutrient content accumulation in all parts of seedlings. Hence these findings also recommend that the application of Consortium 2 (T5) may be used as biological fertilizer to enhance the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll content, total soluble sugars and nutrient composition of 3 and 6 month old seedlings which will further help in better stand establishment.ThesisItem Open Access Analytical study of yield gaps in major pulses grown in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Lovepreet Singh; Rampal, Vipan KumarPulses are an integral part of human diets across the globe and they have great potential to improve human health, conserve soil, protect the environment and contribute to global food security, besides serving as an important source of protein for a large portion of the global population. Pulses have been in focus in recent times due to the continuous upswing in their prices. Stagnant productivity coupled with declining availability has created substantial demand supply gaps and yield gaps at farmers’ field. Considering the importance of pulses in human diets above study has been undertaken. The study was conducted in the purposively selected districts (Ludhiana, Ferozepur, Tarn Taran Sahib and Gurdaspur) of Punjab state, considering the major pulses producing districts and falls under ‘high potential high yield gap’ on the basis of area potential gap matrix. From each district one major pulses growing block were selected purposively. From each block two villages were selected randomly. Twenty (20) respondents were drawn randomly from each of the selected eight villages. Thus, a total of 160 respondents constituted the sample for the study. The study revealed that the yield gaps in Ferozepur, Gurdaspur and Tarn Taran Sahib found that technology gaps (gap-I) was observed more than extension gap (gap-II). Whereas in Ludhiana district extension gap (gap-I) was observed more than technology gap (gap-II). The results of logistic regression analysis revealed that variety, herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides were found highly significant (at 1% level) to the adoption of pulse production technology. According to Department of Agriculture Punjab the area, production and productivity of pulses decreased except summer pulses (moong and mash). The major constraints responsible for pulses yield gaps and technology adoption perceived by the farmers were lack of marketing knowledge, lack of bio fertilizer, lack of storage facilities lack of regulated market, low market price/low profit and lack of subsidy for inputs.ThesisItem Open Access Impact analysis of protected vegetable cultivation trained by KVK Jalandhar(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Lovepreet Singh; Kuldeep SinghThe present study entitled “Impact analysis of protected vegetable cultivation trained by KVK Jalandhar” was undertaken to study the adoption level of different practices of protected cultivation by farmers, factors affecting the adoption of protected cultivation, economic benefits and the problems faced by vegetable growers in adoption of protected cultivation. A total sample of 200 respondents practicing protected vegetable cultivation were selected from Jalandhar district from which 150 respondents were trained by KVK Jalandhar and remaining 50 respondents were non trainees. Study concludes that trainees had medium level of adoption in capsicum and cucumber crop, high in tomato crop under poly or net house while non trainees had low level of adoption in capsicum, medium in tomato and low-medium in cucumber crop. In case of low tunnel technology, trainees had high in capsicum and cucumber and medium level of adoption in tomato while non trainees had low level in all selected crops. It was found that land holding, social media and training had positively correlated with adoption of protected cultivation whereas age had negatively correlated. Regression analysis revealed that training and land was positively while age was negatively affecting the adoption of protected cultivation. Economic returns and yield of trainees had higher in all selected crops (capsicum, tomato and cucumber) as compared to non trainees. Majority of trainees and non trainees faced the problem of remunerative prices of produce in all structures, whereas problems of repair, maintenances and disease infestation were more in poly or net house .While in case of low tunnel, non availability of subsidy was major problem among respondents.
