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Characterization of Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica) resistant genotypes and disease dynamics under alternate cultivation practices of wheat
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Jaspreet Kaur; Vineet Kumar
A set of 1305 genotypes was evaluated against Tilletia indica under artificial epiphytotic conditions during cropping seasons of 2020-21 and 2021-22. After screening for two years, 284 lines were found to be highly resistant reaction and 289 lines showed resistant reaction (0-5% KB infection). Out of 284 highly resistant lines, diversity analysis of 173 Triticum aestivum lines using 70 SSR markers concluded that majority of the lines were different from each other and have potential to be explored for identification of KB resistance loci. The effect of seed and soil borne inoculum under four different tillage methods viz. happy seeder, super seeder, zero tillage and conventional (control) was studied. Super seeder (infected seed in infected soil) showed highest teliospore count (22,580 per 250 g of soil) and lowest count (1602 per 250 g of soil) was observed with zero tillage (healthy seed in healthy soil). There was significant effect of tillage methods on teliospore count. However, no significant difference of sowing dates was observed on teliospore count. The effect of seed and soil borne inoculum on germination revealed that maximum (80.66%) germination percentage was observed when healthy seed were sown in healthy soil using super seeder while minimum germination (52.26%) was observed with infected seed sown in infected soil using happy seeder. The study needs to be undertaken further to confirm the results obtained in the present investigation.
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Value addition of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing. through paste preparation
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Jaspreet Kaur; Sharma, Shivani
Agaricus bisporus (button mushroom), most widely cultivated edible mushroom, serves the potential to grow on agricultural wastes. Button mushroom being highly perishable in nature, deteriorates immediately after harvesting. Due to this reason, the fresh mushrooms needs to be processed for extending their availability throughout the year. This can be achieved by implementing adequate post harvesting technology and processing into value added products. Therefore, the present work has been dealt with preparation of mushroom paste for shelf life improvement and utilization of this paste as supplement in pasta and soups and as an ingredient in noodles and cookies. The strain U3 showed maximum yield potential (16.38 kg/q compost) by short method of compost as compared to long method. The different mushroom pastes (MP I, MP II, MP III) were prepared and stored at room and refrigerated temperature in glass containers, plastic containers and tetra-packs. All the mushroom pastes showed acceptable physical, chemical and microbial properties at refrigerated temperature in glass containers followed by tetra-packs and plastic containers. Among these three mushroom pastes, MP I showed higher appearance score in glass containers while MP II showed better color and taste score in tetra-packs at refrigerated temperature. The chemical properties (total soluble solids, total sugars and ascorbic acid) and microbiological count were acceptable for MP I in glass containers at refrigerated temperature. Protein content (7.68µg/ml) was maximum in glass containers for MP (control) followed by MP I up to 15 days. Pasta and cookies prepared from MP I was found to be most appropriate in terms of organoleptic properties. While for preparing soup and noodles, all the mushroom pastes were found to be equally good in terms of all parameters such as color, flavor, texture, taste and overall acceptability. Thus, the preparation of value added products not only extend the shelf life but also enhance the income by value addition and marketing.
Open Access
Response of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) to drip irrigation and fertigation under mulch conditions
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Jaspreet Kaur; Kulbir Singh
The present investigation was conducted at Vegetable Research Farm and Biochemical Laboratory, Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to standardize the optimum moisture regime, NPK levels under drip irrigation and mulch for crop establishment, growth, yield and quality fruit production in muskmelon. Hybrid „MH-27‟ comprised as a plant material. The treatments included three levels of drip irrigation regimes i.e. at 100 per cent crop evapotranspiration (ETc), 80 per cent ETc and 60 per cent ETc along with mulch treatment (silver black polythene mulch and no mulch) under main plot treatments and three level of fertigation i.e. 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 80 per cent RDF and 60 per cent RDF was considered under sub plot treatments resulting in eighteen treatments combinations which were compared with the conventional practices. Drip irrigation at 100 per cent ETc and 100 per cent RDF under mulch improved vine length, number of primary branches, average fruit weight and yield which was statistically at par with drip irrigation at 80 per cent ETc and 80 per cent RDF. Further, it was noticed that yield from different treatments of drip fertigation varied from 168.8 q/ha to 201.8 q/ha which was 16 per cent higher from conventional system. Various quality parameters i.e. ascorbic acid and dry matter content were found to increase with increase in depth of irrigation and fertilizer dose. However, maximum total soluble solids (TSS) were observed with drip irrigation at 80 per cent ETc and 100 per cent RDF. The economic analysis revealed that highest net returns (Rs 130023/ha) were obtained under drip fertigation along with mulch application which was 17.2 per cent higher from conventional system. Thus, it may be concluded from the present investigation that drip fertigation at 80 per cent ETc level and 80 per cent RDF along with mulch application is beneficial to improve productivity and quality of muskmelon with saving of 80.85 water and 20 per cent fertilizer over the conventional method.
Open Access
Improvement of fermentation and nutritive quality of rice straw- green feedstuff silage by inclusion of nutrient additives
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Jaspreet Kaur; Goyal, Meenakshi
The present investigation was aimed at studying the improvement of fermentation and nutritive quality of rice straw green-feedstuff silage by inclusion of different additives. Two experiments were carried out, in the first experiment paddy straw (Pusa basmati 1121, PR121) and maize fodder were mixed in the ratios 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100 for preparation of silage. In the second experiment, paddy straw and sugarcane tops were mixed in the ratios 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100 for preparation of silage. These combinations were treated with urea, molasses and urea+molasses as an additive. The silage was opened after 45 days, analyzed for fermentation characteristics, chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), oxalate and tannins. Acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), crude fibre (CF), ash, pH and dry weight (DW) increased with increase in the proportion of paddy straw in all combinations. As a result of 2% urea treatment: IVDMD, crude protein (CP), acid detergent lignin (ADL), tannins and net gas production (NGP) of paddy straw and maize fodder were increased by 17.79-25.35%, 12.48-14.89%, 9.13-11.26%, 4.61-11.32% and 8.24-8.76% respectively, whereas in sugarcane tops IVDMD, CP, ADL, tannins and NGP increased with 2% urea by 27.26%, 35.84%, 10.90%, 11.81% and 67.17% respectively over control. Urea treatment considerably reduced the oxalate content of sugarcane tops. In the present study, silage prepared from 50:50 and 25:75 ratios of paddy straw:maize fodder and 25:75, 0:100 ratios of paddy straw:sugarcane top had good aroma and fermentation characteristics which can be used in silage formation.
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Effect of freeze tolerant baker‟s yeast on dough rising
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Jaspreet Kaur; Katyal, Priya
Among the sophisticated, ready to use frozen products, frozen dough is gaining considerable attention. So, attempt was made to improve freeze tolerance of baker‟s yeast strain by trehalose loading and cold acclimatization and to design its product formulations. Loading with 1.0M trehalose after 7 days of incubation led to increased intracellular trehalose content from 0.3% to 4.71%. Comparative freeze tolerance studies of parent and treated baker‟s yeast revealed that 14 day cold acclimatized culture exhibits maximum cell viability (193cfu/ml) under refrigerated conditions while further incubation for 21 day (167cfu/ml) and 28 day (165cfu/ml) lowered the cell viability. The 28 day cold acclimatized culture showed higher total sugar content of 36.29% followed by 1.0M trehalose loaded culture (29.44%). Maximum trehalose content (4.71%) was shown by 1.0M trehalose loaded culture. Minimum invertase (29.79 nmol/min/ml) and maximum maltase activity (627.99 nmol/min/ml) was shown by 1.0M trehalose loaded culture and 21 day cold acclimatized culture, respectively. Biomass production of baker‟s yeast was carried out at conditions pre-optimized in our laboratory:- pH-6.0, aeration-120 rpm and temperature-30⁰C using unclarified molasses as carbon source and corn steep liquor (CSL) as nitrogen source. Best dough rising ability was shown by 14 day cold acclimatized culture. Product formulation as cream yeast and dried (lyophilized and tray dried) yeast was prepared, out of which cream yeast was used in bread making while nutritional profiling of dried yeast formulations showed the presence of crude protein (23.39-28.98%), crude fat (2.14-2.73%), zinc (7.26-10.13mg/100g), iron (27.54-28.09mg/100g), phosphorus (463.9-593.44mg/100g), calcium (2913.7-5308.38mg/100g), tryptophan (0.71-1.09g/100g protein), methionine (0.73-0.83g/100g protein) and cysteine (0.38-0.4g/100g protein). The present study revealed that cold acclimatization of baker‟s yeast can improve its freeze tolerance. Among the two yeast formulations, cream yeast has been found to be suitable for use in dough rising for bread, while dried yeasts can be exploited as nutritional yeast by further testing for required parameters.
Open Access
Microwave and chemical assisted pretreatment of rice straw for bioethanol production
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Jaspreet Kaur; Taggar, Monica Sachdeva
The present study was carried out to develop a process for bioethanol production using microwave chemical pretreatment of rice straw. The comparative studies on different pre-treatment methods of rice straw viz. microwave acid and microwave alkali (at 480 W for 10 min), acid autoclave (for 30 and 90 min) and alkali autoclave (for 30 and 90 min), revealed that acid autoclave pre-treatment (90 min) recorded significantly lowest mean hemicellulose content of 7.53 per cent and microwave alkali pre-treatment (480 W-10 min) recorded significantly lowest mean lignin content of 4.36 per cent. Significantly highest mean cellulose content of 44.56 per cent was recorded in acid autoclave pre-treatment for 90 min. Based on these studies, a two step pre-treatment process involving acid autoclave pre-treatment, followed by microwave alkali pre-treatment for the removal of hemicellulose and lignin, respectively was selected for further studies. The reaction conditions were optimized by using Response Surface Methodology. The optimized conditions for acid autoclave pre-treatment were observed to be 1.90 per cent acid concentration; 51.85 min time and 17.51 soild:liquid ratio. The maximum release of reducing sugars i.e., 16.94 g per 100 g straw and minimum release of furfurals i.e., 0.93 g per 100 g straw was observed under these conditions. The optimized conditions for microwave alkali pre-treatment were observed to be 3.75 per cent alkali concentration; 9.16 min time and 475W microwave power. The lignin content of 2.96 per cent was observed in treated straw under these conditions. Scanning electron microscopy revealed extensive damage of silicified waxy surface and the disruption of the cell wall structure of rice straw after two step pre-treatment process. The cellulase from A. niger was used for enzymatic saccharification of pre-treated rice straw and the reducing sugar content was recorded to be maximum (63.66%) at 72 h after incubation. The maximum ethanol content of 1.16 g and 0.48 g was produced by the fermentation of hydrolysate obtained from enzymatically saccharified and acid autoclave pre-treated rice straw at 120 h after incubation, respectively. A two-step pre-treatment process was thus, an efficient pre-treatment method for bioethanol production.
Open Access
Post harvest processing of Pleurotus florida (Mont.) singer into mushroom soup powder
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Jaspreet Kaur; Sodhi, H.S.
Oyster mushroom is the third largest cultivated mushroom in the market. Pleurotus species are popular and widely cultivated in the world. Pleurotus spp. altogether make up 27% of globally produced cultivated mushrooms. Cultivation of Pleurotus florida is easy and low cost production technology. They can degrade and colonize large variety of lignocellulosic wastes. They can grow within temperature range of 20C to 30C. Pleurotus florida was grown on wheat straw, wheat+paddy straw (1:1) and paddy straw substrate. Maximum yield of (60.12 kg/q dry straw) was observed on wheat straw substrate. Similarly maximum fruit bodies (6870 per/q dry straw) were observed in the bags filled with wheat straw. The average weight of fruit bodies in all the cases ranged between (7.79-8.06gm/f.b‘s). The spawn run was completed between 21±3-25±2 days and pin heads appeared between 25±2-33±3 days with the first harvest made between 28±3-39±2 days. P. florida mushroom could be kept for 2-4 days at ambient temperature and could be stored for 12 days at refrigerator temperature in polyethylene, polypropylene and paper bags. It was observed that mushroom drying increased the shelf life of mushrooms upto three months. Among the three drying temperatures (45C, 55C and 65C), 45C was found best as it resulted in good colour, texture and rehydration ratio. The carbohydrate, protein, fat, fibre and ash of dried mushrooms was ranged between 41.59-42.85%, 27.40-29.54%, 4.21-4.32%, 23.01-23.38%, 8.81-9.03%. Being highly perishable in nature, the fresh Pleurotus mushrooms need to be processed to extend the offseason availability. Mushroom soup powder was one such option for improved shelf life of the mushrooms. Three set of mushroom soup powders; without flavour, lemon flavour, mint flavour were prepared and scored by ten judges on ten hedonic point scale for colour, texture, appearance, aroma, taste and overall acceptability upto six months of storage. Mushroom soup powder without flavour was the most acceptable giving an overall acceptability between 9.20-9.25 followed by mint flavour and lemon flavour soup powder. The moisture content ranged between 5.00- 5.11%. Protein, carbohydrate, fat, fibre and ash ranged between 17.3019.42%, 71.03-77.01%, 2.21-3.12%, 3.42-4.01%, 0.89-1.20%. There was no significant effect of storage on the nutrients of soup powder upto six months at room temperature.
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Impact of non sustainable factors on soil microflora in rice (Oryzae sativa L.) crop.
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2014) Jaspreet Kaur; Gosal, S. K.
A field experiment was carried out to study the impact of non sustainable factors (green manure and plant density) on soil microbial biomass, soil enzyme activities and NPK of soil in order to achieve environment-friendly agriculture and promote the sustainable development of rice (Oryzae sativa L.) crop. Maximum bacterial population (159 × 108cfu/g of soil), methanotrophic population (176 × 104 cfu/g of soil), actinomycetes population (52.5 × 104cfu/g of soil) and alkaline phosphatase activity (21.9 mg/g of soil/hr) was observed in the treatment having green manure (15t/ha) + 44 plants/m2+ recommended NPK whereas diazotrophic population (57.61 × 105cfu/g of soil), fungal population (25 × 103cfu/g of soil), dehydrogenase activity (50.0 µg TPF/g of soil/hr) and urease activity (855 µg/ g of soil/hr) was observed maximum in treatment with green manure (15t/ha)+33plants/m2+ recommended NPK. Biochemical characterization of 18 different methanotrophic bacteria isolated from rice crop revealed that all isolates were positive for citrate production; negative for indole and VP test whereas most of them were positive for methyl red and negative for H2S production. Maximum soil nitrogen (206.9 Kg/ha) was observed in treatment having green manure (15t/ha) + 33plants/m2+ recommended NPK whereas soil potassium (212.0 Kg/ha) and phosphorus (35.8 Kg/ha) were observed maximum in treatment having green manure (15t/ha) + 44 plants/m2+ recommended NPK. Increased plant height (103.8cm) and yield attributes like effective tiller (386/m2), number of spikelet (18), filled grain panicle-1 (136), thousand grain weight (22.4g), straw yield (86.65 Q/ha) and grain yield (73.25 Q/ha) were observed in same treatment. Significantly positive effects of green manure were observed on microbial biomass, enzyme activity, NPK content and on yield of rice. The results indicated that increase in plant density did not show negative effect on soil fertility and crop yield. So, application of green manure and increasing plant density effectively increase yield and sustainability of rice cropping system.
Open Access
Prevaling designing practices of apparel industries of Ludhiana
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2014) Jaspreet Kaur; Bains, Sandeep
The present study titled “prevaling designing practices of apparel industry of Ludhiana” was conducted in Ludhiana city. For data collection 30 apparel industries from Ludhiana district were selected using snow ball technique. Survey was conducted to meet the specific objective of the study. Results of the study revealed that from the total sample (56.60%) of the industries use both manual and CAD (computer aided designing) systems for designing. About (23.30%) of the industries provide the facility of personal computer and (13.30%) of the industries given individual room to every designer. Various reasons for using manual system were lack of skilled labour (42.00%) and cost effectiveness (40.00%). Most of the industries (58.30%) carry out the market survey once in a year. Majority (67.80%) of the industries use Corel draw for designing purpose. Rapid generation of new style (wms 2.98) and fast modification (wms 3.24) were the main reason for using CAD software. The average time taken for garment designing in manual system was 3-4 hour, whereas in CAD system of designing the time taken was 1-2 hour. From the total sample (46.60%) of the industries prefer designing women garment. Most of the industries (48.00%) prefer Vogue and (24.00%) prefer Femina magazines and websites like WGSN (60.00%), Promo style (40.00%) and fiber2fashion (36.00%) as a source of forecasting. Majority (46.60%) of the industries use forecast because of better acceptability of the garment and (26.60%) of the industries use it as it helped to reduce risks. Consumer demand (wms 7.01) and fashion forecast (wms 6.92) are the main factors kept in mind while designing. Season (wms 5.78) and cost (wms 4.21) were the main factors affecting the designing process. The major problems faced by industries are higher cost of softwares (wms 4.14) and non availability of skilled designers (wms 3.45). Nearly (46.60%) of the industries suggested that the new technology should be made available at low price and more training center was reported by (30.00%) of the industries.

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