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ThesisItem Open Access Remediation of Cd (II) ions from aqueous solution using carbon based nano hybrid(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Inderpreet Kaur; Kiran JeetThe present study focuses on preparation of carbon based nano hybrid which act as an adsorbent for removal of Cd (II) from aqueous solution. Synthesis of graphene oxide was carried out by modified Hummer’s method. Fuctionalization of multiwall carbon nanotubes was carried out with the help of refluxing. Magnetic graphene oxide nanoparticles were formed with co-precipitation of iron nanoparticles on the surface of graphene. Graphene oxide multiwalled carbon nano tube hybrid (GO- MWCNT) was prepared by providing mechanical shear to functionalized carbon nanotube and graphene oxide powder in acid solution. Morphology, structure of synthesized materials were studied using high resolution imaging techniques such as Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X Ray Diffraction (XRD) and spectroscopy techniques such as Ultraviolet Visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The maximum adsorption capacity for Cd (II) was obtained to be 50.00, 47.61, 45.45 and 41.66 mg/g for MGO, GO, C-MWCNTs and GO-C-MWCNTs respectively at optimum condition (i.e. pH = 6, contact time = 20 minutes and temperature = 30°C). MGO has high efficiency to remove Cd (II) ion from contaminated water and also other adsorbents such as GO, C-MWCNTs and GO-C-MWCNTs and shows great potential in the field of water decontamination. Thermodynamic parameters indicate that the adsorption processes is spontaneous and exothermic.ThesisItem Open Access PURCHASE BEHAVIOUR FOR SELECTED HOUSEHOLD ITEMS: A STUDY OF RURAL AND URBAN HOMEMAKERS(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Inderpreet Kaur; Savita, BatishThe present study was conducted in rural and urban area of Ludhiana district with objectives; to know the purchase behaviour of rural and urban home makers for selected household items, to examine the factors influencing purchase behavior, to study the problems experienced by respondents while making purchases and to suggest guidelines for the empowerment of respondents. Sixty respondents each from rural and urban area were taken as sample of the study. Household items viz. processed food items and kitchen equipment were selected. Data were collected through personal interview. Results revealed that respondents from both the area were not following wise purchase practices viz. making of budget, deciding about what, when and from where to buy, remaining alert during weighing, checking of government seal on weights, checking for quality assurance marks, getting and checking cash memo etc. Checking of government seal on weights was least considered purchase practice as nearly 95.00 per cent of the respondents from both the area did not check it. More than 80.00 per cent of the rural respondents never get and check the cash memo whereas 76.67 per cent of the urban respondents sometimes followed this practice. Respondents were facing various problems like short weight, adulteration, misbranding, overpricing, duplicity, poor quality, false packaging, out-dated products and substandard material, duplicate parts, false guarantee, poor after sales service, no exchange facility regarding kitchen equipment. Nearly 80.00 per cent of the rural respondents and 60.00 per cent of the urban respondents were not able to recognize the original quality assurance marks from the deceptive ones and were also unaware about the consumer protection rights. More than 95.00 per cent of the respondents never sought justice for their grievances by approaching consumer court. In spite of facing so many problems a small percentage i.e. 03.33 per cent of the respondents in rural area and nearly 10.00 per cent of the respondents in urban area were those who took actions against the business malpractices.
