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ThesisItem Embargo Development and quality evaluation of wheat breads enriched with different forms of fenugreek(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Harpreet Kaur; Kamaljit KaurThe effect of different forms of fenugreek (fresh leaves, dried leaves, seed powder and germinated seed powder) on the bread dough and quality of fortified bread were studied by evaluating functional, physicochemical, biochemical, farinographic, textural and rheological properties. Incorporation of fenugreek seeds and leaves improved the colour of bread crumb and crust. Supplementation of breads with different forms of fenugreek improved the nutritional, functional, colour and biochemical components such as total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, total flavonoids, FRAP and metal chelating activity. Highest protein content was found in breads supplemented with germinated seed powder whereas highest phenolic content and antioxidant activity were found in breads supplemented with fresh fenugreek leaf paste. However, due to dilution of gluten in wheat flour, loaf and specific volume decreased and the texture of bread becomes significantly hard with the increase in the level of fenugreek. Rheologically, all the samples showed non-newtonian behaviour and the lowest viscosity values were observed for control sample. Breads supplemented with 2% dried fenugreek leaf powder, 8% raw fenugreek seed powder, 6% germinated fenugreek seed powder and 12% fresh fenugreek leaf paste had the highest overall acceptability score and were selected as best. The seven days storage studies at ambient temperature and refrigerated temperature revealed that selected breads were shelf stable up to seven days under refrigerated conditions due to the higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of fenugreek. Hence, fenugreek seeds and leaves can be used as a functional ingredient for the development of breads to enhance nutritional, rheological, farinographic, functional, biochemical and storage stability of breads.ThesisItem Open Access Genome-wide association mapping for Fe, Zn and yield traits in pigeonpea(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Harpreet Kaur; Inderjit SinghIn the present study, an effort was made to understand the complex nature of yield and quality traits and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) was undertaken to identify QTLs associated with traits. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant variation among all genotypes in both the years and pooled data. Measurement of skewness and kurtosis indicated presence of duplicate and complementary gene interaction for different traits. The seed yield exhibited highly positive and significant correlation with number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant and number of pods per plant for both the years and pooled data across two years. Path analysis identified pods per plant, number of primary and secondary branches as the major contributing traits to grain yield in both the years and pooled data. Yield per plot and pods per plant exhibited high heritability along with high genetic advance showing additive gene effect and could be considered during selection. In genotypic analysis, a total of 7366 filtered SNPs were used for genome-wide association studies through ddRAD-Seq. A total of 30 highly significant associated SNPs in 2018-19, 23 significant associated SNPs in 2019-20 and 25 significant associated SNPs in pooled data were identified through combination of two or more than two models for different traits. Most of the SNP loci were found to be environment and trait specific but few stable and consistent SNPs were identified. Some of the SNPs associated with days to maturity, yield per plot and grain iron content were observed to be consistent in 2018-19 and pooled conditions. The candidate regions were defined by the average LD decay distance or the LD block. Biological function of the identified candidate genes revealed their role in plant growth and development, organogenesis, pollen development and source-sink relationship. These genes were found to be present on chromosome 02, 03 and 09. Three polymorphic KASP markers for traits viz., grain iron content, number of primary branches and yield per plot were validated and showed that parents have homozygous alleles for the traits and alleles were found to be segregating in the F2:3 population. Promising genotypes for grain iron, grain zinc content and yield attributing traits were identified which can be used as donor parents in pigeonpea breeding programme and developed markers can be used in marker assisted selection (MAS) for identifying desirable genotypes having allele of interest.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of imidacloprid on reproductive performance of Eudrilus eugeniae and Metaphire posthuma(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Harpreet Kaur; Hundal, S.S.The current study investigated the effect of neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid on the reproductive performance of exotic earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae and indigenous earthworm Metaphire posthuma. The experiments were conducted in the Department of Zoology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The earthworm species were exposed to different concentrations of imidacloprid (1.00, 2.50, 4.00, 5.50 and 7.00 mg/kg dry soil) to calculate the LC50 value. Dosages were selected based upon the studies performed by earlier workers. The LC50value calculated was 3.19 mg/kg (2.65 mg/kg ~3.74 mg/kg) and 2.23 mg/kg (1.87 mg/kg ~2.59 mg/kg) for earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae and Metaphire posthuma respectively. In artificial test soil Eudrilus eugeniae and Metaphire posthumawere exposed to different doses (0.3, 0.6 and 1.0 mg/kg) to evaluate reproductive potential along with biochemical and genotoxicity studies as per OECD guidelines. Upon exposure to doses (0.3, 0.6 and 1.0 mg/kg) a significant (p<0.05) decrease in body weight was observed in both the earthworm species. Subsequently cocoon production and hatching success in dose 0.3 mg/kg decreased significantly (p<0.05) tending towards nil in doses 0.6 and 1.0 mg/kg. Mortality due to morphological alterations was 0.33% and 10% for Eudrilus eugeniae and Metaphire posthuma respectively in 1.0 mg/kg dose. The activity of AchE and GST are potential biomarker to assess toxicity levels. The inhibited activity of these enzymes in the applied doses followed an increasing pattern 0.3< 0.6< 1.0 mg/kg. Comet assay revealed a high DNA damage in both the earthworm species. These laboratory studies have revealed that effect of imidacloprid is species specific as well as dose and duration dependent leading to toxicity in earthworm physiology. Metaphire posthuma the indigenous species is more susceptible as compared to Eudrilus eugeniae leading to loss of soil fauna.ThesisItem Restricted Dissipation and persistence of indoxacarb and thiamethoxam in chilli(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Harpreet Kaur; Sharma, SmritiSupervised field trials were conducted for two consecutive years to study the residues of indoxacarb and thiamethoxam in chilli, following two foliar applications of Indoxacarb 14.5 SC @ 55 and 110 g a.i. ha-1 and seed treatment of Thiamethoxam 30 FS @ 2.1 and 4.2 g a.i. ha-1. The chilli fruit samples were collected at different time intervals and were processed by following QuEChERS methodology and determination of indoxacarb and thiamethoxam residues were done by Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The average initial deposits of indoxacarbon green chilli fruits were found to be 2.75 and 5.93 mg kg-1 while 2.56 and 5.68 mg kg-1 respectively, in year 2019 and 2020, that reached below its limit of quantification (0.01 mg kg-1) after 25 and 35 days at single and double dose, respectively. The mean residues of thiamethoxam in seedlings, green chilli fruits and red chilli fruits were observed to be below its limit of quantification (0.05 mg kg-1). The half-life value of indoxacarb in green chilli was calculated to be 3.46-4.77 and 3.58-3.76 days while 3.85 and 4.93 days in soil, respectively at single and double the recommended dose. Household processing methods were studied for reduction of residues of indoxacarb in chilli and it was observed that boiling found most effective (71.27-78.75%) followed by acetic acid + washing (70.74-74.73%), followed by sodium chloride + washing (60.06-75.75%) and baking soda + washing (61.22-74.91%). Sun drying of red chilli fruits resulted in increase in the residues of indoxacarb by 1.58-2.10 folds and thiamethoxam residues by 2.62-2.83 folds.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of inbred lines and their hybrids in maize for protein quality and β-carotene(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-, 2020) Harpreet Kaur; Gill, Gurjit KaurMaize (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal crop for livestock, feed and nutrition, worldwide. Sixty hybrid combinations of maize were generated through Line x Tester mating design using fifteen lines of LM13 versions and four testers of LM14 versions as parental material along with two standard checks PMH1 and HQPM to study combining ability, heterosis and Genotype x Environment interactions. The parents, hybrids were evaluated along with two standard checks during kharif 2018 and spring 2019 at Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur. Data for eight agronomic and five biochemical parameters were recorded. The mean sum of square due to year, location, genotype, parents, crosses and parents vs crosses for all agronomic traits were significant except days to maturity as well as for all biochemical traits except starch content. Among female line 13CLO-6, 13CLO-14, 13CLO-15 and 13CLO-16 were good combiner for ear length, ear girth, yield per plot, 1000 kernel weight and shelling %. Among the testers, 14CLO-1 and 14CLO-3 were found good combiner for all yield and yield contributing traits. For biochemical traits, line 13CLO-5 was good combiner for tryptophan, starch and oil content,13CLO-15 was good combiner for protein and β- carotene content. Tester 14CLO-3 was good combiner for tryptophan and β- carotene. Among crosses viz., (L9 X T2, L12 X T2, L14 X T3, L4 X T4, L8 X T4 and L13 X T4) were having significantly better specific combining ability effects for days to maturity, ear length, ear girth, yield per plot,1000 kernel weight and shelling %. Crosses viz., (L1 X T1, L6 X T2, L3 X T4, L14 X T2, L11 X T3 and T8 X T4) were also significantly better specific combiner for biochemical traits like protein, tryptophan and β- carotene contents. Top five crosses were (13CLO-3 X 14CLO-4, 13CLO-14 X 14CLO-3, 13CLO-15 X 14CLO-4, 13CLO-6 X 14CLO-2 and 13CLO-2 X 14CLO-4) having significant and desirable SCA effects and heterosis for most of the traits indicating potential to exploit hybrid vigour for breeding programme. All the converted lines, testers and hybrids showed the presence of crtRB1 and o2 genes at 543 bp band and 150 bp band respectively. The validity of the results promises that the hybrids generated are nutritionally enriched.ThesisItem Open Access Contribution of different chemical pools of potassium towards wheat nutrition(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Harpreet Kaur; Gill, Roopinder SinghThe field and pot experiments were conducted to study the effect of potassium (K) application on availability of K to wheat and contribution of exchangeable and non exchangeable K towards wheat nutrition. In pot experiment, twenty bulk soil samples having a range in available K were used and K was applied @ 0, 15, 20, 25 and 30 kg K ha-1soil. Wheat (cv PBW 725) was grown as a test crop. The different potassium fractions i.e. water soluble, exchangeable, available and non exchangeable K were determined. The amount of corresponding forms ranged between 8.86 to 23.7, 66.1 to 379.8, 75.1 to 403.1 and 898.4 to 1861.3 mg kg-1 soil in these soils. The mean grain yield varied from 8.43 to 20.58 g pot-1. All the forms of K showed positive and significant correlation with grain & straw yield, K content and K uptake. The highest positive and significant correlation of wheat grain yield was found to be with water soluble K (r = 0.905*) followed by available K (r = 0.836*), exchangeable K (r = 0.831*) and non exchangeable K (0.815*). In K deficient oils, grain yield of wheat increased significantly with graded levels of applied K. However, in K sufficient soils, grain yield increased significantly up to application of 25 kg K ha-1. In both K deficient and sufficient soils, K concentration and uptake by grain and straw of wheat increased significantly with incremental levels of applied K. About 83.6 per cent variation in grain yield of wheat was due to the combined influence of water soluble and exchangeable potassium while available and non exchangeable form of potassium explained only 2.3 per cent variation in grain yield of wheat. However, in K deficient soils, contribution of non exchangeable K towards grain yield was higher as compared to K sufficient soils. The critical limit of available and non exchangeable potassium for wheat as determined by graphical method was 168 and 1338 kg K ha-1, respectively. The field experiment was conducted at two sites, at the Research Farm of Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana (medium in available potassium i.e. 228.9 kg ha-1) and at Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur (low in available potassium i.e. 125.6 kg ha-1). The K was applied @ 0, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 kg K ha-1 soil and wheat (cv PBW 725) was grown as test crop. The mean grain yield in PAU, Ludhiana and RRS, Gurdaspur soil was found 47.5 and 42.5 q ha-1, respectively. In PAU, Ludhiana soil, the significant response of wheat to applied potassium was recorded up to 25 kg K ha-1 soil, however, in RRS, Gurdaspur soil response was recorded up to 40 kg K ha-1. The water soluble, exchangeable, available and non exchangeable K were found to be 13.8, 75.9, 84.5 and 1053.6 mg kg-1 soil, respectively in PAU, Ludhiana soil and 10.1, 61.1, 70.5 and 969.7 mg kg-1 soil, respectively, in RRS, Gurdaspur soil. The kinetics of non-exchangeable K release from ten bulk soil samples having a range in available K was investigated using 0.01 M oxalic acid. The cumulative amount of K released in 200 h ranged between 86 and 253 cmol kg-1 x 10-2. The highest amount of non exchangeable K release (253 cmol kg-1 x 10-2) was found in Mansa soil (sufficient in K) and lowest amount (86 cmol kg-1 x 10-2) was recorded in Gurdaspur soil (deficient in K). Kinetics of non exchangeable K release from soils were adequately described by Elovich, first order, power function and parabolic diffusion models while zero order model was not suitable to describe K release.ThesisItem Restricted Pretreatment of paddy straw by Delftia sp. for enhancing biogas production(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Harpreet Kaur; Phutela, Urmila GuptaThe present study was aimed to study the growth profile and lignocellulolytic enzyme (laccase, endoglucanase, exoglucanase and -glucosidase) profile of Delftia sp. PP4_S3 (bacteria) which was used for pretreatment of paddy straw. The pretreated paddy straw was used for enhancing biogas production. The comparison of biogas production from bacterial (Delftia sp. PP4_S3) and fungal (Coriolus versicolor MTCC 138) pretreated paddy straw also carried out. Maximum growth of Delftia sp. PP4_S3 was obtained after 72 h with OD (600nm) value of 1.890±0.27 and cell count of 8.76×107±0.02 in paddy straw based nutrient broth. In solid state fermentation, maximum laccase, endoglucanase, exoglucanase and - glucosidase activities of 203 Ug-1, 35.7 Ug-1 , 14.2 Ug-1 and 11.3 Ug-1 respectively were obtained as compared to 11.2 Uml-1, 6.46 U/ml-1, 1.85 U/ml-1 and 2.13 U/ml in submerged conditions. The pretreatment of paddy straw with Delftia sp. PP4_S3 showed maximum reduction of 7.46% total solids, 5.67% volatile solids, 40.6%cellulose, 22.5% hemicellulose, 45.7% lignin and 17.7% silica in 5 days of pretreatment period. Highest biogas production i.e. 180 l/kg PS, 560 l/kg TS and 673.2 l/kg VS (66.1% enhanced over control) was found on 3rd day of treatment. Paddy straw pretreated with Coriolus versicolor MTCC 138 showed 44.7% increased biogas production with 153.4 l/kg PS, 561.9 l/kg TS and 689.9 l/kg VS. Pretreatment of paddy straw with Coriolus versicolor MTCC 138 showed maximum reduction of 3.71% total solids, 4.61% volatile solids, 38.6%cellulose, 14.8% hemicellulose, 42.6% lignin and 16.2% silica. Both Delftia sp. PP4_S3 and Coriolus versicolor MTCC 138 showed significant reduction in lignin and silica content which indicate that both are lignin and silica degrader. However less pretreatment period required by bacteria make it more suitable for biogas production.ThesisItem Open Access Chemistry and antimycotic potential of mentha based shellac coatings against penicillium digitatum of kinnow fruit(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Harpreet Kaur; Tandon, RituThe present study deals with chemistry and antimycotic potential of Mentha based shellac coatings against Penicillium digitatum of kinnow fruit. Essential oil (EO) of two species of Mentha viz. Mentha piperita and Mentha arvensis was extracted using Clevenger-type apparatus. Per cent yield of essential oil of M. arvensis (2.8%) was found higher than M. piperita (2.1%) Compositional analysis of M. piperita essential oil by GC-MS revealed presence of 51 compounds. M. piperita EO exhibited better antimycotic potential than M. arvensis EO against P. digitatum. Hence, Process of nanoemulsion (NE) development of M. piperita EO was optimized for parameters such as oil and surfactant ratio (v/v) with three sonication times (ST) with the help of probe ultrasonicator. Effect of surfactant concentration and sonication time on droplet diameter and electrical conductivity was studied. Nanoemulsion of 1:0.5 ratio of oil and surfactant with 20 min ST exhibited smallest droplet diameter as well as maximum stability at refrigerator temperature (4°C) than ambient temperature (25°C) over the storage period of 2 months. M. piperita based shellac nanoemulsions were prepared for the best.1:0.5 (v/v) oil and surfactant ratio. NE with 15 minute ST showed more effective inhibition (96.0%) against P. digitatum in comparison to other nanoemulsions as well as pure M. piperita EO (71.0%). Optical and SEM results showed morphological changes in treated fungus. Nanoshellac coating showed maximum inhibition at par with the standard Carbendazim.ThesisItem Open Access Study of durability and mechanical properties of concrete using textile mill sludge and plasticizer(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Harpreet Kaur; Jaspal SinghGrowing population and life quality, both leads to high consumption of resources. High rate of consumption of resources generates a lot of waste materials. Improper management of waste materials causes various environmental problems. Textile Industries plays an important role in economy of a nation but on the other hand it generates a lot of waste materials through various processes. Textile industries generate a large amount of solid waste and its disposal creates many problems related to human health and our environment. The production of concrete utilizing industrial waste can help in reducing these environmental problems. In the present study the textile mill sludge was used as a replacement of fine aggregates in concrete. Plasticizer was added in concrete to improve the workability of concrete. A total of 342 concrete specimens were prepared by partial replacement of fine aggregates with textile mill sludge (5%, 15%, 25%, 35%, 45% and 55%) and with plasticizer (0.5% and 1% by weight of cement). The workability of concrete was tested by compaction factor test immediately after preparing the concrete mixes whereas the mechanical properties of concrete were checked after 7,14 and 28 days. The durability of concrete was checked after 28 days. The obtained results indicates that the workability of concrete decreases from medium to low with increase in content of textile mill sludge. The addition of both textile mill sludge (25%) and plasticizer (1%) in concrete gives maximum compressive strength and shows good durability results. Use of textile mill sludge decreases the cost of concrete upto 18.73%.
