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ThesisItem Embargo Development and quality evaluation of wheat breads enriched with different forms of fenugreek(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Harpreet Kaur; Kamaljit KaurThe effect of different forms of fenugreek (fresh leaves, dried leaves, seed powder and germinated seed powder) on the bread dough and quality of fortified bread were studied by evaluating functional, physicochemical, biochemical, farinographic, textural and rheological properties. Incorporation of fenugreek seeds and leaves improved the colour of bread crumb and crust. Supplementation of breads with different forms of fenugreek improved the nutritional, functional, colour and biochemical components such as total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, total flavonoids, FRAP and metal chelating activity. Highest protein content was found in breads supplemented with germinated seed powder whereas highest phenolic content and antioxidant activity were found in breads supplemented with fresh fenugreek leaf paste. However, due to dilution of gluten in wheat flour, loaf and specific volume decreased and the texture of bread becomes significantly hard with the increase in the level of fenugreek. Rheologically, all the samples showed non-newtonian behaviour and the lowest viscosity values were observed for control sample. Breads supplemented with 2% dried fenugreek leaf powder, 8% raw fenugreek seed powder, 6% germinated fenugreek seed powder and 12% fresh fenugreek leaf paste had the highest overall acceptability score and were selected as best. The seven days storage studies at ambient temperature and refrigerated temperature revealed that selected breads were shelf stable up to seven days under refrigerated conditions due to the higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of fenugreek. Hence, fenugreek seeds and leaves can be used as a functional ingredient for the development of breads to enhance nutritional, rheological, farinographic, functional, biochemical and storage stability of breads.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of imidacloprid on reproductive performance of Eudrilus eugeniae and Metaphire posthuma(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Harpreet Kaur; Hundal, S.S.The current study investigated the effect of neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid on the reproductive performance of exotic earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae and indigenous earthworm Metaphire posthuma. The experiments were conducted in the Department of Zoology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The earthworm species were exposed to different concentrations of imidacloprid (1.00, 2.50, 4.00, 5.50 and 7.00 mg/kg dry soil) to calculate the LC50 value. Dosages were selected based upon the studies performed by earlier workers. The LC50value calculated was 3.19 mg/kg (2.65 mg/kg ~3.74 mg/kg) and 2.23 mg/kg (1.87 mg/kg ~2.59 mg/kg) for earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae and Metaphire posthuma respectively. In artificial test soil Eudrilus eugeniae and Metaphire posthumawere exposed to different doses (0.3, 0.6 and 1.0 mg/kg) to evaluate reproductive potential along with biochemical and genotoxicity studies as per OECD guidelines. Upon exposure to doses (0.3, 0.6 and 1.0 mg/kg) a significant (p<0.05) decrease in body weight was observed in both the earthworm species. Subsequently cocoon production and hatching success in dose 0.3 mg/kg decreased significantly (p<0.05) tending towards nil in doses 0.6 and 1.0 mg/kg. Mortality due to morphological alterations was 0.33% and 10% for Eudrilus eugeniae and Metaphire posthuma respectively in 1.0 mg/kg dose. The activity of AchE and GST are potential biomarker to assess toxicity levels. The inhibited activity of these enzymes in the applied doses followed an increasing pattern 0.3< 0.6< 1.0 mg/kg. Comet assay revealed a high DNA damage in both the earthworm species. These laboratory studies have revealed that effect of imidacloprid is species specific as well as dose and duration dependent leading to toxicity in earthworm physiology. Metaphire posthuma the indigenous species is more susceptible as compared to Eudrilus eugeniae leading to loss of soil fauna.ThesisItem Restricted Dissipation and persistence of indoxacarb and thiamethoxam in chilli(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Harpreet Kaur; Sharma, SmritiSupervised field trials were conducted for two consecutive years to study the residues of indoxacarb and thiamethoxam in chilli, following two foliar applications of Indoxacarb 14.5 SC @ 55 and 110 g a.i. ha-1 and seed treatment of Thiamethoxam 30 FS @ 2.1 and 4.2 g a.i. ha-1. The chilli fruit samples were collected at different time intervals and were processed by following QuEChERS methodology and determination of indoxacarb and thiamethoxam residues were done by Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The average initial deposits of indoxacarbon green chilli fruits were found to be 2.75 and 5.93 mg kg-1 while 2.56 and 5.68 mg kg-1 respectively, in year 2019 and 2020, that reached below its limit of quantification (0.01 mg kg-1) after 25 and 35 days at single and double dose, respectively. The mean residues of thiamethoxam in seedlings, green chilli fruits and red chilli fruits were observed to be below its limit of quantification (0.05 mg kg-1). The half-life value of indoxacarb in green chilli was calculated to be 3.46-4.77 and 3.58-3.76 days while 3.85 and 4.93 days in soil, respectively at single and double the recommended dose. Household processing methods were studied for reduction of residues of indoxacarb in chilli and it was observed that boiling found most effective (71.27-78.75%) followed by acetic acid + washing (70.74-74.73%), followed by sodium chloride + washing (60.06-75.75%) and baking soda + washing (61.22-74.91%). Sun drying of red chilli fruits resulted in increase in the residues of indoxacarb by 1.58-2.10 folds and thiamethoxam residues by 2.62-2.83 folds.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of inbred lines and their hybrids in maize for protein quality and β-carotene(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-, 2020) Harpreet Kaur; Gill, Gurjit KaurMaize (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal crop for livestock, feed and nutrition, worldwide. Sixty hybrid combinations of maize were generated through Line x Tester mating design using fifteen lines of LM13 versions and four testers of LM14 versions as parental material along with two standard checks PMH1 and HQPM to study combining ability, heterosis and Genotype x Environment interactions. The parents, hybrids were evaluated along with two standard checks during kharif 2018 and spring 2019 at Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur. Data for eight agronomic and five biochemical parameters were recorded. The mean sum of square due to year, location, genotype, parents, crosses and parents vs crosses for all agronomic traits were significant except days to maturity as well as for all biochemical traits except starch content. Among female line 13CLO-6, 13CLO-14, 13CLO-15 and 13CLO-16 were good combiner for ear length, ear girth, yield per plot, 1000 kernel weight and shelling %. Among the testers, 14CLO-1 and 14CLO-3 were found good combiner for all yield and yield contributing traits. For biochemical traits, line 13CLO-5 was good combiner for tryptophan, starch and oil content,13CLO-15 was good combiner for protein and β- carotene content. Tester 14CLO-3 was good combiner for tryptophan and β- carotene. Among crosses viz., (L9 X T2, L12 X T2, L14 X T3, L4 X T4, L8 X T4 and L13 X T4) were having significantly better specific combining ability effects for days to maturity, ear length, ear girth, yield per plot,1000 kernel weight and shelling %. Crosses viz., (L1 X T1, L6 X T2, L3 X T4, L14 X T2, L11 X T3 and T8 X T4) were also significantly better specific combiner for biochemical traits like protein, tryptophan and β- carotene contents. Top five crosses were (13CLO-3 X 14CLO-4, 13CLO-14 X 14CLO-3, 13CLO-15 X 14CLO-4, 13CLO-6 X 14CLO-2 and 13CLO-2 X 14CLO-4) having significant and desirable SCA effects and heterosis for most of the traits indicating potential to exploit hybrid vigour for breeding programme. All the converted lines, testers and hybrids showed the presence of crtRB1 and o2 genes at 543 bp band and 150 bp band respectively. The validity of the results promises that the hybrids generated are nutritionally enriched.ThesisItem Restricted Pretreatment of paddy straw by Delftia sp. for enhancing biogas production(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Harpreet Kaur; Phutela, Urmila GuptaThe present study was aimed to study the growth profile and lignocellulolytic enzyme (laccase, endoglucanase, exoglucanase and -glucosidase) profile of Delftia sp. PP4_S3 (bacteria) which was used for pretreatment of paddy straw. The pretreated paddy straw was used for enhancing biogas production. The comparison of biogas production from bacterial (Delftia sp. PP4_S3) and fungal (Coriolus versicolor MTCC 138) pretreated paddy straw also carried out. Maximum growth of Delftia sp. PP4_S3 was obtained after 72 h with OD (600nm) value of 1.890±0.27 and cell count of 8.76×107±0.02 in paddy straw based nutrient broth. In solid state fermentation, maximum laccase, endoglucanase, exoglucanase and - glucosidase activities of 203 Ug-1, 35.7 Ug-1 , 14.2 Ug-1 and 11.3 Ug-1 respectively were obtained as compared to 11.2 Uml-1, 6.46 U/ml-1, 1.85 U/ml-1 and 2.13 U/ml in submerged conditions. The pretreatment of paddy straw with Delftia sp. PP4_S3 showed maximum reduction of 7.46% total solids, 5.67% volatile solids, 40.6%cellulose, 22.5% hemicellulose, 45.7% lignin and 17.7% silica in 5 days of pretreatment period. Highest biogas production i.e. 180 l/kg PS, 560 l/kg TS and 673.2 l/kg VS (66.1% enhanced over control) was found on 3rd day of treatment. Paddy straw pretreated with Coriolus versicolor MTCC 138 showed 44.7% increased biogas production with 153.4 l/kg PS, 561.9 l/kg TS and 689.9 l/kg VS. Pretreatment of paddy straw with Coriolus versicolor MTCC 138 showed maximum reduction of 3.71% total solids, 4.61% volatile solids, 38.6%cellulose, 14.8% hemicellulose, 42.6% lignin and 16.2% silica. Both Delftia sp. PP4_S3 and Coriolus versicolor MTCC 138 showed significant reduction in lignin and silica content which indicate that both are lignin and silica degrader. However less pretreatment period required by bacteria make it more suitable for biogas production.ThesisItem Open Access Chemistry and antimycotic potential of mentha based shellac coatings against penicillium digitatum of kinnow fruit(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Harpreet Kaur; Tandon, RituThe present study deals with chemistry and antimycotic potential of Mentha based shellac coatings against Penicillium digitatum of kinnow fruit. Essential oil (EO) of two species of Mentha viz. Mentha piperita and Mentha arvensis was extracted using Clevenger-type apparatus. Per cent yield of essential oil of M. arvensis (2.8%) was found higher than M. piperita (2.1%) Compositional analysis of M. piperita essential oil by GC-MS revealed presence of 51 compounds. M. piperita EO exhibited better antimycotic potential than M. arvensis EO against P. digitatum. Hence, Process of nanoemulsion (NE) development of M. piperita EO was optimized for parameters such as oil and surfactant ratio (v/v) with three sonication times (ST) with the help of probe ultrasonicator. Effect of surfactant concentration and sonication time on droplet diameter and electrical conductivity was studied. Nanoemulsion of 1:0.5 ratio of oil and surfactant with 20 min ST exhibited smallest droplet diameter as well as maximum stability at refrigerator temperature (4°C) than ambient temperature (25°C) over the storage period of 2 months. M. piperita based shellac nanoemulsions were prepared for the best.1:0.5 (v/v) oil and surfactant ratio. NE with 15 minute ST showed more effective inhibition (96.0%) against P. digitatum in comparison to other nanoemulsions as well as pure M. piperita EO (71.0%). Optical and SEM results showed morphological changes in treated fungus. Nanoshellac coating showed maximum inhibition at par with the standard Carbendazim.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of salicylic acid on antioxidant defense system on berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) against cold stress(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Harpreet Kaur; Goyal, MeenakshiThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of salicylic acid (SA) pretreatment on antioxidant system in berseem under cold stress. Berseem seeds were (var. BL42 and BL-10) primed with water (control) and different concentrations of SA (25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 µg/ml) for 4 hours. Soaked seeds were germinated on moist filter papers in petri plates at 25°C in two different sets. After germination of three days one set of petri plates was exposed to cold stress (5°C) for five days and other set was remained at 25°C. Physiological and biochemical parameters were observed in root and shoot samples after seven days of germination. Higher vigor index was obtained at 50 and 75 µg/ml of SA pretreatment. SA pretreatment enhanced root and shoot length, fresh weight uptill 100 µg/ml and then decreased at 125 µg/ml of SA. Pretreatment with 50 and 75 µg/ml of SA showed higher increase in antioxidant enzyme (CAT, APX, GR, GPX and SOD) activities. SA pretreatment of 50 to 100 µg/ml concentrations resulted in upregulation of non-enzymatic antioxidants under both normal and cold conditions. Biochemical metabolites such as total protein, proline and total phenol were differentially affected by different salicylic acid treatments under cold stress. SA alleviated the adverse effect of cold stress by decreasing lipid peroxidation and H2O2 content in berseem seedlings. So SA pretreatment ameliorated the cold stress in berseem by upregulating enzymatic antioxidants, non-enzymatic antioxidants and biochemical metabolites.ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis and antifungal potential of copper fluoro carbamodithioates(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Harpreet Kaur; AnjaliNovel fluorinated carbamodithioato Cu(II) complexes were synthesized by one pot two step reaction protocol by the reaction of anilines with carbon disulfide followed by the addition of copper chloride. The synthesized Cu(II) complexes were analysed by CHN analysis, titrometric methods and spectral techniques. Their physical characterization colour and melting point were noted. All the synthesized organic complexes were screened for their in vitro antifungal potential against various phytopathogenic fungi viz. Bipolaris sorokiniana, Puccinia hordei and Puccinia striiformis by spore germination technique, using Propiconazole as positive control for comparison of the results. The complex 1a (tetraaquaphenylcarbamodithioatocopper(II) chloride) had inflicted highest fungitoxic potential against all the test fungi.ThesisItem Restricted GENETIC ANALYSIS OF YIELD AND QUALITY TRAITS IN FINE GRAINED AROMATIC RICE GENOTYPES (ORYZA SATIVA L.)(2010) Harpreet KaurThe study on the genetic analysis of yield and quality traits in fine grained aromatic rice genotypes (ORYZA SATIVA L.) was undertaken at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during Kharif 2008 and 2009. Gene action and combining ability for morphological, milling and cooking quality characters were studied in a set of diallel crosses involving six parents. The genetic analysis revealed that for most of the morphological traits (days to 50 percent flowering, plant height, spikelets per panicle, spikelet sterility, grain yield and harvest index), milling traits (1000 grain weight of brown rice, 1000 grain weight of milled rice, kernel length, kernel breadth, length: breadth ratio, total rice recovery and head rice recovery) and cooking quality traits (water uptake ratio) both additive and dominance gene effects were involved with the predominance of non additive gene action. Additive gene action was more pronounced for characters like plant height, spikelet sterility, kernel length, length: breadth ratio, hulling percentage and alkali spreading value. Over dominance was observed for majority of traits except plant height, spikelet sterility, kernel length, length: breadth ratio, hulling percentage and alkali spreading value. Combining ability analysis indicated the significance of both general combing ability and specific combining ability effects. Punjab Basmati 2 was good general combiner for yield and its component traits while Pusa 1121 was good general combiner for milling and cooking quality traits. Among the crosses, Basmati 386/ Punjab Basmati 2 and Basmati 386/ Pusa 1121 were desirable for yield related traits while Punjab Basmati 2/ Pusa Basmati 1, Basmati 386/ Super Basmati, Basmati 370/ Pusa 1121 and Super Basmati/ Pusa 1121 were desirable for milling and cooking quality characters. Correlation studies revealed a negative association between yield and quality traits except for alkali spreading value. Generally, milling and cooking quality traits did not show any correlation.
