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20222
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Author: Gurpreet Singh × End date: 2022 × Start date: 2020 × Type: Thesis ×
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    Growth and productivity of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) genotypes as influenced by seed rate
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Gurpreet Singh; Guriqbal Singh
    The study entitled ‘Growth and productivity of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) genotypes as influenced by seed rate’ was carried out in the rabi season of 2019-20 and 2020-21 as a field experiment at the research farm of the Pulses Section, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The experimental field had normal soil reaction and electrical conductivity, low organic carbon & available nitrogen, medium available phosphorus and available potassium. The eight treatment combinations comprising four seed rate levels (30.0, 37.5, 45.0 and 52.5 kg ha-1) and two lentil genotypes (LL 1373 and LL 931) were laid out in Factorial Randomised Complete Block Design and replicated four times. Crop was planted at a row spacing of 22.5 cm and followed recommended cultural practices. The highest seed yield, averaged over both the years, was recorded at seed rate of 45.0 kg ha-1. Harvest index, gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio were also recorded the highest at seed rate of 45.0 kg ha-1. Genotype LL 1373 recorded higher growth parameters (shoot dry matter accumulation plant-1, number of branches, stem diameter) and took lower number of days to 50% flowering and maturity than LL 931. Symbiotic parameters were significantly higher for LL 931 than genotype LL 1373. Genotype LL 1373 recorded significantly higher 100-seed weight than LL 931. Averaged over both the years, significantly the highest seed yield was recorded for genotype LL 1373 at seed rate of 45.0 kg ha-1 (1783 kg ha-1) over all other treatment combinations. Gross returns, net returns and B:C averaged over both the years were obtained significantly the highest for genotype LL 1373 at seed rate of 45.0 kg ha-1 over all other treatment combinations (except B:C ratio which was at par with genotype LL 1373 at the seed rate of 37.5 kg ha-1). However, small seeded genotype LL 931 was found to be economically viable only when sown at 30.0 and 37.5 kg ha-1 seed rate. It can be concluded that, for obtaining high productivity and net returns, sowing of lentil genotype LL 1373 at seed rate of 45.0 kg ha-1 is found to be the most efficient.
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    Bioactivity of Azadirachta indica on Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Gurpreet Singh; Chandi, Anureet Kaur
    formulations (commercial neem formulation, neem oil and NSKE) on Spodoptera frugiperda in the laboratory conditions. Various toxicity concentrations (LC30 and LC50) of the neem based formulations i.e. commercial neem formulation (0.000169 and 0.000288 per cent), neem oil (0.045 and 0.238 per cent) and 5 per cent neem seed kernel extract (0.695 and 1.348 per cent) were worked out after treating second instar larvae by employing standard leaf-disc dip method of bioassay. The commercial neem formulation (LC30 and LC50) significantly increased the larval duration (24.20 and 37.0 days as compared to 22.40 days in untreated), pupal duration (8.40 and 9.80 days as compared to 6.60 days in untreated) and decreased the pupal weight (0.142 and 0.138 g as compared to 0.204 g in untreated), pupal size (7.960 and 7.280 mm length as compared to 8.467 mm in untreated and 2.309 and 2.256 mm breadth as compared to 3.909 mm in untreated), adult emergence (62.0 per cent as compared to 92.0 per cent in untreated), adult longevity (4.80 days male as compared to 8.60 days in untreated and 5.0 days female as compared to 9.0 days in untreated), male adult size (12.023 mm length as compared to 14.081 mm in untreated) and female adult size (11.939 mm length as compared to 13.598 mm in untreated) in comparison to the other formulations i.e. neem oil and NSKE. The reproductive parameters were also highly impacted by commercial neem formulation. The decline in oviposition period (2.9 days as compared to 7.0 days in untreated), fecundity (141.0 as compared to 429.6 in untreated), egg size (1.718 mm3 as compared to 2.280 mm3 in untreated), reproductive effort (246.15 as compared to 979.20 in untreated), egg hatchability (64.94 per cent as compared to 92.82 per cent in untreated) and survival of larvae (37.64 per cent as compared to 82.39 per cent in untreated) was recorded. However, the maximum antifeedant activity was observed in case of NSKE (43.53 and 72.06 per cent) in comparison to commercial neem formulation (27.37 and 58.97 per cent) and neem oil (17.51 and 50.59 per cent). The Relative Consumption Index (RCI) was also high in case of NSKE (0.449 and 0.808) followed by commercial neem formulations (0.173 and 0.605) and neem oil (0.084 and 0.371). The elevated value of antifeedant activity and RCI indicates the higher level of feeding deterrent. Therefore, neem based formulations can be incorporated in S. frugiperda integrated management programme on maize as an important and viable component.