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2014 - 20174
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Author: Gaganpreet Kaur × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    Development and nutritional evaluation of value added products from dehydrated bathua (Chenopodium album) leaves
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Gaganpreet Kaur; Navjot Kaur
    Eight value added products were developed by using fresh (25-100%) and dehydrated (2.510%) bathua leaves. The products namely chapati, aloo bhurji, saag developed by using fresh bathua leaves were found to be acceptable at 100 per cent level whereas cutlets and chutney were found to be acceptable at 75 and 50 per cent level respectively. The products developed from dehydrated bathua leaves (cabinet dried) were found to be significantly highly acceptable at 5.0 per cent for chapati, moong dal and 2.5 per cent for aloo bhurji. Nutritional analysis revealed that cabinet drying method was the best method for drying bathua leaves as there was better retention of nutrients as compared to other dehydrating techniques.The nutritional evaluation of acceptable developed products prepared by using fresh bathua leaves revealed highest protein, fat, fibre and ash content in saag, cutlets, chutney as 14.78, 9.94, 6.18 and 13.24 per cent respectively. Addition of dehydrated bathua leaves significantly improved crude protein (5.79 to 20.15 g/100 g), fibre (2.03 to 2.92 g/100 g), calcium (12.83 to 19.07 mg/100g) and iron (6.70 to 10.30 mg/100g). The β- carotene and vitamin C content of developed products using dehydrated bathua leaves ranged from 740.50 to 1342.00 µg/100g and 0.00 to 7.29 mg/100g. Amino acids, in vitro protein digestibility and anti nutritional factors were also enhanced in supplemented products. Incorporation of fresh and dehydrated bathua leaves in traditional recipes are therefore, recommended to enhance iron, calcium, β- carotene and vitamin C content for combating micronutrient deficiencies. Further, awareness regarding the nutritional composition and its utilization in diet needs to be generated.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Synthesis, characterization and microbial activity of novel schiff bases of o-phenylenediamine
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Gaganpreet Kaur; Sharma, Sunita
    Schiff bases are the subject of extensive interest due to their versatile applications and similarity of structure with natural biological compounds. N- substituted benzylidene benzene-1,2-diamines (I-V) and N, N'-bis substituted benzylidene benzene-1,2-diamines (VI-X) were synthesized by reacting different aldehydes with o-phenylenediamine in the presence of catalytic amount of sodium hydroxide (10%) by taking 1:1 and 2:1 molar ratio respectively. Physical data of all the synthesized compounds was recorded. All the compounds were characterized by their IR and 1H NMR spectra and were evaluated for microbial activity against Psuedomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Burkholderia sp. and Fusarium oxysporum. at different concentrations. The N, N'-bis substituted benzylidene benzene-1,2-diamines were found to be more effective than N- substituted benzylidene benzene-1,2-diamines. The compound VIII with halogen substitution at para position was found to be more effective than all other compounds. The other halogenated compounds followed the order Br > Cl > F. All the compounds were found to be less effective than the standard ampicillin and carbendazim (bavistin) at all the concentrations.
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    Evaluation of heavy metal tolerant bacterial isolates for effluent treatment
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Gaganpreet Kaur; Katyal, Priya
    Establishment of numerous small and medium-scale industries in Punjab has lead to environmental pollution with toxic heavy metals that may have negative consequences on the hydrosphere. A collective treatment of this waste at a centralized facility known as Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) can go a long way in minimizing the level of heavy metal contaminants. Metal remediation through conventional technologies in these CETPs is often inefficient or very expensive, whereas, bioremediation by using heavy metal resistant microorganisms has received a great deal of attention for its potential application in industry. The present study was envisaged with the objective to isolate indigenous heavy metal tolerant bacteria from effluents collected from CETPs and their subsequent utilization for heavy metal uptake or metal reduction from more toxic oxidation state to the less toxic one. Effluent samples were collected from two working CETPs located in Ludhiana (sample 1) and Jalandhar (sample 2) and were analyzed for their physico-chemical parameters (dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and pH) and heavy metal profile using Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma-Emission Spectroscopy (ICAP-AES). In both the samples Cr was found to be the dominant metal contaminant. Out of twenty one bacterial isolates obtained from effluent samples, ten morphologically distinct isolates were tested for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against six different heavy metals i.e. As, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb and W by supplementing the Luria Bertani (LB) agar media with increasing dose of heavy metal salts (5-100 ppm). Four isolates (HM 2, HM 3, HM 15 and HM 16) showed maximum tolerance to selected five different heavy metals except mercury (Hg). These isolates were biochemically characterized, whereby, HM 3 and HM 16 were closely related to Enterobacter, and HM 2 was found to be related to Klebsiella. Optimum growth of selected isolates was obtained at pH 9.0 and temperature 40°C. Of these four isolates, only HM 2 and HM 16 showed comparable growth rate and in-vitro compatibility and were selected as potent candidate for consortium. Heavy metal uptake by these isolates was determined by measuring the concentration of heavy metals in effluents with and without inoculations after 5 and 10 days of growth. There was no active uptake of Cr and other heavy metals in sample 1 with or without adjustment of pH and supplementation with nutrients (D- Glucose, MgSO4 and KNO3). Though, heavy metal uptake was observed in sample 2. Both the isolates were tested for their ability to reduce Cr (VI) to Cr (III) and compared with a standard strain Shewanellaputrefaciens(MTCC 8104). Chromium reduction efficiency was determined in LB media containing Cr (VI) @ 20ppm by S-diphenyl-carbazide (DPC) method, whereby complete reduction was observed with the standard culture followed by 76.66% by HM 16 and 46.76% by HM 2 after 7 hours of incubation. Maximum Chromate Reductase activity (HM 2 – 0.161 U, HM 16 – 0.163 U and S. putrefaciens– 0.175 U) was reported in cell extract supernatant in both the isolates and in standard culture. This study elucidated the potential of resident microbes of effluents/sludge for heavy metal removal.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Phenotypic and molecular characterization of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) mesorhizobia
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2014) Gaganpreet Kaur; Sharma, Poonam
    The present investigation was carried out to study phenotypic and molecular characterization of native chickpea mesorhizobia. A total of 20 Mesorhizobium spp. were isolated and characterized on the basis of morphological, biochemical and functional traits. Significantly high IAA was produced by Mesorhizobium spp. LGR 46 (45.25 µg mL-1) followed by the reference isolate LGR 33 (44.49 µg mL-1). Of 20 isolates, 6 isolates including reference Mesorhizobium spp. LGR 33 indicated yellow halo zone of P-solubilization on NBRIP medium. Maximum zone was shown by LGR 46 (1.8 cm) followed by LGR 33 (1.7 cm). Out of 20 isolates of Mesorhizobium spp. 43% and 33% were able to produce siderophore and HCN, respectively. A total of 57% and 62% Mesorhizobium spp. were able to produce cell wall degrading enzymes protease and cellulase respectively. Of 20 Mesorhizobium spp., 70%, 65% and 50% were tolerant to tetracycline, erythromycin and chloramphenicol respectively whereas no isolate was found to be resistant towards gentamycin. Three new native Mesorhizobium spp. LGR 46, LGR 50 and LGR 52 were most effective in controlling Fusarium wilt. Salt tolerance ability reduced with increasing salt concentration. Maximum salt tolerance was shown by Mesorhizobium isolate LGR 50 from Bathinda soil. Thirteen Mesorhizobium isolates were able to grow at 5°C temperature. Maximum amount of EPS was produced by LGR 50 (155.04 µg mL-1) followed by LGR 49 (132.64 µg mL-1) and LGR 46 (46.34 µg mL-1). Three new native isolates (LGR 46, LGR 50 and LGR 52) along with LGR 33 were amplified with nifH, gyrB and nodD primers and identified as Mesorhizobium spp. Further, Mesorhizobium isolates were screened for growth, symbiosis and yield in vivo. Isolate of Mesorhizobium sp. LGR 46 registered significantly high nodule biomass, N content of shoots and grain yield (127mg, 1.40% , 1750kg ha-1) respectively as compared to already recommended LGR 33 (98mg, 1.36%, 1708kg ha-1) respectively. Native potential mesorhizobia with dual functional traits (N2 fixation and PGP) can be exploited as ideal bioinoculant for improving productivity in chickpea.