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ThesisItem Embargo Evaluation of germplasm and expression analysis of TFL1 gene for stem growth habit in urdbean(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Baljeet Kaur; Ashok KumarThe present study consisted of one hundred genotypes of urdbean collected from different sources to study the stem growth habit, flowering duration and expression analysis of genes responsible for stem growth habit during different developmental stages. The experiment was conducted during spring season in 2021 at two locations (PAU, Ludhiana and PAU, RRS, Gurdaspur) in simple lattice design (10x10) using two replications. The analysis of variance showed that all the characters studied exhibit significant variation at both locations. GxE interactions were also found significant for all the characters. At Ludhiana, the characters like Plant height at first pod maturity (H2), Plant height at 90% pod maturity (H3), Number of pods per plant, Biological yield per plant, DDh1-3, DDh2_3 and DDd4_5, at Gurdaspur, Plant height at 90% pod maturity (H3), Number of pods per plant, Biological yield per plant, DDh2_3 and DD4_5 and pooled data analysis over the locations showed that Plant height at 90% pod maturity, Number of pods per plant, Biological yield per plant, yield per plant, DDh2_3 and DD4_5 possessed high PCV, GCV, heritability and GAM. The genotypic variability for all these characters are probably due to predominance of additive gene action and can be improved through phenotypic selection. The variability for these characters present in the germplasm could be exploited for developing early maturing, lodging resistant and high yielding varieties of urdbean. The expression analysis showed that TFL1 gene at three leaf stage in both the accessions i.e. IC569464 (determinate) and IC530625 (indeterminate) are similar. The expression was observed highest in flowering stage, first pod maturity and 90% pod maturity in indeterminate growth habit over determinate of plant. Specific primers were designed to check the expression of candidate gene in determinate growth habit and indeterminate growth habit at different growing stages of the plant. Hence, present study helped us to understand the molecular mechanisms of genes underlying in determinate and indeterminate growth habit of the plant in urdbean.ThesisItem Open Access Management practices and problems of village industry enterprises: A study of Punjab.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Baljeet Kaur; Goyal, PratibhaThe study was carried out to measure the growth, management practices and problems of village industries in the state of Punjab. It aimed at gaining insight into management practices and problems of various agro and non-agro based village industry enterprises. It highlighted the impact of government schemes on the growth of village industry enterprises. Time series data regarding production, sale and employment was taken from Statistical Abstracts of Punjab and primary data was collected through a self- structured questionnaire schedule. The state was divided into three agro climatic zones – sub- mountainous zone, central plain zone and south west zone. One district from each zone was selected for data collection. Data was collected from 300 respondents. The growth was analysed with the help of compound annual growth rates, mean and percentages. Management practices and problems related to finance, marketing, production and human resource management were studied by using percentages, Z-test, t-test and independents samples of t-test to know the differences of management practices and problems faced by various agro and non – agro based village industry enterprises. The compound annual growth rates of all agro and non-agro based village industry enterprises were found significant in terms of production, sale and employment but it showed fluctuated growth in various decades of all agro as well as non-agro based village industry enterprises except in case of processing of cereals and pulses and lime manufacturing. It was also observed that village industry enterprises followed most of management practices mentioned in the study. All enterprises followed the same kind of management practices whether it was agro or non-agro based village industry enterprises. But due to many managerial constraints these practices were not carried out in proper professional manner. „High rate of interest, „poor availability of credit‟ „competition from large firms‟ „high cost of labour‟ and unawareness about modern production techniques etc‟ were the major drawbacks of rural industry sector. Research showed that village industry entrepreneurs were mostly aware of government schemes for the promotion of small industry but majority of them had not availed benefits under those schemes due to procedural difficulties. These village industry enterprises can be developed by addressing these problems and spreading awareness among consumers about significance of this sector.ThesisItem Restricted Management practices and problems of village industry enterprises: A study of Punjab.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Baljeet Kaur; Goyal, PratibhaThe study was carried out to measure the growth, management practices and problems of village industries in the state of Punjab. It aimed at gaining insight into management practices and problems of various agro and non-agro based village industry enterprises. It highlighted the impact of government schemes on the growth of village industry enterprises. Time series data regarding production, sale and employment was taken from Statistical Abstracts of Punjab and primary data was collected through a self- structured questionnaire schedule. The state was divided into three agro climatic zones – sub- mountainous zone, central plain zone and south west zone. One district from each zone was selected for data collection. Data was collected from 300 respondents. The growth was analysed with the help of compound annual growth rates, mean and percentages. Management practices and problems related to finance, marketing, production and human resource management were studied by using percentages, Z-test, t-test and independents samples of t-test to know the differences of management practices and problems faced by various agro and non – agro based village industry enterprises. The compound annual growth rates of all agro and non-agro based village industry enterprises were found significant in terms of production, sale and employment but it showed fluctuated growth in various decades of all agro as well as non-agro based village industry enterprises except in case of processing of cereals and pulses and lime manufacturing. It was also observed that village industry enterprises followed most of management practices mentioned in the study. All enterprises followed the same kind of management practices whether it was agro or non-agro based village industry enterprises. But due to many managerial constraints these practices were not carried out in proper professional manner. „High rate of interest, „poor availability of credit‟ „competition from large firms‟ „high cost of labour‟ and unawareness about modern production techniques etc‟ were the major drawbacks of rural industry sector. Research showed that village industry entrepreneurs were mostly aware of government schemes for the promotion of small industry but majority of them had not availed benefits under those schemes due to procedural difficulties. These village industry enterprises can be developed by addressing these problems and spreading awareness among consumers about significance of this sector.ThesisItem Restricted Impacts of climate change on spatio-temporal variability in cropping patterns over trans-gangatic plains(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Baljeet Kaur; Som Pal SinghIn the present study, analysis of spatial and temporal variation in climatic parameters and cropping patterns in trans-gangetic plains was carried out. The historical climatic data and data pertaining to area and productivity of wheat, rice and maize crops for the period 1971-72 to 2015-16 were employed for the investigation. The climatic data was analysed on the basis of decades, years and season using Mann Kendall and Sen’s slope statistics to examine the variability and trends over the study area. Spatial and temporal interpolations using Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method were used to develop the gradient of the data. Relative change in area of wheat, rice and maize was determined decade-wise. Step-wise regression was used to study the impact of climate change on wheat, rice and maize productivity. Under future climatic scenario RCP8.5, InfoCrop model was evaluated to project the wheat, rice and maize yields. During rabi season, higher rate of maximum and minimum temperature was observed for Haryana and central zone of Punjab. No trend was observed in rainfall in trans-gangetic plains. Rate of increase in maximum temperature was 0.063 oC for Haryana, 0.04 oC for northern Rajasthan and 0.049 oC for Delhi. Rate of increase in minimum temperature was 0.031oC for Punjab and 0.045 oC for Haryana. Area under wheat over TGP increased at the rate of 468 ha per decade significantly (R2 =0.92). It has increased by 24.68%, 80.93%, 9.39% and 39.80% in Punjab, Haryana, northern Rajasthan and TGP; respectively whereas area under wheat in Delhi decreased by 57.78% as compared with 1971-80. The analysis of area under rice and maize revealed that area under maize declined over the trans-gangetic plain region by 70.7% in 2016 compared with 1980. Per cent change in rice area was 157.6 in TGP. Wheat and maize productivity was affected negatively mostly by minimum temperature alone. Rice productivity showed positive relationship with increasing trends of temperature. Future projection of wheat, rice and maize showed that wheat productivity will decrease more in Punjab (R2=0.76) followed by Delhi (R2=0.72) and Haryana (R2=0.66). Decline in rice yield will be more in northern Rajasthan (R2=0.62) followed by Delhi (R2=0.58). More declines in maize will be in Haryana (R2= 0.77) under future climatic scenario.
