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ThesisItem Restricted Response of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) to drip Irrigation, fertigation under different mulch conditions(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2023) Arshdeep Singh; Pathak, MamtaThe present investigation was conducted at Department of Soil and Water Engineering Farm and Biochemical Laboratory, Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana with the objectives to determine the yield, economic viability and optimum moisture regime under different mulch, fertigation and drip irrigation system in okra. Okra variety Punjab Suhawani was used as experimental plant material. The treatments included three levels of drip irrigation regimes i.e. at 100 per cent crop evapotranspiration ETc (I1), 80 per cent ETc (I2) and 60 per cent ETc (I3) along with three mulch treatment of silver polythene mulch (M1), straw mulch (M2) and non mulch (M3) under main plot treatments and three level of fertigation i.e. 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (F1), 80 per cent RDF (F2) and 60 per cent RDF (F3) was considered under sub plot treatment. Therefore, 27 treatments combinations including control were tested in the present study. Data of present study depicted the best results for combination of drip irrigation at 100 per cent ETc (I1), RDF 100 per cent (F1) and silver polythene mulch (M1) for 50 per cent germination (6.83 days), length of main shoot at 30, 60 and 90 days after seed sowing was 17 cm, 50.78 cm and 90.93 cm respectively. Number of branches 30, 60 and 90 days after seed sowing were 6.95, 10.58 and 14.56 respectively. Whereas, number of fruits per plant (12.43), average fruit weight (10.56), yield (199.89 q) and marketable yield was 191.62 q/ha. Total yield was recorded 39.77 per cent higher than I3M3F3 treatment combination. All quality parameters vitamin C (54.88 mg/100 g), chlorophyll (8.30 per cent), fiber (8.30 per cent), iodine (55.95 ppm), mucilage (4.02 per cent), soluble protein (1.33 per cent) showed highest results with I1M1F1 treatment combination.ThesisItem Restricted Assessment of extrusion behaviour of white maize(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Arshdeep Singh; Baljit SinghThe present investigation was undertaken to explore the assessment of extrusion behaviour of white maize and their characterization. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extrusion process of white maize based extruded products. Central composite rotator design (CCRD) of response surface methodology was explored to evaluate the effects of independent variables, namely feed moisture content (14-18%), screw speed (400-550) and barrel temperature (125-175℃) on product responses specific mechanical energy (SME), bulk density (BD), water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI). White maize was subjected to extrusion by co-rotating twin screw extruder at varying processing conditions as per the central composite rotatable design. All the processing conditions had significant impact on product responses. Multiple regression equations were obtained to describe the effects of each variable on product responses. The product responses were most affected by change in feed moisture content, barrel temperature and to lesser extent by screw speed. The negative coefficient of moisture and temperature describes that the value of SME declined with increase of these two variables. Barrel temperature was found to elevate the expansion ratio and water solubility index. Optimization studies resulted in 12.50-16.2 % of feed moisture content, 145℃ of barrel temperature and 360-595 rpm of screw speed as optimum variables to produce acceptable white maize snacks. The products were stored for three months and were found acceptable at the end of three months.ThesisItem Restricted Diversity analysis and characterization of morpho- anatomical and photosynthetic traits in mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Arshdeep Singh; Uppal, Gurteg SinghThe present study entitled “Diversity analysis and characterization of morpho- anatomical and photosynthetic traits in mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)” was carried out during the years 2017-18 and 2018-19 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Fifteen mandarin genotypes grafted on rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush) rootstocks were evaluated for morphological characters based on IPGRI descriptors. Furthermore, the leaf samples of these genotypes were imaged in scanning electron imaging mode in (model Hitachi S-3400 N) SEM for morpho-anatomical and photosynthetic diversity analysis. The genetic diversity based on these traits was assessed by using DARwin software. The dendrogram grouped genotypes into six different clusters based on morphological characters. The highest similarity coefficient (0.861) was recorded in genotypes Dancy and Wilking. However, Michal showed lowest (0.402-0.539) genetic similarity coefficient with all other mandarin genotypes and these were genetically distinct from each other. The Genotypic Variance (VG) and Phenotypic Variance (VP) of morphological characters were maximum for fruit weight followed by rootstock girth, fruit granulation, scion girth and pollen viability. The heritability was maximum for traits like seed weight, aerola diameter, pedicel length, length of filament, length of style, petal length and vesicle length. Similarly, dendrogram grouped genotypes into five different clusters based on morpho-anatomical and photosynthetic characters. The Genotypic variance (VG) and Phenotypic Variance (VP) were maximum for stomatal density (4531.37 and 7385.39, respectively) followed by number of closed stomata, number of open stomata and palisade parenchyma tissue length. The maximum genetic advance was recorded for stomatal density (108.62). PAU Kinnow 1, a mutant of Kinnow was clubbed in separate cluster due to variation with respect to morpho-anatomical traits. This clearly differentiated the Kinnow from its mutant PAU Kinnow 1. The study clearly indicated presence of moderate level of genetic diversity within mandarin germplasm and this can be exploited for future mandarin breeding programme.
