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ThesisItem Open Access Enhancing carbohydrate and starch accumulation in microalgae for bioethanol production(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Amanpreet Kaur; Taggar, Monica SachdevaThe present study was carried out to optimize the culture conditions for enhancing carbohydrate and starch accumulation in Chlorella sorokiniana for the bioethanol production. The growth and biomass of microalgae was studied with the sparging of carbon dioxide into the culture medium. The mean growth (0.70), fresh biomass (7983.33 mg l-1), dry biomass (1516.67 mg l-1) and biomass productivity (163.33 mg l-1 day-1) of microalgae was higher with the sparging of carbon dioxide into the culture medium. The effect of different concentrations of potassium nitrate, i.e. 4, 2 and 1 g l-1 in the culture medium revealed high growth (0.98), fresh (8053.33 mg l-1) and dry biomass (1556.67 mg l-1) of microalgae at 4 g l-1 potassium nitrate in the culture medium. The maximum accumulation of total carbohydrate (50.28%) and starch (34.06%) in the microalgae was observed at 1 g l-1 potassium nitrate concentration in the culture medium at 2 days after culturing (DAC) while the total soluble protein content (18.24%) was observed to be maximum at 4 g l-1 potassium nitrate concentration in the culture medium at 8 DAC. The maximum chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content of 403.22 μg g-1 fw, 346.66 μg g-1 fw and 749.88 μg g-1 fw of microalgae was observed at 4 g l-1 potassium nitrate level in the culture medium, respectively. Morphological characterization of C. sorokiniana revealed dense starch granules in the cells under nitrogen limiting conditions. Chitosan, at a concentration of 200 ppm, showed maximum flocculation (90.94%) of microalgal suspension after 60 min. Pre-treatment of microalgal biomass with 1 N sulphuric acid revealed maximum production of total (487.41 mg g-1) and reducing sugars (277.56 mg g-1). The fermentation of microalgal hydrolysate by Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in maximum ethanol content and yield of 0.52 g and 0.052 g g-1 biomass at 96 h of fermentation.ThesisItem Open Access Solitary Waves in four component Dusty Plasma using Kappa Distribution of Electrons and Ions(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Amanpreet Kaur; Parveen BalaDusty plasma plays important role in space, astrophysical and laboratory environment. The presence of charged dust particles along with other particles in plasma creates solitary waves. An unmagnetized dusty plasma consisting of positively charged dust, negatively charged dust, kappa distributed electrons and ions is considered. The K-dV equation for solitary waves in such plasma system is derived using reductive perturbation method. This K-dV equation describes the solitary waves in dusty plasma and gives the nonlinearity and dispersion effects in such dusty plasma system. The soliton solution is found for the K-dV equation which is of the sech2 form. Both compressive and rarefactive solutions are found in fast and slow modes. The effects of the dusty plasma parameters and kappa parameters on the dynamics of these solitons in both modes are discussed numerically. The kappa distribution has only a quantitative, not a qualitative effect on the existence of solitary waves. The results which, have been obtained from this investigation, would be useful in understanding the properties of nonlinear solitary waves in laboratory and in space dusty plasmas.ThesisItem Open Access Cumulative effect of neem powder, Azotobacter and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) growth hormone on yield potential of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Amanpreet Kaur; Sodhi, H.S.A. bisporus is the most popular cultivar among the artificially grown fungi in the world. The mushroom cultivation using agricultural crop lignocellulosic residues has been standardized but the supplementation accurately equilibrates the nitrogen content and the C/N ratio. Neem powder, Azotobacter and Indole-3-acetic acid were used as supplements at different stages of Agaricus bisporus U3 and S11strains. The neem powder was supplemented @ 0.5% to 2.0% in ready compost and spawned at @ 0.7%. The yield potential of Agaricus bisporus U3 was significantly increased upto 29.47% when neem powder was supplemented @ 0.5% and 1.0% at the time of spawning. Azotobacter was added in casing soil @50ml (107-108cfu/ml) in 5kg casing mixture along with neem powder. Use of Azotobacter in the casing had shown 16.0% increase with respect to control I (No addition) a further increase upto 19.41% in yield was recorded, when Azotobacter was applied on bags filled with compost supplemented with 0.5% and 1.0% neem powder respectively. IAA spray at the time of pinhead formation and at the time of 1st flush and 2nd flush showed no significant increase in yield with respect to control I (No addition). However, use of IAA on bags supplemented with 0.5% and 1.0% neem powder and Azotobacter at the time of pinhead formation indicated maximum yield potential of Agaricus bisporus U3. The observations made on quality parameters indicated 2.8 to 3.2 cm stipe length, 3.8 to 4.3cm pileus diameter, color 52.11 to 89.67 L-value and 5125to 11143 hardness was observed in Agaricus bisporus U3. In Agaricus bisporus S11 showed 56.23% increase in yield when neem powder was supplemented @1.0% at the time of spawning. Use of Azotobacter in the casing had shown 31.00% increase with respect to control I (No addition) a further increase of 17.46% in yield was recorded, when Azotobacter was applied on bags filled with compost supplemented with 1.0% neem powder. IAA spray at the time of pinhead formation and at the time of 1st flush and 2nd flush showed no significant increase in yield with respect to control I (No addition). However, use of IAA on bags supplemented with 0.5% and 1.0% neem powder, Azotobacter at the time of 1st flush and 2nd flush indicated maximum yield potential of A. bisporus S11. While in Agaricus bisporus S11 the observations made on stipe length, pileus diameter, color and hardness indicated 2.8 to 3.2cm stipe length, 2.9 to 4.3cm pileus diameter, color 48.3 to 75.9 L-value and 4120 to10364 hardness was observed.ThesisItem Open Access PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT BY USING SELECTED MINOR FIBRES THROUGH WEAVING(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Amanpreet Kaur; Sandeep, BainsThe present study entitled "Product development by using selected minor fibres through weaving" was carried out in Mansa district. An interview schedule was prepared for collecting data from forty respondents. The results of investigation revealed that majority of the respondents belonged to 25-50 years of age who were illiterate, they belonged to joint families and had a monthly income between Rs.2500-5000. Majority (97.5 percent) of the respondents used waste cotton as minor fibre because it is easily available in the open market. Most of the respondent wove durries in traditional designs by using floral motifs. They created textures using two-types of fibre. Majority used natural fibre for the background and two colours for the motifs. Lattice was the most preferred technique (97 percent) to finish the raw edges. Durrie was the most time consuming article and four craft persons took four days and on each day they wove for four hours to complete a durrie. Out of all the articles the craft persons earned maximum profit from sitter (peedhi). The major problem faced by the respondents were lack of financial assistance and lack of demand for product. Forty four samples were created using minor fibres out of which ten most preferred samples were selected by each judge. Texture made from undyed hemp using twill weave (3/1) was given first rank. Later ten articles were prepared which included bag, purse, tray, belt, slippers, coaster plates, newspaper holder, fan (pakhhi), sitter (peedhi) and file cover. On the basis of fibre suitability, bag and file cover were ranked first by the craft persons and the consumers, respectively. According to the design coaster plates were ranked first both by the craft persons and the consumers. On the basis of colour combinations slippers and coaster plates ranked first by the craft persons and the consumers, respectively. Coaster plates were ranked first both by the craft persons and the consumers according to the overall impact. According to the utility bag and file cover were ranked first by the craft person and the consumers, respectively. Majority of the craft person (57.5 percent) and the consumers (72.5 percent) reported that the quoted price were suitable. Thirty to forty percent can me earned by making innovating articles using minor fibres through weaving.