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ThesisItem Open Access Heterosis and combining ability studies in watermelon [Citrulus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai](Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Amandeep Singh; Jindal, Salesh KumarA study was conducted to assess the extent of heterosis and combining ability of watermelon in a line x tester mating design at Vegetable research farm, Department of Vegetable Science, PAU, Ludhiana. The 40 F1 hybrids, 10 lines, 4 testers and standard check (WMH-7) were evaluated in Feb-May, 2019 for yield and component traits. The analysis of variance indicated significant variability among all the genotypes for all the traits. The combining ability analysis revealed that general combining ability effects and specific combining ability effects were significant for all the traits. The ratio of σ2SCA/ σ2GCA indicated predominance of non-additive gene effects for vine length, internode length, days to appearance of 1st female flower, number of days taken to first fruit harvest, fruit length, fruit width, average fruit weight, number of fruits/ plant, yield/ plant, 100 seed weight, TSS, vitamin C and total dry matter. Among the lines, Yellow-2 was good general combiner for TSS, lycopene content and number of fruits/ plant; 5419-2011 for days to appearance of 1st female flower, fruit length, seed number per fruit and total dry matter and WM-10 for yield/plant. Among the testers, KFF 1-1-2 was good general combiner for of most characters viz. short vine length, days taken to first fruit harvest, seed number per fruit, TSS, vitamin C, total carotenoids and lycopene. Sugar Baby noted good combiner for fruit width, average fruit weigh and 100 seed weight. The hybrid, 5419-2011 × EC-829870 recorded best specific combiner for TSS, total carotenoids, lycopene and days to appearance of 1st female flower. Barmer × Sugar Baby exhibited highest SCA effect for number of fruits/plant and yield/ plant. The cross combination exhibited highest positive and significant heterobeltiosis for TSS was WM-5 × EC-829870; for yield/plant was Yellow-2 × EC-829870 and for number of fruits/plant was 5419-2011 × EC-829828. Yellow-2 × KFF 1-1-2 performed best with highest heterosis over check (WMH-7) for total carotenoids, lycopene, vitamin C and number of days taken to first fruit harvest. W-6-3-3-3-2 × KFF 1-1-2 and Barmer × Sugar Baby exhibited highest standard heterosis for TSS; number of fruits/plant and yield/plant, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Status of vegetable cultivation in Sangrur district of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Amandeep Singh; Dharminder SinghThe present study entitled “Status of vegetable cultivation in Sangrur district of Punjab” was conducted in Malerkotla block of Punjab. Four vegetables crops i.e. cauliflower, cucumber, okra and capsicum were selected for the present study. A sample of 120 vegetable growers was selected randomly keeping in view that at least 50 farmers were selected for each vegetable crop. The study intended to know the personal profile of vegetable growers, the status of vegetable cultivation and problems faced by the vegetable growers. Study revealed that 57.50 per cent of the respondents belonged to age group of 37-48 years and 28.34 per cent of respondents were educated up to matric level. It was revealed that 81.68 per cent of respondents had taken loan from commission agents. The major source of information regarding vegetable cultivation were pesticide dealers with mean score 2.67 followed by progressive farmers with mean score 1.38. Majority of the respondents i.e., 87.50 per cent had purchased the seed from private seed shop and cultivated non-recommended varieties of selected vegetable crops. It was inferred that majority of respondents sown these vegetable crops at more than recommended row to row spacing and less than recommended plant to plant spacing. It was found that respondents had not used the recommended dose of fertilizers and pesticides the selected vegetable crops and they had applied more number of sprays than recommended. Almost all the respondents i.e., 92.50 per cent sold their produce to the local market. It was found that 15.00 per cent of the respondents wanted to decrease area of vegetable cultivation in winter season whereas 7.50 per cent of the respondents wished to decrease the area in summer season due to their decreasing profits. Major problems faced by the respondents were fluctuations in market rates and non-remunerative prices. The other problems which were reported by the growers were high cost of inputs, high cost of labour, non availability of canal water and lack of technical knowledge about plant protection measures.ThesisItem Restricted Standardization of fermentation conditions for production of Jamun wine(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Amandeep Singh; Kocher, Gurvinder SinghJamun (Syzygium cumini) varieties (Raw/Ram and Local) were evaluated for wine production. On the basis of Physical parameters of whole Jamun fruit, seed and pulp and physiochemical parameters (TSS, titrable acidity, pH, brix acid ratio, total sugars, reducing sugars, anthocyanin, total phenols and tannin) Raw/Ram was found to better than Local variety. Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain KY069279 was found to be better than, D7, 11815 and Meyerozyma caribbica (PY1) on the basis of the viable cell count, reducing sugars, total sugars, o Brix and comparative growth kinetics on Jamun juice. Fermentation conditions for Jamun wine production were optimized by carried out by using RSM (Response Surface Methodology) and the effect of different fermentation parameters viz. TSS, inoculum size and DAHP supplementation revealed 18°B, 5% v/v and 100 mg/100 ml as optimum, respectively, with an ethanol production of 10.893% (w/v), total sugars 0.045 g/100ml and reducing sugars 0.020 g/100ml. Similarly, effect of amount of seed powder and pulp supplementation revealed @300mg/100 ml of each as optimum, with Tannins and phenols 90.946 mg/100ml and 0.188 g/100 ml, respectively. The scale up studies on Jamun wine (with seed powder and pulp W1; without seed powder and pulp W2) were carried out at 40L scale. Prepared Jamun wines W1 and W2 were evaluated for the fermentation parameters over the period of 90 days at the interval of one month. Sensory attributes of sample wine with seed powder and pulp (9.25±0.1) was found to be significantly better than without seed powder and pulp (8.38±0.3) when evaluated using a 10 point scale. On the basis of antioxidant activity W1 (53.7%) was revealed to be better than W2 (49.9%)in terms of % inhibition of DPPH. Hence, Jamun could act as a suitable substrate for production of wine with all the important properties of wine having high content of bioactive compounds (total phenols, tannins and antioxidants).ThesisItem Restricted Refinement of leaf colour chart based fertilizer nitrogen management technology using PAU-LCC in transplanted rice(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Amandeep Singh; Varinderpal SinghLarge field to field variability in inherent soil nitrogen (N) supply restricts efficient fertilizer N use when soil test based fertilizer N recommendations are used in transplanted rice. A field experiment was conducted at PAU, Ludhiana to study spectral properties of transplanted rice to guide need-based fertilizer N application and to study need of basal N application in new rice varieties i.e. PR 121, PR 122, PR123 and PR 124. The spectral properties of rice leaves at different growth stages measured using PAU-LCC (PAU-Leaf colour chart), SPAD (chlorophyll) meter and GreenSeeker optical sensor correlated well with leaf N concentration except at 10 days after transplanting (DAT). The PAU-LCC and SPAD meter readings were poorly correlated with leaf dry weight at early growth stages but correlation improved as growth progressed. The NDVI values integrate intensity of leaf colour greenness and biomass and are thus well correlated with leaf dry weight at different growth stages. Close linear relationship (R2=0.732, n= 504) between PAU-LCC score and SPAD meter readings suggested that PAU-LCC can be used as economical substitute to SPAD for making need based fertilizer N topdressings in transplanted rice. The PAU-LCC 4 guided N applications produced grain yield equivalent to soil test based N applications with saving of 60 kg N ha-1, and thus led to maximum agronomic (46.7 kg kg-1 N) and recovery efficiency (82.5 per cent) of applied fertilizer N. Whereas, PAU-LCC 4.5 guided N management improved grain yield production by 8.47 percent with the use of fertilizer N equivalent to soil test based N management in new rice varieties (PR 121, PR 122, PR123 and PR 124). The basal N dose can be delayed till 10 DAT while using threshold leaf greenness of PAU-LCC 4.5.