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ThesisItem Open Access Growth and yield of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] as influenced by growth retardants and sowing dates(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Amandeep Kaur; Harmeet SinghThe present study entitled “Growth and yield of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] as influenced by growth retardants and sowing dates” was carried out at Student’s Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during kharif 2016. The field experiment comprising of sixteen treatments viz., control, water spray, MH @ 200, 250 and 300 ppm and TIBA @ 25, 50 and 75 ppm and two sowing dates (May 15 and May 30) was conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications on sandy loam soil which was normal in pH (7.57-7.59) and electrical conductivity (0.139-0.117 dsm-1), low in organic carbon (0.23-0.26%), and available nitrogen (112.4-129.2 kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus (18.50-21.70 kg ha-1) and available potassium (298.2-310.6 kg ha-1). May 15 sown crop produced significantly higher dry matter, LAI, number of branches, pods and grain yield than May 30 sown crop. May 15 sown produced significantly taller plants and significantly influenced CGR, RGR and LAD. Quality parameters such as N, P, K and protein content in grain and stover remained unaffected by growth retardants and sowing dates. Nodule count and weight of nodule plant-1 were not significantly affected by growth retardants and sowing dates. No effect on phenology of crop and chlorophyll content was observed by either sowing dates and growth retardant treatments. Various growth and yield parameters viz., Crop Growth Rate, Relative Growth Rate, Leaf Area Duration, dry matter, Leaf Area Index, secondary branches plant-1 and pods plant-1 were statistically higher with application of TIBA @ 75 ppm than all other growth retardant treatments and control but was statistically at par with TIBA applied @ 50 ppm. As a result, highest seed yield of pigeonpea (14.4 q ha-1) was recorded with application of TIBA @ 75 ppm although at par with foliar application of TIBA @ 50 ppm but was 22.9 per cent higher than control. Similar increase in stover yield and harvest index was also observed. No significant effect of different growth retardant sprays was found on various quality parameters like nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and protein content of seed and stover.ThesisItem Open Access Dynamics of land use pattern and agricultural production scenario in India with particular reference to Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Amandeep Kaur; Kataria, PoonamThe present study, based on secondary data, was conducted to bring forth the over time changes in land use pattern of India with particular reference to Punjab. An attempt was also made to carry out the comparative evaluation of performance of agriculture and to enumerate the potential correlates of land use pattern and agricultural performance parameters in 15 major agricultural states of India for the time frame, 1980-81 to the latest available. India has geographical area of 328.7 million hectares. A close scrutiny of its land use matrix, consisting of three sub-sectors namely ecological sector, agriculture sector and non-agricultural sector, revealed that three states (Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh) have predominance of agriculture sector (more than three fourth of the reporting area). The net sown area of Punjab (2.96 % of the country’s cropped area) accounted for 97.1 per cent of the state’s agricultural land, whereas only 57.7 per cent of Tamil Nadu’s agricultural land was under plough indicating divergent patterns followed by states in the land use matrix. The cropping intensity of India increased from 123.1 per cent in 1980-81 to 138.9 per cent in 2012-13, which was far below the level attained by Punjab (189.6 %) connoting inter-state differentials in the utilization of land potential. The agricultural production performance assessed from production profile of crops crucial for food security, employment potential of agriculture, value of output and Net State Domestic Product from agriculture and allied on net area sown basis also highlighted widespread inter-state differentials. The application of Kendall’s coefficient of concordance testified that the state rankings with respect to selected land use and agricultural production parameters were in conformity (p<0.05) indicating strong association between the land use and agricultural performance parameters. The convergence analysis of agricultural performance proxied by Net State Domestic Product from agriculture and allied activities per hectare of net area sown was carried out for the four time periods:1980-81 to 1989-90, 1990-91 to 1999-00, 2000-01 to 2012-13 and overall study period. The results provided strong evidence of - convergence as indicated by estimated statistically significant coefficient for the period 2000-01 to 2012-13 implying that the states have started giving the signs of convergence post 2000 at the rate 2.7 per cent per year. The analysis has very well established that poor performing states have started catching up with the states, well known for their agricultural advancement and this would in its own right lead to food secure and prosperous India.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of elevated temperature regimes on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and its mitigation by agronomic management techniques(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Amandeep Kaur; Sidhu, Prabhjyot KaurA field experiment was conducted within a temperature gradient tunnel (TGT: 30m x 5m x 3m) to investigate the effect of elevated temperature regimes on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and its mitigation by agronomic management techniques at the Research Farm, School of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, PAU, Ludhiana during rabi, 2015-16. The experiment comprised of 54 treatments combinations viz. 6 temperature regimes (+3.0, +3.2, +3.3, +3.5 and +3.6oC), 3 wheat cultivars (WH-1105, PBW-550 and HD-2967) and 3 foliar spray treatment (No foliar spray, Water spray and Urea spray 3%). The data on micrometeorological parameters, phenology, periodic growth parameters, yield and yield attributes of wheat cultivars were recorded. The foliar spray of urea 3% and foliar spray of water were applied at the late jointing and grain filling stage. The results of the study indicate that plant height and spikelet sterility increased but grain and straw yield of wheat decreased significantly with rise in temperature within the TGT. The partitioning of photosynthates among the grain and straw yield were severely affected as is indicated by the changes in harvest index. Amongst the spray treatment, the urea spray reduced the negative effect of rise in temperature more effectively as compared to water and no spray treatment. The increase in rate of spikelet sterility, plant height and decrease in rate of yield / yield attributes of wheat cultivars was mitigate effectively by the urea spray treatment. The yield and yield attributes at elevated temperature regimes was decreased maximum in cv. PBW-550 followed by cv. WH-1105 and cv. HD-2967 from ambient conditions. Amongst the wheat cultivars, HD-2967 was most tolerant and PBW-550 was most susceptible to an increase in temperature. The results of the study indicate that under anticipated increase in temperature, cv. HD-2967 may be recommended for cultivation due to its tolerant growth traits towards maintaining its yield and yield attributes under high temperature condition which are the most important determinants of high productivity of a cultivar.