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Evaluation of promising lines for yield and quality traits along with leaf curl virus disease resistance in pickled chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2024) Ravinder Singh; Dr S.K. Jindal
The present study was conducted to evaluate seventy-five pickled chilli genotypes for various yield and quality traits at Vegetable Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2021-23. The research findings depicts that all the genotypes differ in the expression of different traits. Like, genotype PCP-732-2 exhibited the highest plant height (72.1 cm) but was not superior in other traits. All the characters evaluated, possessed high heritability along with high genetic advance as a percent of the mean except for number of fruits per plant. Fruit yield per plant exhibited significant and positive correlation with fruit length, fruit width, pericarp thickness, number of fruits per plant and average fruit weight at both the phenotypic and genotypic levels. Path analysis had provided insights that number of primary branches, fruit length, pericarp thickness, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, capsaicin in green fruits, oleoresin content and colouring matter have direct and positive effect on fruit yield per plant at both phenotypic and genotypic levels. Therefore, emphasizing these Principal component analysis indicated that most of the variation among the genotypes was contributed by the first seven principal components (> 70%). Among the variables, plant height emerged as a key contributor followed by the number of primary branches, fruit length and fruit width. Cluster analysis concluded that seventy-five genotypes were classified into four clusters. Cluster I entailed maximum number of genotypes (37), followed by Cluster II (30), III (7) and IV (1). The maximum intra-class distance was found in cluster I followed by cluster II and cluster III. The inter-class distance was found highest between cluster I and cluster IV followed by cluster II-cluster III. The larger the inter-class distance, the more distinct and well-separated the clusters from each other. Natural and artificial screening against chilli leaf curl virus disease reported that genotypes specifically, FLP-649, PCP-7001, PCP-701-1 and PCP-754 were found to be resistant while, artificial screening against rootknot nematodes reported that genotype PUP-607 and PCP-701-1 exhibited resistant reaction. Hence, genotype PCP-701-1 possessed resistance against both diseases.
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Development of monoecious lines in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) through marker assisted selection
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2024) Nidhi; Sharma, Sat Pal
In heterosis breeding, monoecious sex expression offers significant advantages over andromonoecy in muskmelon, as it eliminates emasculation and produces fruits with desirable traits, such as earliness, high TSS, thick flesh, small scar size, and large fruit size. Thus, development of stable monoecious lines possessing desirable horticultural traits is critical for hybrid breeding in this crop. This investigation was aimed to identify molecular markers linked to monoecious trait and to transfer this trait to a popular melon cultivar through marker assisted selection. For this purpose, stability of monoecism was assessed under varying environments and identified 18 stable monoecious using the andromonoecious index. A set of identified lines was used to develop KASP markers for the sex-determining gene, CmACS-7, which revealed two mutations in exons 1 and 2, with one SNP at 170th, followed by insertion of ‘GA’ at 222nd nucleotide position. Upon validation, KASP-CT-2 accurately separated homozygous andromonoecious and monoecious parents and was also successfully validated on F2 population segregating for monoecious trait. Subsequently, marker-assisted backcross breeding was carried out to transfer the dominant gene 'A' controlling the monoecious trait into the Punjab Sunheri, a popular muskmelon cultivar. Heterozygous plants in BC1F1 and BC2F1 and homozygous plants in BC2F2 with high recurrent parent genome recovery and monoecious trait were advanced using the cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker. In the BC2F2 population, homozygous monoecious plants were identified using the CAPS marker. These plants were self pollinated to generate a BC2F3 progenies, of which 11 out of 13 lines had phenotypic similarities with the recurrent parents. These 11 lines were self pollinated to generate 34 BC2F4 progenies. Eight BC2F4 lines, viz. Mono-6R2, Mono-IOB1, Mono-2OB3, Mono-7R3, Mono-2OV2, Mono-1OB2 were selected based on TSS, TSS/TA ratio, β-carotene, low titratable acidity, pH, flesh thickness, fruit shape index, and yield. The information and developed associated molecular marker will be useful in developing new stable monoecious lines. Furthermore, the generated monoecious lines can potentially be utilized as a female parent for F1 hybrid development in muskmelon.
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Development of begomovirus resistant hybrid(s) using KASP markers in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne)
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Sood, Anushka; Sharma, Madhu
The present investigation entitled, “Development of begomovirus resistant hybrid(s) using KASP markers in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne)” was conducted in the Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana with the objectives to screen pumpkin genotypes using Cmo4018182 KASP marker against mixed infection of squash leaf curl China virus and tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (MI-Sq/To) and to develop begomovirus resistant hybrids for year-round cultivation of pumpkin. Forty genotypes of pumpkin were screened in spring season 2022, genotypically with Cmo4018182 KASP marker for resistance against MI-Sq/To. Based on KASP marker analysis, nineteen genotypes were selected and randomly hybridized to develop twenty-nine F1 hybrids. In rainy season 2022, the forty genotypes and twenty-nine F1 hybrids were subjected to whitefly mediated artificial mass screening for resistance against MI-Sq/To at nursery stage and 75 days after sowing (DAS). Among forty genotypes, four genotypes were observed as resistant, thirteen as moderately resistant, three as moderately susceptible and twenty genotypes as susceptible at nursery stage. Most of the genotypes showed same disease reaction in nursery stage and 75 DAS except P-37 which later on shifted its reaction from moderately resistant to moderately susceptible. Among 29 hybrids, two hybrids were found resistant, sixteen were moderately resistant, two were moderately susceptible while nine were susceptible at nursery stage. Likewise parents, hybrids retained their disease reaction from nursery to 75 DAS except H9. However, marker trait association of Cmo4018182 KASP marker against resistance to MI-Sq/To was found to be 75% in the diverse panel of 40 genotypes while it was 86.20% in case of hybrids, suggesting further exploration of the identified genomic region for the development of gene-linked markers. In addition to assessing begomovirus resistance, the hybrids underwent evaluation concerning morphological, yield and yield-attributing traits. Significant differences among hybrids for all horticultural traits were observed during both rainy and spring seasons as shown by the analysis of variance. In terms of individual performance, the majority of hybrids displayed substantial improvements in favorable directions for all traits compared to their parents. High genetic variability among genotypes for majority of traits offers an opportunity to develop heterotic hybrids because of their high heritability and genetic advance. Traits such as days to 1st male flower, days to 1st female flower and days to 50% female flower exhibited low genetic variation indicating that hybridization of divergent genotypes could be beneficial in generating diversity in these traits. The significant positive correlation of traits viz, average fruit weight, vine length, number of fruits per plant, fruit diameter, peduncle length, petiole length and flesh thickness with fruit yield indicates the potential for enhancing yield by focusing on these specific traits. Among the 29 hybrids, H8, H18, H20, H24 and H27 were found as the most optimal hybrids based on their resistance to begomovirus, earliness and yield. However, conducting multi-location trials is imperative to affirm the commercial potential of these hybrids. Conclusively, this study showcased the pragmatic value of employing marker assisted breeding in the introgression of begomovirus resistance and expedited the development of begomovirus-resistant hybrids in a shorter duration, conserving both labour and resources.
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Management of phosphorus fertilization for tuber yield and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Vipanpreet Kaur; Navjot Singh
The present study "Management of phosphorus fertilization for tuber yield and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes" was conducted at Vegetable Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, and Vegetable Research Farm, Khanaura (Hoshiarpur), during 2021-22. The experiment was conducted in a split-split plot design consisting of two genotypes i.e., Punjab Potato-102 and Kufri Pukhraj in main plots, and two sources of fertilizer i.e., Diammonium phosphate (DAP) and Single Superphosphate (SSP) in sub-plots, and four level of Phosphorus fertilizers i.e., 75, 100, 125 and 150 per cent of recommended dose of Phosphorus fertilizer in sub-sub plot, with three replications. Phosphorus fertilization with DAP @ 93.75 kg/ha (150% of the recommended dose) resulted in the highest emergence percentage, number of shoots, foliage weight, number of tubers per plant, and average tuber weight per plant. Highest tuber yield per hectare was recorded in case of both varieties after 70, 90, and 110 days of harvesting at both locations, with a higher proportion of B-grade tubers followed by C, A, and D grade during all the intervals of harvesting. The tuber quality traits, i.e., dry matter, reducing sugar, total phenols, free amino acids, and total glycoalkaloids improved with the application of a higher dose (150% of phosphorus) of DAP fertilizer. The concentration of nutrient (N, P, and K) uptake was observed to be highest in the root, shoot, and tuber with the application of a higher dose of DAP after 70, 90, and 110 days of harvesting at both locations and varieties. The concentration of nutrient uptake was highest at Khanaura (Hoshiarpur) as compared to Ludhiana. The study on effect of Nano-P fertilizer on tuber yield and quality was conducted at Vegetable Research Farm, Khanaura (Hoshiarpur). The experiment was conducted in a split plot design with two genotypes in main plots, and four levels of Phosphorus fertilizers i.e., 75 per cent, 75 per cent + foliar application of nano-P, 100 per cent, and 100 per cent + foliar application of nano-P in sub plot with three replications. Phosphorus fertilization with @ 62.5 kg/ha (100% of the recommended dose) + foliar application of nano-P resulted in the highest emergence percentage, number of shoots, foliage weight, number of tubers per plant, and average tuber weight per plant to achieve the highest tuber yield per hectare in the case of both varieties after 70, 90, and 110 days of harvesting. The proportion of B-grade tubers was highest followed by C, A, and D grade during all the intervals of harvesting. The tuber quality traits improved with the application of a higher dose (100% of phosphorus + nano-P) of P fertilizer. The concentration of nutrient (N, P, and K) uptake was also highest in the shoot and root with the application of a 100 per cent P + foliar application of nano-P after 70, 90, and 110 days of harvesting in both varieties. The outcome of the present study elucidates the importance of taking an integrated approach to improve the phosphorous utilization by potato crop. This in turn will be useful for management programmes aimed at improving phosphorus use efficiency by adjusting phosphorus fertilization according to location, method of application, cultivar, and source of fertilizers.
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Impact of pinching on growth, flowering and yield of bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.]
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Sharma, Pragati; Mahala, Prakash
The field experiment was conducted to study the “Impact of pinching on growth, flowering and yield of bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.]” in loamy sand and sandy loam soils of the Vegetable Research Farm, Ludhiana and Regional Research Station, Abohar, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during kharif 2022. The experiment comprising of 9 pinching treatments (no pinching, pinching on main branch at 2nd node, pinching on main and lateral branches at 2nd node, pinching on main branch at 4th node, pinching on main branch and lateral branches at 4th node, pinching on main branch at 6th node, pinching on main branch and lateral branches at 6th node, pinching on main branch at 8th node and pinching on main branch and lateral branches at 8th node) and replicated three times, was laid out in randomized block design. The results of the study have clearly shown that the pinching on main branch and lateral branches at 6th node significantly increased total number of branches at the time of final harvest (7.36), days to first male flower appearance (49.18 days), number of female flowers (24.35), polar diameter of fruit (14.75 cm), equatorial diameter of fruit (13.76 cm), fruit weight (587.91 g), number of fruits per vine (7.23), early fruit yield per plot (14.17 kg), fruit yield (42.50 kg plot-1 and 566.7 q ha-1), harvest duration (68.03 days) and significantly reduced vine length at the time of final harvest (383.17 cm), days to first female flower appearance (53.97 days) and number of male flowers (121.69) and days taken to fruit harvest (61.97 days). Maximum net returns Rs. 357007 of bottle gourd was obtained with the pinching on main branch and lateral branches at 6th node. Further, maximum B: C ratio (3.70:1) in bottle gourd was observed in pinching on main branch and lateral branches at 6th node. Further it may be concluded that significantly better yield, net returns and maximum B: C ratio can be obtained from bottle gourd by the pinching on main branch and lateral branches at 6th node.
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Response of sulphur and potassium applications on growth, yield and quality of garlic (Allium sativum L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Sandhu, Sangram Singh; Kulbir Singh
The present investigation was conducted at vegetable research farm, biochemistry laboratory and soil science laboratory, Punjab Agricultural University, during rabi seasons of 2020-21 and 2021-22 to standardize the potassium and sulphur dose for growth, yield and quality of garlic. The experiment was laid in randomized complete block design and replicated thrice. Variety ‘PG-18’ was used as plant material. The experiment comprised of sixteen treatment combinations with four levels of potassium (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg K ha-1) and sulphur (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg S ha-1). Potassium and sulphur were applied as basal dose at bed preparation and all the agronomic practices were followed in accordance with package of practice. It was observed from the results that with the application of 60 kg of potassium along with 30 kg sulphur, growth parameters like, plant height (82.8 cm), bulb diameter (5.24 cm), total bulb yield(14.17 t ha-1), quality parameters like allicin (12.64 mg g-1) was recorded highest. Highest Benefit Cost ratio was also observed with same treatment combination. It was observed that highest bulb yield was in the same combination of treatments with highest nutrient uptake status. Therefore, from the results it was found that 60 kg of potassium along with 30 kg sulphur treatment was found beneficial for growth, yield and quality of garlic and it is recommended for North Indian conditions.
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Evaluation of Asiatic radish (Raphanus sativus L.) genotypes for heat stress tolerance
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Dhand, Amit; Garg, Naveen
Thirty genotypes of Asiatic radish (Raphanus sativus L.) were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications in 6 sowing dates (environments) during summer 2021 for 14 traits at Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Bathinda to ascertain their adaptation and adaptability. The six sowing times were E1 (15 March), E2 (15 April), E3 (15 May), E4 (15 June), E5 (15 July) and E6 (15 August). The data were subjected to statistical analysis following AMMI model. The mean squares due to genotypes (G) and environments (E) were significant for all traits. The G × E interaction variance was significant for all traits except root length, root diameter, dry matter and crude fiber and it was partitioned into two principal components i.e. IPCA 1 and IPCA 2 which were significant for 13 and 7 traits, respectively, and explained 67 to 96% of the interaction variance. The residual variance was non-significant for all traits except root: shoot, ascorbic acid and isothiocyanate. Among various environments, E1 recorded the best results for number of leaves, plant weight, root weight, shoot weight and root length, E6 for marketable yield and isothiocyanate, whereas E3 for ascorbic acid. Five top performing genotypes on the basis of marketable yield were G2 (PMMS-1), G11 (RL-2210), G3 (Palak Mooli), G9 (RL-19-1) and G5 (RL-9-1) which yielded 57.2%, 57.0%, 55.4%, 54.9% and 51.7% higher than check i.e. „Pusa Chetki‟ (93.8 q/ha), respectively. These five genotypes also showed general adaptability across all six environments for most traits. However, the best yield performance in E2 and E6 was exhibited by G2, G3, G9 and G11; in E1 by G2, G3 and G11; in E3 and E4 by G2; and in E5 by G3, G9 and G11.
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Effect of foliar application of nutrients on growth, yield and quality attributes of hull-less seeded pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca)
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Monika; Dhatt, A.S.
The present investigation entitled „Effect of foliar application of nutrients on growth, yield and quality attributes of hull-less seeded pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca)‟ was carried out at Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during spring season 2021 and 2022. The experiment was laid down in Randomized complete block design with thirteen treatments viz., T1 control (water spray), T2 (ZnSO4 @0.5%), T3 (MgSO4 @ 0.5%), T4 (KNO3 @ 0.5%), T5 (B @ 0.5%), T6 (ZnSO4 @ 1.0%), T7(MgSO4 @ 1.0%), T8 (KNO3 @ 1.0%), T9 (B @ 1.0%), T10 (ZnSO4 + MgSO4 +KNO3+B @0.5%), T11 (ZnSO4+MgSO4+KNO3+B @ 1.0%), T12 (Salicylic acid @ 100ppm) and T13 (Salicylic acid @ 200 ppm), replicated thrice. Among, horticultural trait, maximum vine length was observed in foliar application of ZnSO4 + MgSO4 + KNO3+B @ 0.5% (T10). Foliar application of salicylic acid @ 200 ppm (T13) gave higher leaf length, leaf width and petiole length. Minimum days to 50 % male and female flowering as well as harvest were observed in foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% (T2). ZnSO4 + MgSO4 +KNO3+B @ 0.5% (T10) and MgSO4 @ 0.5% (T3) significantly affected the fruit yield traits like polar diameter of fruit, equatorial diameter of fruit, flesh thickness, fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, number of fruits per plot, fruit yield per plant, fruit yield per plot and seed yield traits viz., number of seeds per fruit, 100seed weight and seed yield per plant. Quality traits like seed colour, dry matter, oil content, protein content, ash content, fibre, total sugar and reducing sugar too were maximized by foliar application of T10 (ZnSO4+ MgSO4 + KNO3 +B @ 0.5%) and T3 (MgSO4 @ 0.5%). Correlation analysis revealed that polar and equatorial diameter, flesh thickness, fruit weight, vine length and number of primary branches per plant significantly and positively contributed towards fruit yield per plot while, seed yield was directly correlated with number of seeds per fruit, 100-seed weight, dry matter, oil content, ash content and reducing sugar. Suggesting focus on these characters for further improvement of seed yield and quality of hull-less pumpkin. Considering above and the benefit-cost ratio among T3 and T10, T3 (MgSO4 @ 0.5%) can be adjudged as the best treatment for enhancing growth and yield of PAU Magaz Kadoo-1. Therefore, it can be stated that the four foliar applications of MgSO4 @ 0.5% at fortnightly interval with the onset of 50% flowering can significantly improve the growth, yield and quality attributes of hull-less seeded pumpkin.
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Effect of priming on seed quality and storability in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Varinda; Rajinder Singh
The present study was conducted on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seeds var. Punjab Naveen with the objective to evaluate the effect of various priming treatments on the quality and storability of seeds. The freshly harvested seeds were subjected to different concentrations of priming treatments viz. K2HPO4, KH2PO4, Hydroxyurea, GA3, ethrel, benzyl adenine, mimosine, KNO3, ZnSO4 and H2O for 6 hours at 25°C and various physiological (germination percentage, speed of germination, mean days to germination, seedling length, root length, shoot length, seedling dry weight and seedling vigour index) and biochemical parameters (Total soluble sugars, total soluble proteins, α-amylase activity, dehydrogenase activity, total phenol content, catalase activity, peroxidase activity, lipid peroxidation and membrane stability index) were recorded. Seed priming treatments ethrel (50ppm) followed by KNO3 (1.5%) and mimosine (100µM) were the most effective treatments in improving percent and speed of germination and reducing mean germination time immediately after priming. The best sixteen treatments along with control were selected thereafter and seeds were stored in cloth bags for 12 months in a refrigerator (4⁰C) to validate the effect of priming on seed quality during the storage period. The data were collected at bimonthly intervals, viz. zero, two, four, six, eight, ten and twelve months of storage. It was observed that with an increase in storage duration, an increase in physiological and biochemical aspects of seed quality in primed seeds. An increase in parameters was observed upto ten months of storage and sharp decline observed thereafter. All the priming treatments improved the germination related parameters in primed seeds over control but the extent of improvement varied. Seed priming with mimosine (200µM) followed by priming with KNO3 (1.5%) and KH2PO4 (10-5M) were found to be the best treatments for cucumber seeds even after storage for 12 months.

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