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Open Access
Response of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) to drip irrigation and fertigation under mulch conditions
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Jaspreet Kaur; Kulbir Singh
The present investigation was conducted at Vegetable Research Farm and Biochemical Laboratory, Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to standardize the optimum moisture regime, NPK levels under drip irrigation and mulch for crop establishment, growth, yield and quality fruit production in muskmelon. Hybrid „MH-27‟ comprised as a plant material. The treatments included three levels of drip irrigation regimes i.e. at 100 per cent crop evapotranspiration (ETc), 80 per cent ETc and 60 per cent ETc along with mulch treatment (silver black polythene mulch and no mulch) under main plot treatments and three level of fertigation i.e. 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 80 per cent RDF and 60 per cent RDF was considered under sub plot treatments resulting in eighteen treatments combinations which were compared with the conventional practices. Drip irrigation at 100 per cent ETc and 100 per cent RDF under mulch improved vine length, number of primary branches, average fruit weight and yield which was statistically at par with drip irrigation at 80 per cent ETc and 80 per cent RDF. Further, it was noticed that yield from different treatments of drip fertigation varied from 168.8 q/ha to 201.8 q/ha which was 16 per cent higher from conventional system. Various quality parameters i.e. ascorbic acid and dry matter content were found to increase with increase in depth of irrigation and fertilizer dose. However, maximum total soluble solids (TSS) were observed with drip irrigation at 80 per cent ETc and 100 per cent RDF. The economic analysis revealed that highest net returns (Rs 130023/ha) were obtained under drip fertigation along with mulch application which was 17.2 per cent higher from conventional system. Thus, it may be concluded from the present investigation that drip fertigation at 80 per cent ETc level and 80 per cent RDF along with mulch application is beneficial to improve productivity and quality of muskmelon with saving of 80.85 water and 20 per cent fertilizer over the conventional method.
Open Access
Morphological and molecular characterization of CMS lines and their seed production potential in onion (Allium cepa L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Sharma, Suman; Dhatt, A.S.
The present investigation entitled „Morphological and molecular characterization of CMS lines and their seed production potential in onion (Allium cepa L.)‟ was carried out in the Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (India) during 2017-2019. The objective was to characterize and study seed set potential of male sterile lines D-10 A&B, D-11 A&B, D-48 A&B, D-73 A&B, D-97 A&B, D-102 A&B, D-121 A&B, D-266 A&B and D-305 A&B having cytotype of A. cepa and D-G404 A&B, D-G407 A&B, D-G408 A&B, D-G413 A&B, D-G414 A&B, D-G416 A&B and D-G421 A&B having cytotype of A. galanthum. In morphological characterization, analysis of variance exhibited significant differences for all 14 quantitative traits. Moderate to high values for coefficients of variation, high heritability along with high genetic advance were observed for bolting per cent (%), polar diameter, TSS, pyruvic acid and lachrymatory factor. D2 statistics formed total six clusters on the basis of 14 quantitative traits. Mean performance of clusters categorized cluster-IV, V and VI good for leaf length, plant height, equatorial diameter, polar diameter and average bulb weight. On the basis of mean performance, D-97 A, D-G414 A and D-266 A CMS-lines gave highest average bulb weight. Out of 36, 12 polymorphic SSR markers grouped all the CMS-lines into two major clusters and four sub-clusters. ACM 091 presented highest PIC value (0.74) and number of effective alleles (4.38). Isogenic nature of male sterile (A) lines and their respective maintainer (B) lines was confirmed both at morphological and molecular level. Seed set potential of these lines was estimated under controlled and open field conditions. Analysis of variance exhibited significant variation for all floral traits. Significant difference between male sterile and its corresponding maintainer line was reflected for androecial traits whereas, gynoecial characteristics viz., ovary length and width did not differ significantly. Though nectar quantity was higher in B-lines than A-lines for both species, but in general, A. galanthum had less nectar than A. cepa backgrounds. The nectar analysis revealed that fructose content (%) ranged from 5.93 to 43.24 and 5.19 to 33.26 per cent and glucose content (%) from 3.32 to 42.65 and 4.96 to 33.50 per cent in A and B-lines, respectively. Syrphid fly predominated over all other pollinators around onion flowers. Preference of honey bees was observed for male fertile (C-line) over male sterile (A) lines due to less nectar in the latter. Seed yield/umbel and seed yield/plant ranged from 0.58 to 3.80 g and 3.28 to 27.89 g, respectively. The quantity of seed was more in A. cepa as compared to A. galanthum lines. The seed yield/umbel showed significant positive correlation with nectar volume (mg/floret), syrphid fly visits/umbel/ minute, glucose and fructose content.
Open Access
Evaluation and seed production potential of European genotypes of carrot (Daucus carota L.) under different agroclimatic conditions of Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Karamvir Kaur; Dhillon, Tarsem Singh
The investigation entitled “Evaluation and seed production potential of European genotypes of carrot (Daucus carota L.) under different agroclimatic conditions of Punjab ” was carried out at Research Farm (Director Seeds), Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (L1) and KVK Langroya, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar (L2). Diverse European carrot genotypes were characterized by morphological, biochemical and seed production potential during 2018-19. Analysis of variance showed significant differences for quantitative traits with respect to locations, dates of sowing and genotypes. GGE Biplot model was used to produce biplot graphs which display the variability of genotypes and G×E interactions and visualized the stable performance of genotypes for all the quantitative and qualitative characters. Morphological, biochemical and seed production potential of European carrot genotypes were best in second location (KVK, Langroya). Mean values of morphological characters like root length, root weight, root girth and total root yield (kg/plot) was significantly maximum of genotypes viz., Carrot Nantes, P-35, P-41 and Carrot Early Nantes when sown in first week of November. The genotypes such as P-35, P-5, Arka Suraj and P-16 showed significantly higher values in terms of total soluble solids, carotene content and sugar content. The genotypes Carrot Nantes, PCO-4, PCO-6 have significantly higher seed quality and seed production potential when sown in first week of January.
Open Access
Effect of row spacing and leaf cutting on seed yield and contributing traits in coriander
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Harmanjit Kaur; Arora, Deepak
The field investigation was conducted to study the effect of row spacing and leaf cutting on seed yield and contributing traits in coriander for two years (2016-17 and 2017-18) at University seed farms, Ladhowal of PAU Ludhiana, India. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with 12 treatments comprising three inter row spacing (30 cm, 45 cm and 60 cm) as main plot treatments and varying number of leaf cuttings (no cut, one cut, two cut and three cuttings) as sub plot treatments and was replicated three times. It is concluded that 60 cm row spacing and one leaf cutting has performed better in case of vegetative growth of plants as maximum number of primary and secondary shoots, thousand seed weight and higher germination percentage was observed in this treatments. Whereas for green leaf yield, 30 cm row spacing along with three leaf cutting has resulted in maximum green leaf yield per hectare (262.77 q/ha) and for higher seed yield (7.1 q/ha), 30 cm spacing along with one leaf cutting has performed best during both the years of study (2016-17 and 2017-18).
Open Access
Study on growth, bulbing and bolting behaviour of onion (Allium cepa L.) germplasm collected from different latitudes in India
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Srikar, Kosna; Dhatt, Ajmer Singh
The present study was carried at Vegetable Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana in 2017-18 with thirty three onion genotypes from seven different latitudes of India to determine genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis, their stability and adaptability for growth, bulbing and bolting characters under six different environments comprising of six transplanting dates viz. September 21, 2017, October 30, 2017, November 30, 2017, December 30, 2017, February 26, 2018 and March 31, 2018. In all six environments moderate to high GCV and PCV estimates, high heritability coupled with high genetic advance were observed for plant height, number of leaves plant-1, number of rings bulb-1, equatorial bulb diameter, average bulb weight, bolting per cent, bolter height, umbel diameter and marketable bulb yield indicating that these traits can be improved through selection by exploitation of additive gene effects. The phenotypic and genotypic correlation analysis in all the environments showed that marketable bulb yield was positively and significantly correlated with average bulb weight, equatorial bulb diameter, plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter and pseudo-stem diameter therefore an indirect selection for these traits can be practiced for the improvement of marketable bulb yield. However, marketable bulb yield is negatively and significantly correlated with bolting per cent, days to bolting score, bolter height and umbel diameter. Path analysis showed that in all six environments average bulb weight and equatorial bulb diameter had high positive direct effect on marketable bulb yield. Combined analysis of variance revealed that differences among genotypes were significant for all the characters except for pseudo-stem diameter indicating that the genotypes had significant differences for the studied traits; and differences among environments (linear) were significant for all the characters indicating that all the six environments were different from one another. Similarly, genotype × environment interaction was significant for all the characters indicating variable expression of these characters across environments. The genotypes Palam Lohit, DPWO-1, Bhima Shakti and PKR 126 were identified as promising for marketable bulb yield, average bulb weight and equatorial bulb diameter; whereas, the genotype ADR was found promising for average bulb weight and equatorial bulb diameter based upon the mean performance and stability. The genotypes PKR 126 and ADR were found suitable for the environment E1 (September); the genotypes Palam Lohit and DPWO-1 were found suitable for the environments E2 (October), E3 (November) and E4 (December); while, the genotype Bhima Shakti was found to be suitable for the environments E5 (February) and E6 (March) for marketable bulb yield. Whereas, the genotypes Co-On-5, Bangalore rose onion and Arka Bindu are considered most desirable for bolting per cent. The discrimination and representativeness view of the GGE biplot indicated that environment E3 (November) followed by E4 (December) as the ideal environments for bulb production; whereas, the environment E2 (October) was considered ideal for onion seed production. From this study, it can be concluded that due to premature bolting, none of the genotypes from the lower latitudes (8-12 and 12-16° N); and middle latitudes (20-24 and 24-28° N) except from 16-20° N are suitable for marketable bulb yield. However, the genotypes from the higher latitudes (28-32 and 32-36° N) except Yellow Globe and Brown Spanish can be exploited for cultivation in different seasons under sub-tropical conditions of north-western India. This indicates that more emphasis should be laid on the genotypes from higher latitudes (28-32° N) for the improvement in marketable bulb yield under Punjab conditions.
Restricted
Effect of date of sowing, spacing and planting method on yield, quality and incidence of diseases on single harvest garden pea
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Rimaljeet Kaur; Dhall, R.K.
The field investigations were conducted to study the effect of date of sowing, spacing and sowing method on yield, quality and incidence of diseases on single harvest garden pea for two years (2016-17, 2017-18) at Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, India. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with 30 treatments comprising five dates of sowing, viz. 20th October, 5th November, 20th November, 5th December and 20th December in main plots and 2 different planting methods (flat and bed) sown at three different spacing (20 × 5 cm, 20 × 7.5 cm and 20 × 10 cm) in subplots and replicated three times. It is concluded that sowing of garden pea cv. Punjab-89 on 5th November at intermediate spacing of 20 × 7.5 cm using bed sowing method resulted into significantly higher green pod yield (12.75 kg/9m2) in single harvest. The non-significant interactions were observed between date of sowing and spacing for pod length, pod weight, plant height, shelling percentage, dry matter content, alcohol insoluble solids and reducing sugar. It was observed that late sown (20th December) crop took minimum days to 50% flowering and had least incidence of rust disease but resulted into lower green pod yield (4.50 kg/9m2) due to availability of shorter duration from flowering to harvest. However, powdery mildew disease symptoms do not appear in field during both the years (2016-17 and 2017-18) but the rust incidence was maximum (44.42%) on 20th November sown crop which was significantly higher than 5th November and 20th October sown crop.
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Inheritance of yellow vein mosaic disease resistance in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Jashandeep Kaur; Pathak, Mamta
Okra is an important vegetable crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The total production of okra is drastically reduced due to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Among the biotic stresses, viral disease is of major concern. In this context, the present investigation was conducted to understand the inheritance of YVMV disease resistance using segregating populations of A. esculentus cv. Punjab Padmini × A. moschatus and A. esculentus cv. Punjab Padmini × A. tuberculatus. Cytological studies of three species of okra namely A. esculentus cv. Punjab Padmini, A. moschatus, A. tuberculatus and their inter-specific F1 hybrids were also carried out. The results of crossability studies revealed that the wild species A. moschatus and A. tuberculatus are compatible with cultivated specie A. esculentus cv. Punjab Padmini. The results showed that the resistance to YVMV was governed by single dominant gene in A. esculentus cv. Punjab Padmini × A. moschatus cross and by single recessive gene involving donor wild specie A. tuberculatus. Most of the quantitative characters studied in F1 were intermediate between their parents except petiole length and flower diameter in cross A. esculentus cv. Punjab Padmini × A. moschatus, while the number of epicalyx segments, leaf blade length, leaf blade width, petiole length and stem diameter in cross A. esculentus cv. Punjab Padmini × A. tuberculatus. In the interspecific F1 hybrid involving Punjab Padmini as female parent and A. moschatus as male parent, some of the traits like plant growth habit, stem pubescence, depth of leaf lobing, vein colour, fruit colour and shape of apex of fruit resembles to female parent while the traits like serrations of leaf margin, flower petal base colour, fruit surface between ridges, fruit pubescence and constriction of basal part of fruit resembles to male parent. In the interspecific F1 hybrid involving Punjab Padmini as female parent and A. tuberculatus as male parent, traits like plant growth habit, flower petal colour, flower petal base colour, fruit colour and fruit apex shape resembles to female parent while the traits like shape of epicalyx, stem colour, stem pubescence, leaf lobing depth, vein colour, petiole colour and constriction of fruit at basal part resembles to male parent. The chromosome number in A. esculentus cv. Punjab Padmini, A. moschatus and their interspecific hybrid is 130, 110 and 120 respectively. The chromosome number in A. esculentus cv. Punjab Padmini, A. tuberculatus and their interspecific hybrid is 130, 136 and 133 respectively. Hence, it may be concluded that both the donors A. moschatus and A.tuberculatus can be used as source of resistance against YVMV to develop resistant varieties and hybrids. The investigation revealed that both dominant and recessive gene action for resistance against YVMV found in A. moschatus and A.tuberculatus, thus further selection in advance generations will be helpful in recovering YVMV resistance in cultivated plant types.
Open Access
Assessment of genetic potential of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes in poly-net house
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Ramandeep Kaur; Dhillon, Tarsem Singh
French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., 2n=2x=22) is one of the most important legume crop grown throughout the world for green tender pods and dry seeds (rajmah). The experiment was conducted to assess the genetic potential of 29 French bean genotypes collected from various sources. The crop was raised in poly-net house during winter 2016-17 and 2017-18 in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) at Vegetable Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana with an objective to get high productivity and quality pods during off-season. The significant variation was observed among all the genotypes for all the traits. The green pod yield per plant was found to be high in genotypes Lakshmi (992.33 g), Star-1 (955.50 g), FBK-4 (911.17 g), AVT Var-3 (908.50 g), Kentucky Blue (856.17 g) and FBK-1 (842.67 g) which out yielded check variety Kentucky Wonder (793.33 g). Regarding quality parameters, maximum dry matter was observed in FBK-13 (13.87%), protein content in FBK-1 (9.67%), sugar content in FBK-5 (9.67%) and minimum fibre content in FBK-12 (0.69%). The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was found to be higher than their respective genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits which showed the influence of environment on these traits. Selection is preferred when a major proportion of variation is heritable variation. The high heritability along with high genetic advance was recorded for most of characters which showed the presence of additive gene action and selection should be performed for improvement of these characters. Path analysis study revealed that pod weight, number of pods per plant, number of pickings and harvesting span had maximum direct effect on green pod yield per plant. The above characters which had maximum positive direct effect on green pod yield were also positively correlated with yield and thus selection for these traits will be effective for improving the total green pod yield. There was an excellent plant growth, productivity and better quality pods under poly net house conditions. This off season crop can be successfully raised under Punjab conditions during winter season which fetches high price in the market and is economical to the farmers of Punjab when there is no availability of green pods from high altitude. Hence, there is a great scope of cultivation of pole type French bean under poly-net house conditions in Punjab.
Open Access
Standardization of thermotherapy and tissue culture techniques for virus free garlic (Allium sativum L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Manpreet Kaur; Sharma, Madhu
Garlic (Allium sativum L.), being an agamic crop lacks seed production and is mainly propagated vegetatively. This phenomenon of vegetatively propagation leads to degeneration of varieties over the generations in terms of production and productivity through buildup of virus complexes. Consequently, to develop vigorous and virus free plants, the present investigation entitled “Standardization of thermotherapy and tissue culture techniques for virus free garlic (Allium sativum L.)”. In this regard thermotherapy, tissue culture and combination of both in vivo and in vitro techniques were exploited and standardized to obtain virus free plants in garlic. 200 virus infected bulbs of G-282 based on morphological symptoms were harvested and subjected to DAS-ELISA for the confirmation of potyvirus. Cloves were exposed to hot air and hot water ranging from 40-70oC and 55-85oC, respectively, for estimating per cent survival rate and days taken for germination. Treatments exhibiting 80-100% survival rate were used for development of virus free plants. Hot air at 55oC for 20 hours and 60oC for 30 minutes showed 80-100% survival rate in 13-21 days with 100% virus elimination whereas, 60oC for 15 minutes resulted in 75% virus free plants. Hot water at 55oC for 10 minutes showed 90% survival rate with 66.67% virus elimination whereas 55oC for 20 minutes, and 65oC for 10, 20 & 30 minutes gave 100% virus free plants. In in vitro regeneration, shoot tips and stem discs of different genotypes viz., G-282, AC-102 and PG-20 were excised from surface-sterilized virus infected cloves and cultured on MS medium supplemented with growth regulators for shoot regeneration. In this study, shoot tip and stem disc culture gave 85% and 75% shoot regeneration under in vitro conditions, respectively. In shoot tip culture, more average number of shoots (3.1) with greater average shoot length (9.49 cm) was found on MS medium supplemented with NAA and BAP 0.2 mg/l each whereas, stem disc culture showed less average number of shoots (3) with 9.19 cm average shoot length. G-282 and AC-102 were found more responsive for in vitro regeneration through shoot tip. However, AC-102 and PG-20 were found recalcitrant for stem disc culture, thereby exhibiting genotypic differences in regeneration among the cultivars. Stem disc showed more regeneration in MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/l of BAP as compared to 1 mg/l BAP. Higher percentage of root induction in shoot tip culture was initiated from ½MS medium with 30 g/l sucrose. 80% and 25% regenerated plants were found to free of potyvirus infection in shoot tip and stem disc culture, respectively as indexed by RT-PCR. Suggesting shoot tip to be a better approach than stem disc in garlic. In combination of in vivo and in vitro techniques, cloves were subjected to hot air and hot water prior to excising shoot tips. Pre-culture exposure to hot air at 40oC for 10 & 20 days and 55oC for 20 hours showed 40-60% regeneration rate with 100% virus elimination whereas 60oC for 15 minutes regenerated 66.67% virus free plants. In hot water, 55oC for 10 and 20 minutes gave 80 and 50% regeneration with 100% virus elimination. Cloves exposed to hot water at 65oC did not responded in in vitro conditions. The regeneration of virus free plants through tissue culture techniques requires technical skills and is a costly venture. Thus, exposure of garlic cloves to hot air at 60oC for 30 minutes or hot water at 65oC for 20 minutes found efficient and cost effective approaches to produce virus free plants.

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