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Effect of date of sowing, spacing and planting method on yield, quality and incidence of diseases on single harvest garden pea
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Rimaljeet Kaur; Dhall, R.K.
The field investigations were conducted to study the effect of date of sowing, spacing and sowing method on yield, quality and incidence of diseases on single harvest garden pea for two years (2016-17, 2017-18) at Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, India. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with 30 treatments comprising five dates of sowing, viz. 20th October, 5th November, 20th November, 5th December and 20th December in main plots and 2 different planting methods (flat and bed) sown at three different spacing (20 × 5 cm, 20 × 7.5 cm and 20 × 10 cm) in subplots and replicated three times. It is concluded that sowing of garden pea cv. Punjab-89 on 5th November at intermediate spacing of 20 × 7.5 cm using bed sowing method resulted into significantly higher green pod yield (12.75 kg/9m2) in single harvest. The non-significant interactions were observed between date of sowing and spacing for pod length, pod weight, plant height, shelling percentage, dry matter content, alcohol insoluble solids and reducing sugar. It was observed that late sown (20th December) crop took minimum days to 50% flowering and had least incidence of rust disease but resulted into lower green pod yield (4.50 kg/9m2) due to availability of shorter duration from flowering to harvest. However, powdery mildew disease symptoms do not appear in field during both the years (2016-17 and 2017-18) but the rust incidence was maximum (44.42%) on 20th November sown crop which was significantly higher than 5th November and 20th October sown crop.
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Inheritance of yellow vein mosaic disease resistance in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Jashandeep Kaur; Pathak, Mamta
Okra is an important vegetable crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The total production of okra is drastically reduced due to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Among the biotic stresses, viral disease is of major concern. In this context, the present investigation was conducted to understand the inheritance of YVMV disease resistance using segregating populations of A. esculentus cv. Punjab Padmini × A. moschatus and A. esculentus cv. Punjab Padmini × A. tuberculatus. Cytological studies of three species of okra namely A. esculentus cv. Punjab Padmini, A. moschatus, A. tuberculatus and their inter-specific F1 hybrids were also carried out. The results of crossability studies revealed that the wild species A. moschatus and A. tuberculatus are compatible with cultivated specie A. esculentus cv. Punjab Padmini. The results showed that the resistance to YVMV was governed by single dominant gene in A. esculentus cv. Punjab Padmini × A. moschatus cross and by single recessive gene involving donor wild specie A. tuberculatus. Most of the quantitative characters studied in F1 were intermediate between their parents except petiole length and flower diameter in cross A. esculentus cv. Punjab Padmini × A. moschatus, while the number of epicalyx segments, leaf blade length, leaf blade width, petiole length and stem diameter in cross A. esculentus cv. Punjab Padmini × A. tuberculatus. In the interspecific F1 hybrid involving Punjab Padmini as female parent and A. moschatus as male parent, some of the traits like plant growth habit, stem pubescence, depth of leaf lobing, vein colour, fruit colour and shape of apex of fruit resembles to female parent while the traits like serrations of leaf margin, flower petal base colour, fruit surface between ridges, fruit pubescence and constriction of basal part of fruit resembles to male parent. In the interspecific F1 hybrid involving Punjab Padmini as female parent and A. tuberculatus as male parent, traits like plant growth habit, flower petal colour, flower petal base colour, fruit colour and fruit apex shape resembles to female parent while the traits like shape of epicalyx, stem colour, stem pubescence, leaf lobing depth, vein colour, petiole colour and constriction of fruit at basal part resembles to male parent. The chromosome number in A. esculentus cv. Punjab Padmini, A. moschatus and their interspecific hybrid is 130, 110 and 120 respectively. The chromosome number in A. esculentus cv. Punjab Padmini, A. tuberculatus and their interspecific hybrid is 130, 136 and 133 respectively. Hence, it may be concluded that both the donors A. moschatus and A.tuberculatus can be used as source of resistance against YVMV to develop resistant varieties and hybrids. The investigation revealed that both dominant and recessive gene action for resistance against YVMV found in A. moschatus and A.tuberculatus, thus further selection in advance generations will be helpful in recovering YVMV resistance in cultivated plant types.
Open Access
Assessment of genetic potential of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes in poly-net house
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Ramandeep Kaur; Dhillon, Tarsem Singh
French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., 2n=2x=22) is one of the most important legume crop grown throughout the world for green tender pods and dry seeds (rajmah). The experiment was conducted to assess the genetic potential of 29 French bean genotypes collected from various sources. The crop was raised in poly-net house during winter 2016-17 and 2017-18 in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) at Vegetable Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana with an objective to get high productivity and quality pods during off-season. The significant variation was observed among all the genotypes for all the traits. The green pod yield per plant was found to be high in genotypes Lakshmi (992.33 g), Star-1 (955.50 g), FBK-4 (911.17 g), AVT Var-3 (908.50 g), Kentucky Blue (856.17 g) and FBK-1 (842.67 g) which out yielded check variety Kentucky Wonder (793.33 g). Regarding quality parameters, maximum dry matter was observed in FBK-13 (13.87%), protein content in FBK-1 (9.67%), sugar content in FBK-5 (9.67%) and minimum fibre content in FBK-12 (0.69%). The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was found to be higher than their respective genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits which showed the influence of environment on these traits. Selection is preferred when a major proportion of variation is heritable variation. The high heritability along with high genetic advance was recorded for most of characters which showed the presence of additive gene action and selection should be performed for improvement of these characters. Path analysis study revealed that pod weight, number of pods per plant, number of pickings and harvesting span had maximum direct effect on green pod yield per plant. The above characters which had maximum positive direct effect on green pod yield were also positively correlated with yield and thus selection for these traits will be effective for improving the total green pod yield. There was an excellent plant growth, productivity and better quality pods under poly net house conditions. This off season crop can be successfully raised under Punjab conditions during winter season which fetches high price in the market and is economical to the farmers of Punjab when there is no availability of green pods from high altitude. Hence, there is a great scope of cultivation of pole type French bean under poly-net house conditions in Punjab.
Open Access
Assessment of genetic diversity in carrot genotypes using morphological, biochemical and molecular markers
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Davinder Singh; Dhillon, Tarsem Singh
The study entitled “Assessment of genetic diversity in carrot genotypes using morphological, biochemical and molecular markers” was carried out at Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Eighty one genotypes of carrot were characterized by morphological, biochemical and molecular markers during 2015-16 and 2016-17. Analysis of variance showed significant differences for 19 quantitative traits with respect to treatment, year and treatment x year. Maximum total root yield was obtained from genotypes viz. PC-161, PC-15, PC-43 and PC-103 (red), PCO-30 and PCO-5 (orange) and PCP-2 and PCP-1 (purple). On the basis of morphological diversity, 81 genotypes were distributed into ten clusters. Cluster X was the best for root weight and anthocyanin content, cluster III for days to 1st root harvest and root girth, while dry matter content, total sugar content and carotene content were maximum in cluster V. The highest intra cluster distance has been observed from the cluster VII (162.9), while inter cluster distance was maximum between II and cluster X (43678.5). The cumulative proportion of variation explained by the four PC-axes was 85.12 %. Seventeen polymorphic SSR markers differentiated genotypes into three groups where cluster I consisted of 48 genotypes followed by cluster II with 28 genotypes and cluster III had 5 genotypes. The morpho-biochemical and SSR markers were effective tools to identify closeness among genotypes, so future strategy involves utilizing more SSR markers culled from various linkage mapping could be effectively and efficiently used to fasten the breeding programs and to design trait specific carrot breeding.
Open Access
Standardization of thermotherapy and tissue culture techniques for virus free garlic (Allium sativum L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Manpreet Kaur; Sharma, Madhu
Garlic (Allium sativum L.), being an agamic crop lacks seed production and is mainly propagated vegetatively. This phenomenon of vegetatively propagation leads to degeneration of varieties over the generations in terms of production and productivity through buildup of virus complexes. Consequently, to develop vigorous and virus free plants, the present investigation entitled “Standardization of thermotherapy and tissue culture techniques for virus free garlic (Allium sativum L.)”. In this regard thermotherapy, tissue culture and combination of both in vivo and in vitro techniques were exploited and standardized to obtain virus free plants in garlic. 200 virus infected bulbs of G-282 based on morphological symptoms were harvested and subjected to DAS-ELISA for the confirmation of potyvirus. Cloves were exposed to hot air and hot water ranging from 40-70oC and 55-85oC, respectively, for estimating per cent survival rate and days taken for germination. Treatments exhibiting 80-100% survival rate were used for development of virus free plants. Hot air at 55oC for 20 hours and 60oC for 30 minutes showed 80-100% survival rate in 13-21 days with 100% virus elimination whereas, 60oC for 15 minutes resulted in 75% virus free plants. Hot water at 55oC for 10 minutes showed 90% survival rate with 66.67% virus elimination whereas 55oC for 20 minutes, and 65oC for 10, 20 & 30 minutes gave 100% virus free plants. In in vitro regeneration, shoot tips and stem discs of different genotypes viz., G-282, AC-102 and PG-20 were excised from surface-sterilized virus infected cloves and cultured on MS medium supplemented with growth regulators for shoot regeneration. In this study, shoot tip and stem disc culture gave 85% and 75% shoot regeneration under in vitro conditions, respectively. In shoot tip culture, more average number of shoots (3.1) with greater average shoot length (9.49 cm) was found on MS medium supplemented with NAA and BAP 0.2 mg/l each whereas, stem disc culture showed less average number of shoots (3) with 9.19 cm average shoot length. G-282 and AC-102 were found more responsive for in vitro regeneration through shoot tip. However, AC-102 and PG-20 were found recalcitrant for stem disc culture, thereby exhibiting genotypic differences in regeneration among the cultivars. Stem disc showed more regeneration in MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/l of BAP as compared to 1 mg/l BAP. Higher percentage of root induction in shoot tip culture was initiated from ½MS medium with 30 g/l sucrose. 80% and 25% regenerated plants were found to free of potyvirus infection in shoot tip and stem disc culture, respectively as indexed by RT-PCR. Suggesting shoot tip to be a better approach than stem disc in garlic. In combination of in vivo and in vitro techniques, cloves were subjected to hot air and hot water prior to excising shoot tips. Pre-culture exposure to hot air at 40oC for 10 & 20 days and 55oC for 20 hours showed 40-60% regeneration rate with 100% virus elimination whereas 60oC for 15 minutes regenerated 66.67% virus free plants. In hot water, 55oC for 10 and 20 minutes gave 80 and 50% regeneration with 100% virus elimination. Cloves exposed to hot water at 65oC did not responded in in vitro conditions. The regeneration of virus free plants through tissue culture techniques requires technical skills and is a costly venture. Thus, exposure of garlic cloves to hot air at 60oC for 30 minutes or hot water at 65oC for 20 minutes found efficient and cost effective approaches to produce virus free plants.
Open Access
Yield and quality of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) as affected by dates of planting and mulching under low tunnel
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Tejpreet Kaur; Kulbir Singh
A field experiment was conducted to standardize best date of sowing and growing conditions to obtain good crop establishment and growth, quality fruit production along with high early and total yield in chilli at Vegetable Research Farm and Biochemical Laboratory, Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2016-17 and 2017-18. Experiment was laid in split plot design and was replicated thrice. Hybrid CH-27 comprised the plant material. The experiment comprised of three main plot treatments viz., M1 (polythene mulch black), M2 (straw mulch) and M3 (no mulch) and six sub plot treatments which include T1 (30th November transplanting), T2 (15th December transplanting) T3 (30th December transplanting), T4 (15th January transplanting), T5 (30th January transplanting) all under low tunnel and T6 (15th February transplanting under open field). Transplanting done under mulch conditions and low tunnels modifies plant microclimate enabling them to enhance their growth with maximum plant growth under polythene sheet (black) mulch and 15th December transplanting. Number of primary branches, fruit length (cm), fruit weight (g) and fruit number per plant were maximum with M1 treatment. Fruit yield g plant-1 under polythene sheet (black) mulch was 35.2% and 32.4% more from no mulch conditions during both the trials. The maximum early yield and total yield was obtained under plots transplanted on 30th November which was statistically at par with 15th December transplanting. Thus, it can be concluded from the present investigation that to get higher early yield of chilli the crop should be raised under low tunnels on 30th November with application of black polythene mulch and cost: benefit ratio of 1:4.62.
Open Access
Molecular mapping of nuclear male sterility gene ms-1 in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Manpreet Singh; Sharma, Sat Pal
Nuclear male sterility (NMS) is one of the most extensively exploited pollination control mechanisms for hybrid breeding in muskmelon. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana has developed three hybrids, Punjab Hybrid, Punjab Anmol, MH-27 using MS-1 male sterile genotype possessing ms-1 gene. Male sterility reduces the cost of hybrid seed production, but the 50% heterozygous male fertile plants in the female line need to be rouged out before pollination. A codominant molecular marker closely linked to ms-1 gene would not only facilitate its rapid transfer to new inbred lines, but it will also assist the removal of 50 % fertile plants in the female line before transplanting in the hybrid seed production block. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to identify codominant simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker(s) linked to ms-1 gene in an F2 population derived from a cross ‘MS-1 × KP4HM-15’.Segregation analysis of F2 population confirmed the monogenic recessive inheritance of the male sterility gene ms-1. Total 498 SSR primers were used for analysis of polymorphism between the parents followed by bulk segregant analysis (BSA). The primers differentiating the parents as well as the sterile and fertile bulks were further used for screening of F2 population to assess the linkage distance between the ms-1 gene and the putative markers. It was found that two SSR markers, DM0187 and DM0038 were linked to the ms-1 gene. The marker, DM0187 was closely linked at a genetic distance of 6.6 cM while the distance of ms-1 locus and DM0038 marker was 21.1 cM. Linkage analysis placed ms-1 locus between the two marker loci on chromosome 6 of muskmelon. The closely linked marker, DM0187 can be used to speed up the transfer of ms-1 gene into new desired lines. It will also aid the elimination of fertile plants in the female line at seedling stage. Further, it provides perspective for the fine mapping and cloning of ms-1 gene.
Open Access
Multi-Environmental evaluation of chilli pepper genotypes for horticultural traits
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Sran, Tejpal Singh; Jindal, S K
Forty three chilli genotypes including one check Punjab Sindhuri were evaluated for yield and quality attributes to determine their stability and adaptability under three different environments (November transplanted 2016, February transplanted 2017 and April transplanted 2017) at Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana. The data on growth, yield, quality characters and environmental variables were analyzed using Eberhart and Russell’s stability model and GGE Biplot analysis. The mean square (MS) due to genotypes was significant for most of the traits studied except primary number of branches. The MS due to genotype × environment interaction was also found significant for all the traits studied. The genotype S 343 was identified as promising for fruit yield plant-1, plant height and powder yield plant-1 in all the three environments followed by PG 417 and PL 412 while on the basis of regression, the genotype PAU 114 found adaptable across the environments for fruit yield and fruit weight. It was observed that the genotype FL 201 had the longest fruit, more fruit width and thicker pericarp over all the environments. The genotype AC 101 was best performer for capsaicin content in red and green fruits across the three environments followed by check genotype Punjab Sindhuri and PG 417. However, adaptability and stability for capsaicin in red fruits and capsaicin in oleoresin was observed in the genotypes SL 473 and IS 261 respectively, while for the dry matter content the genotype SU 478 and KC 304 found stable for all the environments. It was concluded from the study that among the environments, November (E1) planting was best for selecting the superior genotypes for growth, yield and its related parameters whereas, February (E2) planted crop was suitable for quality traits. It was observed that fruit yield had significant and positive correlations with number of fruits plant-1, fruit weight, powder yield, plant spread, days to first picking and plant height at phenotypic level. Strong association of these traits revealed that selection based on these traits would ultimately improve the fruit yield. Environmental influence was very less on expression of characters as it was evident by narrow gap between genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation. Path coefficient analysis revealed that plant height, days to first picking, fruits plant-1, fruit weight, fruit width and powder yield exhibited strong positive phenotypic direct effect on fruit yield while days to first picking, fruit length, pericarp thickness and powder yield had positive genotypic direct effect on fruit yield. Hence, it would be rewarding to lay stress on these characters in selection programmes for increasing yield. The promising genotypes found in the study such as S 343, PL 412, PG 417, PAU 114, AC 101, IS 261, SL 473 and check Punjab Sindhuri could have the potential of being commercially exploited at the farmers field especially for early and late season.
Open Access
Raising summer season vegetable crops through intercropping in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) using different doses of nitrogen
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Gurpreet Kaur; Sharma, Madhu
The present research work entitled, “Raising summer season vegetable crops through intercropping in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) using different doses of nitrogen” was accomplished in 2017 at Vegetable Seed Production Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The experiment was replicated thrice in randomized complete block design (RCBD Factorial) comprising of 3 doses of nitrogen (N1 @125 kg/ha, N2 @ 150 kg/ha and N3 @ 175 kg/ha) and 9 different intercropping systems (T1-Sole Broccoli, T2-Broccoli + Tomato, T3-Broccoli + Capsicum, T4-Broccoli + Chilli, T5- Broccoli + Cucumber, T6-Sole Tomato, T7-Sole Capsicum, T8-Sole Chilli and T9-Sole Cucumber). All the growth, yield and quality parameters of broccoli and intercrops were significantly influenced by nitrogen doses. In case of broccoli, plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf size, plant spread, height up to head, head diameter and weight, total yield, dry matter content, glucosinolates and nitrogen in leaves were highest in N3 and were statistically at par with N2. In different intercropping systems, N3 recorded the maximum value of growth and yield parameters followed by N2. N1 recorded the highest vitamin C. Among the intercrops, tomato plants showed the highest survival percentage and also recorded the highest gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio (BCR) followed by chilli. Land equivalent ratio (LER) was also significantly higher in broccoli + tomato. Based upon the present findings, it is concluded that growing broccoli + tomato/chilli using N2 (150 kg/ha) is a highly remunerative option for Punjab farmers in Rabi season.

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