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ThesisItem Embargo Standardizing supplemental lighting for improved strawberry cultivation in soilless media under protected cultivation(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Pardeep Kaur; Mahesh Chand SinghA study was carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to standardize the supplemental lighting for improved strawberry cultivation in soilless media inside a naturally ventilated greenhouse. For supplemental lighting, full spectrum LED grow lights were used. The experimental treatments included three levels of supplemental lighting viz. 235, 169, 132 μmol m-2s-1, and 3 levels of photoperiod viz. 12, 14 and 16-h. The treatments were replicated thrice in a factorial CRD layout. After transplanting, the strawberry plants were fertigated with fresh nutrient solution throughout the growing season using drip irrigation system. Electrical conductivity and pH of the nutrient solution were maintained in the range 1.5-2.7 dSm-1 and 5.5-6.5, respectively. Crop related data (plant height, leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area index, etc.) were recorded at weekly interval. Climatic data (mainly light, temperature and relative humidity) were recorded continuously at a 5-minute interval through development of a low-cost IoT-based real-time climate monitoring system. The fruit related data (fruit diameter, fruit weight, number of fruits and yield per plant) were recorded at the time of each harvesting. The quality parameters viz. titratable acidity, total soluble solids, total sugar, reducing sugar, ascorbic acid and phenol content were analysed twice in the growing season (7th February and 25th March, 2022). The performance of strawberry was significantly affected by time-differential supplemental lighting in terms of its effects on different plant growth parameters, fruit parameters and yield. The supplemental lighting of 132 μmol m-2s-1 for a photoperiod of 16-h recorded the highest fruit yield of 450.0 g/plant with an average value of 408.9 g/plant. The results indicated a significant increase in yield, WUE and FUE of Camarosa strawberry with decrease in supplemental lighting from 235 to 132 μmol m-2s-1 and an increase in photoperiod from 12 to 16-h. The average benefit-cost ratio (B:C) was obtained as 2.35 and 2.27 with and without subsidy, respectively. Supplemental lighting of 132 μmol m-2s-1 for a photoperiod of 16-h resulted in highest B:C value of 2.74 with 50% subsidy and 2.68 without subsidy. Thus, subjecting strawberry plants to light in the range of 362.5-430.6 μmol m-2s-1 including supplemental light of 132 μmol m-2s-1 for about 16 hours in a day is desired to record the optimal plant growth, fruit yield and quality of camarosa strawberry, when cultivated in soilless media inside a naturally ventilated greenhouse.ThesisItem Embargo Evaluation of tapering fertigation schedules for dripirrigated potato crop(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Koundal, Nitesh; Thaman, SudhirA research experiment was carried out at University Seed Farm Ladhowal of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during the Rabi season of 2021-2022 to study the effect of basal fertilizer dose and tapering fertigation schedules on growth and yield attributes of the drip-irrigated potato crop. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD), consisting of seven treatments with three replications. All treatments had the equivalent recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), i.e. N: P: K :: 150: 50: 50 kg ha-1. The treatments comprised seven fertilizer application schedules, viz. T1: FYM + 25% RDF as basal + fertigation in 18 tapering splits with 75% RDF, tapering at a difference of 0.05X; T2: FYM + 25% RDF as basal + fertigation in 18 tapering splits with 75% RDF, tapering at a difference of 0.1X; T3: FYM + 25% RDF as basal + fertigation in 18 tapering splits with 75% RDF, tapering at a difference of 0.15X; T4: FYM + fertigation in 18 tapering splits with 100% RDF, tapering at a difference of 0.05Y; T5: FYM + fertigation in 18 tapering splits with 100% RDF, tapering at a difference of 0.1Y; T6: FYM + fertigation in 18 tapering splits with 100% RDF, tapering at a difference of 0.15Y; T7: FYM + fertigation with 20 % RDF in 7 equal splits + 80% RDF in 13 equal splits (Control). X and Y are 18 equal splits of 75% and 100% RDF, respectively. The same irrigation depth was applied to all treatments on the basis of the Penman-Monteith method. The data of the field experiment was analysed statistically using CPCS1 software of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics, PAU, Ludhiana. Different tapering fertigation schedules had a significant impact on yield parameters, viz., average tuber weight and tuber yield per plant. The treatment T2 recorded the highest average tuber weight (28.4 g) and tuber yield per plant (317.6 g). Tuber yield in treatment T2 (24.4 t ha-1) recorded significantly higher tuber yield than other treatments except for treatment T1. The tuber yield in treatment T2 was 15.2% higher than in treatment T7 (control).ThesisItem Open Access Structural Stability Analysis of Naturally Ventilated Polyhouses(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Lovepreet Singh; Kaushal, ArunThe research work on structural stability analysis of naturally ventilated polyhouses was carried out at Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. There were total 12 treatments which were combination of four different sizes of polyhouses i.e. 560 m2 (T1-T3); 1008 m2 (T4-T6); 2080 m2 (T7-T9); 4000 m2 (T10-T12), with three design wind speeds 100 km/hr, 150 km/hr and 200 km/hr respectively. Truss members, columns and foundation stability analysis was carried out by considering dead loads, live loads and wind loads. Support reactions were computed on truss and column joints. Member forces were computed by using force method. The economic analysis was carried out by computing benefit cost (B/C) ratio and payback period for raising capsicum under stable structures. For every 17 set of truss members four members (two in compression (small arc) and two in tension (truss bracings)) failed in treatments with 150 and 200 km/hr wind speed while two members (in compression, (small arc)) failed in treatments with 100 km/hr wind speed. Minimum structural GI pipe material requirement for structurally stable polyhouses was under treatment T1 (2407 kg) and maximum under treatment T12 (19550 kg). The maximum benefit cost ratio was obtained in treatment T10 (1.77, 2.33) and minimum was in treatment T3 (1.36, 1.84) with no and 50% Government subsidy, respectively. The minimum payback period was obtained in treatment T10 (3.29 years, 1.26 years) and maximum in T3 (7.54 years, 2.19 years) with no and 50% subsidy, respectively. For the structurally stable naturally ventilated polyhouses as the size increases the benefit cost ratio increases, while the payback period decreases and for wind speed it is vice-versa.ThesisItem Restricted Land Use and Land Cover Change Analysis in District Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar of Punjab Using Geospatial Technology(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Sohal, Jaskaran Singh; Kaushal, ArunLand use and land cover (LU/LC) is observed to be the primary factor of environmental change on a worldwide scale. Timely and accurate information on LU/LC is very important for efficient planning and management activities. The present study on “land use and land cover change analysis in district Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar of Punjab using geospatial technology” was carried out at the Department of Soil and Water Engineering, PAU and PRSC, Ludhiana from 2021-2023 to classify LU/LC and to analyse decadal change in the study area from year 2012-2022. Satellite data of IRS P6 LISS-III (2012 , 2022) and IRS LISS-IV (2022) were analysed for LU/LC mapping using visual interpretation techniques. The study area was divided into seven LU/LC classes i.e.: agriculture, built-up, waterbody, forest/tree clad area, riverine sand, algae bloom and fallow land /barren land/waste land in which agriculture covers maximum while riverine sand covers minimum area. In decadal change the alterations encompass positive trends such as increased agricultural area (31.29 %), as well as negative trends including decreased algae bloom (59.82 %). Overall accuracy for LISS-III 2012, LISS-III 2022 and LISS- IV 2022 were 88.3 %, 86.66 % and 93.3 %, respectively with kappa coefficient value as 0.86, 0.83 and 0.91 , respectively. Hotspot areas with major changes were seen in Block Nawanshahr with major increase in built-up area, as well as in Block Saroya and Balachaur of study area with major decrease in Forest area. Highresolution data of IRS LISS-IV gives better accuracy as compared to IRS P6 LISS-III.ThesisItem Embargo Geo-Informatics system to visualize the water table behaviour in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Nitika; Aggarwal, RajanIn Punjab, there is continuous decline in water table depth. The present study is done to develop a system that helps the stake holder to find the water table depth and major factor influencing it for the past 23 years period of 1998-2020. For the study the pre monsoon data was used to prepare the water table maps using Geographical information system (GIS). Annual Average rise/fall of water table of all the villages (12982) of the state was analyzed using GIS. The average water table depth was 7.6 m in 1998 and 17.7 m in 2020 in the state with average fall of 46 cm per year. Geo Informatics system was developed for all the villages using python tkinter module to give information of water table level (m), average rise/fall (m), rainfall (mm), tubewell density (counts per hectare), paddy area ercentage (%), tubewell density increase, paddy area increase and mean rainfall in space and time. The maps of rainfall, paddy area percentage, tubewell density were prepared using GIS from 1998-2020. The Geo Informatics System gives the information of water table behavior and factor influencing it to the stake holder depending on the location in space and time. So that stake holder can plan utilization of groundwater resources judiciously for sustainability of agriculture.ThesisItem Restricted Delineation of potential groundwater recharge zones in Sirhind canal tract of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Manisha Kumari; Samanpreet KaurGroundwater depletion is a global issue. Serious efforts are required for its judicious management, enhancement and development. The purpose of the present study was to delineate potential groundwater recharge zones in the Sirhind canal tract of Punjab using geospatial technology. Different thematic layers, viz., geology, rainfall, slope, land use/land cover, soil, geomorphology, lineament density, drainage density, hydraulic conductivity, specific yield, groundwater level, lithology and depth of first aquifer were prepared and integrated using MCDM approach. Weighted overlay analysis was carried out to give rank to each parameter. The normalized weights was assigned for each thematic layer depending on the AHP technique. The groundwater potential zones have been classified into five categories viz., very low, low, medium, high and very high. It is found that 5.01 %, 15.38 %, 16.43 %, 31.05 % and 32.13 % of the area of the tract was in very low, low, medium, high and very high potential recharge zones respectively. Sensitivity analysis indicated that of all the thematic maps, delineation of potential recharge zones was more sensitive to the groundwater level, depth of first aquifer, soil, geomorphology, rainfall, land use land cover, lineament density, hydraulic conductivity, geology and specific yield. The result has also been validated by yield data collected from existing sources and it confirms that the higher yield categories (16 to 55 l/s) were falling within excellent groundwater potential zones and lower yield ranging from (8.1 to 13 l/s) were falling within poor groundwater potential zones.ThesisItem Restricted Assessment of land transformation in southwestern districts of Punjab using geo-informatic techniques(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Gupta, Arun Kumar; J.P. SinghThe study of land transformation of the southwestern districts of Punjab particularly Faridkot, Fazilka, Ferozepur and Sri Muktsar Sahib is crucial and essential. The objective of the present study was to generate a long term database about land transformation and its dynamics using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Various spatio-temporal Landsat images for the years 2000, 2010 and 2020 were classified and indices maps were generated in QGIS. Land use land cover classification of these districts of southwest Punjab was carried out for the years 2000, 2010 and 2020 using Landsat-5 and Landsat-8 satellite imagery following the NRSC Level 1 classification scheme. The prepared maps were classified into five main classes viz; settlement, agriculture, water bodies, waterlogged, and wasteland. The ground truthing of the features available in land use land cover map was also validated. The maximum decrease in agricultural land from the year 2000-2010 and 2010-2020 was found to be 3.46% and 3.02% in Faridkot and Ferozepur districts respectively. The decrease in land was found to be changed into settlement. The continuous and maximum increase in the settlement was found in Fazilka district from the year 2000-2010 and 2010-2020 was 3.03% and 4.56% respectively. The most interesting finding from land use land cover change detection was the decrease in waterlogged and wasteland area of southwestern district of Punjab from the year 2000-2020. The generated information is very useful for researchers, officers and decision policy makers for sustainable development of these districts.ThesisItem Embargo Assessment of groundwater recharge potential of village pond using geospatial techniques(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Shinde, Ankita Prakash; Satpute, SanjayThe water table is depleting at an alarmingly fast rate of 54 cm/yr in the Punjab state. This ongoing decrease in the water table necessitates the rapid and efficient development of artificial groundwater recharge and use of available surface water sources for the groundwater recharge. Keeping this in view the study was planned to assess groundwater recharge potential of village pond using geospatial techniques. To achieve the objectives of the study, Sentinel 2 images for the month of March 2020 of Ludhiana district was used. Three spectral indices namely NDWI, MNDWI and NDPI were used to identify and demarcate the area of village ponds in each village of the district. The efficiency of these indices were compared with the manually digitized area of the village pond for the accuracy assessment. NDWI could identify about 370 village ponds, MNDWI could identify and extract about 1263 village ponds and to further extract the village ponds, NDPI was used and NDPI could extract about 1410 village ponds whereas manually about 1513 village ponds could be demarcated, Therefore, in NDPI more than 90% efficiency could be achieved for identifying the village ponds and for demarcating the village pond, NDPI efficiency was about 60-65%. The average depth of 2 m was considered for the volume estimation of the village ponds and using NDPI, the volume of 873.8 ha-m was estimated. During the field study, the infiltration rate at the undisturbed pond was found to be 41.5 cm/day and disturbed pond bottom, it was found to be 69.1 cm/day. Considering the daily infiltration rate from the pond, annually about 301.9 ha-m of water can be recharged after removal of the bottom layer. If the bottom layer is kept undisturbed, then the recharge rate of 181.3 ha-m would be achieved in village pond. After improving infiltration rate, about 65% recharge can be enhanced through village ponds over undisturbed pond bottom.ThesisItem Embargo Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Muktsar district of Punjab using GIS based DRASTIC model(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Karmakar, Saikat; Garg, SunilGroundwater serves as a vast reserve of freshwater. The geogenic processes within the Earth's crust, combined with the infiltration of water through the surface, result in notable alterations in the quality of groundwater reserves. To effectively handle groundwater resources, assessing the vulnerability of aquifers through prediction and monitoring proves to be a valuable approach. The aim of this study was to employ DRASTIC model in GIS environment for estimating the groundwater vulnerability in Muktsar district of Punjab, which covers almost 2,615 km2 area. In this region, the vulnerability index of groundwater was modelled using both primary and secondary datasets, considering various input variables in ArcGIS software. The calculated DRASTIC index value ranged between 141 to 192 which were further classified in low, medium and high vulnerability classes. Results showed that the high vulnerability was at the northern part of the district with area share of 8.19%. Map removal sensitivity analysis was performed which showed depth to water table as the most influential parameter in vulnerability assessment with mean variation index of 2.63% followed by topography, net recharge and aquifer media. The weights of the model parameters were modified based on the variation indices and a modified DRASTIC model was obtained. The validation test revealed that the output of the modified model was better correlated with both historical and current Total Dissolved Solidss (TDS) concentration map of the study area compared to the conventional model thus making it preferable to assess groundwater vulnerability in the study region.
