Thumbnail Image

Thesis

Browse

2010 - 20166
Reset filters
Subject: Soil and Water Engineering × End date: 2020 × Start date: 2000 × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
Reset filters

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 6 of 6
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MODELLING THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN CENTRAL PUNJAB
    (2013) samanpreet kaur
    A study was planned to assess the impacts of climate change on groundwater resources in Ludhiana district under PRECIS A1B climate change scenario by linking the outputs of climate, soil-water-vegetation and groundwater models using GIS. Bias correction of climate data was done by correction functions, developed using modified difference, approach at daily time scale for rainfall and at monthly time scale for Tmax and Tmin. The methodology consists of development of simulation zones by overlaying soil, drainage, canal and landuse thematic maps in GIS and estimating water balance components using CropSyst and well defined norms. The groundwater draft for individual simulation zones was computed on the basis of landuse, irrigation requirement and rainfall conditions. The spatial distribution of recharge and groundwater draft was mapped to GIS and was provided as input to groundwater model. The results showed that temperature and rainfall would be increased by 2.4°C, 315 mm in MC (2021-2050); and 5.1°C and 465 mm in EC (2071-2098), respectively. During kharif season increase in RF would be 28.0% in MC and 52.0% in EC compared to that in PTS (1971-2010). The corresponding values during rabi would be 82.3% and 88.6%, respectively. As a consequence of increased precipitation, the irrigation requirements in MC and EC would decrease by 46% and 45% during kharif; and 21% and 34% in rabi, respectively. However, the potential groundwater recharge would be reduced by 23.1 and 4.2 per cent in kharif, and increased by 39.1 and 79.6 per cent in rabi during MC and EC, respectively. The average groundwater levels would decrease by 2.2 m in 2050 and increase by 4.8 m in 2098, compared to base year of June 2000. The results presented here should be interpreted as trends and not as accurate quantitative predictions of the hydrological changes as there are numerous sources of uncertainties associated with climate change prediction. Keywords: Climate change, Groundwater, MODFLOW, CropSyst, Geographical information system
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SIMULATION OF SOIL MOISTURE MOVEMENT UNDER RICE FIELD
    (2010) Mahesh Chand Singh
    Soil moisture is a key variable in controlling the exchange of water and heat energy between the land surface and the atmosphere through evaporation and plant transpiration. A field study was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, in the year 2009, to simulate the soil moisture movement under rice field using numerical model Hydrus-2D. The treatments included two dates of transplanting (June 5 (D1) and June 20 (D2)), two varieties (PAU-201 (V1) of 120 days duration and hybrid RH-257 (V2) of 90 days duration (from transplanting to harvest)) and two irrigation regimes (intermittent irrigation at 2-days drainage period (I1) and irrigation based on soil water suction (SWS) of 16 k Pa (I2)). During calibration, for both varieties the parameters Ks (saturated hydraulic conductivity) and n (fitting parameter) were found to be most sensitive in respect of the model output. The validation of model was done by comparing observed and simulated values of soil moisture content at different depths. The model performance in simulating soil moisture profiles was evaluated by comparing observed and simulated values using four parameters namely, RMSE, Absolute percentage error, correlation coefficient and model efficiency. The distribution of the soil moisture under field experiment and by model simulation at different growth stages agreed closely. In case of PAU-201 (V1), it was observed that the irrigation water applied in the treatment D1V1I1 was 44 mm higher than the treatment D2V1I1 and the irrigation water applied in the treatment D1V1I2 was also 44 mm higher than the treatment D2V1I2. In case of RH-257 (V2), the irrigation water applied in the treatment D1V2I1 was 44 mm higher than the treatment D2V2I1 and the irrigation water applied in the treatment D1V2I2 was 124 mm higher than the treatment D2V2I2. In case of PAU-201 (V1), the deep drainage loss in treatment D1V1I1 was 133 mm less than the treatment D2V1I1 and in treatment D1V1I2 it was 75 mm less than the treatment D2V1I2. In case of RH-257 (V2), the deep drainage loss in treatment D1V2I1 was 120 mm less than the treatment D2V2I1 and in the treatment D1V2I2 it was 46 mm less than treatment D2V2I2. During validation the absolute error varied from 2.19 to 13.21 percent, Root Mean Square Error varied from 0.006 to 0.032 cm, correlation coefficient varied from 0.773 to 0.996 and the average model efficiency was 98.6 percent. Thus, Hydrus-2D model can be successfully adopted for simulating soil moisture profiles under rice crop.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Impact of drip irrigation on microbial activity in summer mungbean
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Harpinder Singh; Siag, Mukesh
    A field experiment was conducted in the summer of 2015 at PAU to determine the impact of drip irrigation on soil microbial activity, nodulation, growth and yield in summer mungbean. A mungbean variety “SML-832” was sown with three drip irrigation treatments of I1:1.0ETc, I2:0.80ETc, I3:0.60ETc and one controlled flood irrigation treatment. There was significant difference between treatments for growth parameters of plant height, leaf area index, root weight and chlorophyll content. Similarly, for symbiotic traits of nodule count, nodule dry weight and leghemoglobin content in nodules at flowering stage and yield parameters of grain yield, number of pods and grains per plant, significant difference existed between irrigation treatments. However for all growth, symbiotic traits and yield parameters there was non-significant difference between I1 and I2 treatments. The maximum number of nodules per plant (34.53), nodule dry weight (76.66 mg) and grain yield (1107 kg/ha) was in I2 while the minimum number of nodules (14.93), dry weight of nodules (44.46 mg) and grain yield (778 kg/ha) was in flood irrigation treatment. In case of soil quality parameters the viable count of soil microbes increased from sowing to flowering stage but decreased at maturity of crop. During flowering stage, the maximum viable count of soil bacteria (6.57 log Cfu/g), actinomycetes (5.52 log Cfu/g) and fungi (4.87 log Cfu/g) was found under I2 irrigation treatment while minimum under flood irrigation. Nodule count per plant and microbial activity in soil has positive linear correlation with crop yield. From the study it was concluded that drip irrigation in mungbean results in higher microbial activity in soil, increase in nodulation and better crop yield.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development of web enabled water resource information system for SAS Nagar and Patiala district
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Banjeet Singh; Samanpreet Kaur
    India is the largest groundwater user in the world, with an estimated usage of around 230 cubic kilometers per year, more than a quarter of the global total. With more than 60 per cent of irrigated agriculture and 85 per cent of drinking water supplies dependent on it, groundwater is a vital resource for rural areas in India. Thus it is of great importance to compile up to date information about the water requirement for the irrigation & drinking purpose for all the districts in Punjab. Remote sensing and Geographic Information system (GIS) are the technologies that can provide efficient & effective information system to tackle the water quality & water supply planning parameters. Thus, under the present study, a web enabled water resource information system has been developed in GIS environment for the SAS Nagar and Patiala district, Punjab by using the open source software - MS4W and pmapper. This system provides digital information of natural i.e. drainage & man made features like roads, canals, tube well with its location etc for the study area. Such an information system can be very helpful for the administrators and can serve as a decision support system for the planners and policy makers so that the areas where the problem related to water quality can be indentified and focused upon. The system can provide an effective and meaningful direction for the planning and development of both districts.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development of a Water Distribution Model for Warabandi System
    (Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, 2014) Bagchi, Argha; Siag, Mukesh
    ABSTRACT A study of warabandi distribution has been done taking data from the Punjab State Irrigation Department for the watercourse number 79000R and 62740L on Bajidpur and Rookanpura minors respectively, located in Abohar Tehsil in South-West Punjab. The Irrigation Department is distributing the water under warabandi system without taking into account seepage losses along the watercourse. Seepage losses were calculated for both the lined and unlined section of the watercourses by ponding test. Seepage losses were considerable, especially in the unlined section. In this study, a computer model in C++ language has been made to find the water distribution time among farmers by accounting for seepage losses along the watercourse. The model gave water distribution similar to that given by Irrigation Department if no seepage loss is taken, whereas there is considerable redistribution if seepage losses are accounted for. The distribution time of farmers near the outlet is reduced, whereas for farmers at the tail of the watercourse, especially with unlined section, the time increase, thus indicating proper compensation for seepage. Accounting for seepage losses ensures better equitable distribution of the irrigation water among the farmers. A comparison was also done between actual filling and drainage times taken for the watercourses, as mutually agreed between farmers and the Irrigation Department, and estimated times of filling and drainage depending on discharge of outlet and size of watercourse. There is some variation in the filling and drainage time taken and that estimated, with drainage time taken being considerably less than estimated.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Simulating rainfall change effects on runoff and soil erosion in submontane punjab
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2014) Mandeep Singh; Hadda, M. S.
    Complete understanding of the simulation studies is important for management of soil erosion and maintaining maximum level of agricultural production in submontane Punjab. In the area, the information is available on the accurate records of rainfall which cover sufficient duration of rainy season to enable accurate assessment of runoff and soil erosion. Therefore, the models that are capable of utilizing the rainfall records and soil moisture retention data to simulate runoff and soil erosion will be of great utility. In this connection, the SCS-CN approach has been widely used at different places over the globe to estimate runoff and relating it with soil erosion to arrive at conclusive results. Keeping these points in view, therefore, the present study was planned with the following objectives such as i) to determine the initial abstraction ratio (Ia/S) in an experimental Patiala-Ki-Rao watershed by analysing measured rainfall-runoff events; ii) to compare the performance of the traditional and modified Ia/S values with observed rainfall-runoff data; iii) to assess potential changes in runoff and soil erosion with respect to long term changes in rainfall patterns in submontane region. The present study was conducted to simulate surface daily runoff depth and event wise soil loss for two gauged micro-watersheds I and II of Patiala-Ki-Rao, District Roopnagar. Afforestation and fencing was applied to micro-watershed I and only fencing was applied to micro-watershed II. The SCS-CN method using Ia/S=0.2 and Ia/S=0.05 was used to simulate surface runoff depth and Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) and Revised Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (RMUSLE) were used to simulate event wise soil loss for total 42 rainstorms for the six years as 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1991 and 1994 in the watersheds. The computed daily runoff depth (min to max) with Ia/S=0.2 showed higher coefficient of variation (CV%=128.6 to 21.2) than that with Ia/S=0.05 (CV%=59.1 to 17.1). Daily runoff depth was better simulated with Ia/S=0.05 than that with Ia/S=0.2 for both the micro-watersheds as indicated by their higher R2 and low RMSE obtained between simulated daily runoff depth and historical daily runoff depth (R2=0.90 with Ia/S=0.05; R2=0.78 with Ia/S=0.2 and RMSE=6.5 with Ia/S=0.05; RMSE=19.5 with Ia/S=0.2). The RMUSLE performed better than that MUSLE for both the micro-watersheds as indicated by lower per cent error and higher R2 obtained between simulated event wise sediment yield and historical event wise sediment yield .The per cent error varied from -3.5 to -27.6 for RMUSLE than that with MUSLE from -4.6 to -26.9 per cent in micro-watershed I. In the same watershed, the R2 obtained for RMUSLE (R2=0.99) was higher than that with MUSLE (R2=0.97) in simulating the sediment yield. However, the per cent error varied from +7.1 to -24.9 for RMUSLE than that from +5.4 to -28.3 per cent for MUSLE for micro-watershed II. In the same watershed, the higher R2 was obtained with RMUSLE (R2=0.96) than that with MUSLE (R2=0.87). Also, there was potential increment in runoff and sediment yield with increase in product of rainfall-runoff factor. However, the simulated runoff and soil erosion were better predicted at low to moderate rainfall amounts in the micro-watersheds. Results of the study suggests that there is need to compare the performance of the new lumped models proposed in literature based on soil conservation service curve number and variable source area approach to simulate runoff and sediment yield at higher rainfall amounts.