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ThesisItem Open Access A Comparitive Study on Persistent Marriage Regime in Rural and Urban Settings(College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2007) Handa, Archana; Singh, HarnekThesisItem Open Access Prospects And Problems Of Women Entrepreneurs Of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University ;Ludhiana, 2004) Sharma, Shivani; Bakhshi, RupaThesisItem Open Access Changing Pattern of Dowry and Its Implications-A Study of Rural Punjab(PAU, 2015) Kaur, Gaganpreet; Singh, SukhdevThe present study was conducted to assess the changing pattern of dowry and its implications in four districts of Punjab by taking a sample of two generations i.e. 360 mothers-in-law (G1) and 360 daughters-in-law (G2). The age at marriage has shown significant difference between two generations i.e. from 19.5 years to 23.6 years. Data revealed that the marriages of all the G1 respondents were arranged and intra-caste while there was a shift towards marriage by choice and inter-caste marriages in G2. As regard to the matrimonial alliance in G1 all marriages were arranged by Vicholas (middleman) and relatives whereas in G2 group new sources of introduction of marriage took place. Further, in G1 group most of marriages were performed in Tent houses and catered by Local Halwais whereas in G2, 48.89% marriages were in palaces with help of professional caterers (55.83%) which are quiet expensive also. The form of owry was quiet simple in G1 group and dowry was never indicated by groom‟s side whereas in G2 lot of modern luxury items are becoming a part of dowry. The findings reveal that in high economic status group and medium economic status group expenses on marriages over time increased whereas for the low conomic status group the expenses are becoming out of reach. Number of traditional ceremonies and religious beliefs attached to marriage are significantly reduced. Land holding with bridegroom, restige issue, demonstration effect, following of traditions and to meet the expectations of in-laws were some of the important factors responsible for the phenomenon of dowry. Besides, caste and land holding, the outlook of the girl is considered as an important factor in selection process. Dowry proved to be a source of debtedness in both the generations i.e. 67.50% and 73.33% coupled with negative social and sychological consequences. Curiously, dowry proved to be a source of happiness for 61% of G2 while 23.06 % of G1 respondents. A new phenomenon of „reversal dowry‟ came in light in which girls heaving PR or eligible to take spouse abroad seeks dowry. Developing role models in the society, generating awareness largely through media and enforcement of strict laws were some of the suggestions by both the generations to arrest the phenomenon of dowry.ThesisItem Open Access Causes And Consequences Of Criminality Among Women In North Western India: A Micro Level Analysis(Punjab Agricultural University ;Ludhiana, 2004) Ritu; Jindal, B RThesisItem Open Access Problems And Prospects Of Rural Women Workers In Agro-Based Industries Of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University; Ludhiana, 2004) Bhatia, Manisha; Randhawa, R.ThesisItem Open Access Study On The Physiological Workload Of Farmwomen Involved In Selected Dairy Activities(Punjab Agricultural University; Ludhiana, 2002) Borah, Swapnali; Oberoi, KrishnaThesisItem Restricted Development of antimicrobial finish for cotton using selected plant sources(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Khushwinder Kaur; Bains, SandeepThe present study was conducted to develop antimicrobial finish for cotton fabric using natural plant sources. Twenty plant species were identified and Disk method was used to study their antimicrobial properties. Out of twenty plant sources four plants having maximum antimicrobial activity were selected. The selected four medicinal plants were Eugenia caryophyllata (Clove), Eclipta alba (False daisy), Plumbago zeylanica (Leadwort), and Mentha Arvenesis (Mint). The parts of plant sources were dried, powdered, grinded and extracted with appropriate solvents (ethanol, methanol, chloroform) by Soxhlet extraction method. The concentration of plant extracts were optimized on the basis of antimicrobial activity. The concentration selected were 3, 5, 7g/l and were worked for 12, 18, 24 hours. The antimicrobial activity of these extracts was checked with Disk Diffusion method. The results indicated that the zone diameter of Clove and Mint extracts with 7g/l concentration and 24 hours against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria was significantly higher than that of Leadwort and False daisy extracts with same concentration and time. The extracts with optimized parameters were applied to the fabric with direct application using pad-dry-cure method and with microencapsulation technique. After direct application treatment Clove showed maximum antimicrobial activity with minimum value of absorbance value 0.50 followed by False daisy, Leadwort, and Mint with optical density of 1.57, 1.69 and 1.71 respectively. The physical properties of untreated and treated fabrics were assessed to determine the appearance, performance and serviceability of the fabric. The test samples were assessed for fabric weight, thickness, tensile strength, drapability, bending length, flexural rigidity, crease recovery, moisture regain, elongation using standard test methods. The efficacy of the finish was analyzed after washing all the finished samples in ‘Launder-o-meter’ by using standard test method ISO: 6330-1984E. The fabric samples were then subjected to antimicrobial testing and the bacterial growth was analyzed after 5, 10, 15 and 20 washing cycles. The results showed that the absorbance value was minimum for 0 washes i.e. 0.894 and it increased to 1.146, 1.276, 1.574, 1.891 after 5, 10, 15, 20 washes respectively. Hence, the antimicrobial activity of microencapsulated finish was effective till 15 wash cycles.ThesisItem Open Access Changing interaction patterns among Dalits and Jat Sikhs in Doaba region of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Amanpreet Kaur; Sharma, ShaliniRural population of Punjab mainly comprised of Jat Sikhs and Dalits. The land owning Jat Sikhs were locally dominant and Dalits were dependent upon them. Off late with benefits from affirmative action program of government, NRI remittances and political mobilization, Dalits had improved their socio-economic status. This had impacted the interaction patterns amongst Dalits and Jat Sikhs of the region. The present study was conducted with specific objectives: to study the socio-economic status of the respondents; to analyze the changing socio-economic and political interaction patterns among Dalits and Jat Sikhs; to identify the conflict between both castes, if any, and the reasons thereof and to investigate state intervention in conflict resolution as perceived by Dalits and Jat Sikhs. The study was based on primary data collected from 320 respondents (160 Dalits and 160 Jat Sikhs) from Doaba. Study found that almost half of Jat Sikhs (49.3%) and Dalits (43.7%) had medium socio-economic status. Three fourth of the Jat Sikhs (74.3%) and Dalits (80.0%) were from 31-50 years of age. More than one third of the respondents were educated up to higher secondary level and 42.4 per cent of Dalits were doing semi-skilled and skilled jobs whereas almost three fourth of Jat Sikhs (73.2%) were engaged in farming. It was reported that 5.6 per cent of high status Dalits had moved to the village locality inhabited by Jat Sikhs without any resistance. A significant majority of Dalits (96.2%) reported no restriction on their entry into Jat Sikh kitchen and 58.7 per cent of them attended the social ceremonies of Jat Sikhs as guests. Economic dependence on Jat Sikh patrons was reported by 19.3 per cent Dalits. In 87.5 per cent of villages there was separate Dalit gurudwaras. It was Dalit sarpanch in forty three per cent of the villages. A significant majority of Jat Sikhs were apprehensive (88.7%) of Dalit dominance while Dalits were conscious and assertive (65.6%) of their newly acquired identity. Religious issues were found most responsible behind subtle form of conflict among both castes. Two third of the respondents felt that police personnel favoured their caste group while resolving the dispute. Socially mobile, economically influential and subaltern Dalits carry the movement of a separate Dalit identity and Jat Sikhs need to understand it and act accordingly to avoid any conflict.
