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ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF AND GENETIC DIVERSITY ASSESSMENT OF Gossypium arboreum L. GERMPLASM LINES(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Rajdeep Singh Khangura; M.S., GillThe present investigation was carried out with the objective to evaluate and catalogue the desi cotton germplasm based on morphological characters and assessment of genetic diversity based on quantitative traits and SSR markers. The experimental plant material consisted of 100 Gossypium arboreum L. germplasm lines originating from diverse eco-geographical regions of India. These were evaluated in Simple Lattice Design during kharif 2011. Data were recorded on various morphological characters, yield and its components and fibre quality parameters. Genotypes viz. LD 995, AC 1164, LD 866, IC 30839, and TMC-L-98 outyielded the standard check FDK 124. PAUGH10 recorded the highest boll weight (5.6g) and ginning outturn (51.9%). Other genotypes possessing atleast 40% lint percentage included PAUGH10, LD 805, LD 1033, and LD 919. The accessions possessing atleast 27mm of 2.5 % fibre span length were GBaV 107, GBaV 123, ABLL 208, PA 713, PA 720, GH 412311. Micronaire value of upto 5.0 was recorded by 7760 A, LD 987, NA 520, and CINA 316, whereas, twenty one lines recorded value of atleast 7.0. PA 720, GH 412311, RAC024, and AC 1184 recorded fibre strength value of atleast 22.0g/tex. Based on Mahalanobis D2 analysis, the 100 genotypes were clustered into ten clusters with cluster VIII and IX being the most diverse. Based on SSR diversity analysis of set of 36 germplasm lines representing all the ten clusters, genotypes were broadly grouped into 5 groups. AC 1060 was the most diverse line as revealed by the dendrogram. PIC value of the primers ranged from 0.14 – 0.79. The present study has been useful for the identification of genotypes possessing higher seed cotton yield, boll weight, ginning outturn and desirable fibre properties. Molecular analysis has identified lines that could be used to develop mapping populations for various traits.ThesisItem Restricted EFFECTS OF VARYING TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD ON GRAIN YIELD AND QUALITY CHARACTERS IN SOYBEAN [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] GENOTYPES(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Kuldeep Kaur; B. S., GillThe present investigation on Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) was carried out to study the effect of environmental conditions (different photoperiod and temperature regimes) on grain yield, nutritional and antinutritional factors as well as genetic variability and the correlations. Seventeen different soybean genotypes were planted at the Pulse Research area of Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana during 2011 under three different planting dates i.e., March 1 (D1), June 5 (D2) and August 7 (D3) to expose seed development stage to varying temperature and photoperiod conditions. Data were recorded on different morphological, agronomic and quality characters. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for genotypes, environment and genotype x environment interaction except for G x E interaction for oil content indicating diverse nature of genotypes, environments and differential response of genotypes to environments i.e. sowing dates. Maximum number of days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, 100-seed weight, phytic and oleic acid content were observed for March sowing (D1). Highest grain yield per plant, number of pods per plant, protein content, TIA, tocopherol content, tannin content, phenol content and linolenic acid were recorded for June sowing (D2). Harvest index, sucrose and linoleic acid were observed to be highest in August sowing (D3) whereas oil content, palmitic and stearic acid content were unaffected by sowing dates. High GCV and PCV values were exhibited by grain yield per plant, pods per plant, harvest index, saponin content, tocopherol content and linolenic acid in all the sowings except for harvest index in D2 and linolenic acid in D1sowing. High heritability with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for plant height, grain yield per plant, harvest index, saponin content, tocopherol content, palmitic acid and linolenic acid. Correlation study revealed the presence of positive association of grain yield with 100-seed weight and harvest index in D1 and D2 and with number of pods in D2 and D3 sowings. Seed weight showed significant and positive correlation with protein content in D1 and with oil content in D2 while no association with either of them in D3. Phenol and tannin contents were significantly and positively associated in D1 only. Significant negative association was noticed for oleic acid with linoleic acid and positive association was noticed for palmitic acid with stearic acid in all the three sowing dates. Oleic acid was negatively correlated with linolenic acid in March and August sowing but no correlation was recorded in June sowing.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION IN UPLAND COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2010) Taranjit SinghABSTRACT The present investigations were carried out to study the stability of both Bt and non-Bt genotypes over the nine environments which includes three locations viz. Ludhiana, Faridkot and Bathinda, and three sowing dates viz. first week of May, mid May and last week of May, for days to germination, days to first flower opening and first boll opening, days to final maturity, number of monopods and sympods per plant, plant height, boll setting percentage, boll number, boll weight, seed cotton yield, lint yield, ginning outturn, seed index, lint index, stalk yield, biomass, 2.5% span length, fibre strength, fibre fineness, uniformity ratio and oil content. The pooled analysis of variance revealed highly significant genotypic, environmental and G x E interaction mean squares for all the traits studied for both Bt and non Bt genotypes. Highly significant mean squares for heterogeneity between regressions were also observed for all the characters studied. The analysis of variance over the locations for each date of sowing and over the dates for each location revealed highly significant genotype location interactions (G x L) and genotype dates interaction (G x D) for almost all the characters studied both in Bt and non Bt genotypes. Highly significant heterogeneity between regressions was also observed for most of the characters both over locations and sowing dates in Bt and non Bt genotypes which indicated that the predictions can be made about the stability of the genotypes over the environments. On the basis of mean performance it was observed that days to first flower, days to first boll opening, days to final maturity, number of monopods and sympods, plant height, number of bolls per plant, seed cotton yield, lint yield decreased with late sowing, whereas boll weight, ginning outturn, seed index, lint index, fibre length, strength and fineness increased in late sowing i.e. in last week of May sowing for most of the Bt and non Bt genotypes.ThesisItem Open Access Irradiation induced mutagenesis in sugarcane(2014) Mandeep Kaur; Thind, K.S.A study on irradiation induced mutagenesis in sugarcane was undertaken to investigate genetic variability for economic traits and red rot disease. Twelve hundred single bud setts of cv. Co J 64 were irradiated with gamma rays at 0, 10, 20, 25 and 30 Grays (Gy). The experimental material of M1V1 generation was planted during spring 2012 and second generation (M1V2) during 2013. Data was recorded on ten economic and quality traits in addition to reaction to red rot disease. Mutagenic treatments generated significant variation for germination, number of tillers/clump, number of millable canes/clump, cane height, HR brix, leaf length and single cane weight in both M1V1 and M1V2 generations indicating the potential of mutagenic treatments for creating genetic variability for different traits in sugarcane. Average cane height among different treatments ranged from 166.60 to 185.80 cm with a mean of 171.2 cm. Mean leaf length for different treatments varied from 106.30 to 114.80 cm with an average of 111.40 cm; maximum of 114.80 cm being recorded through 10 Gy treatment followed by control. Cane weight an important trait in sugar cane breeding programme ranged from 720.00 to 961.66 g. Maximum single cane weight was recorded for control followed by 10 Gy and 20 Gy treatments. The higher doses had a retarding effect on this trait. Artificial evaluation of irradiated subclones against two red rot pathotypes Cf 08 and Cf 09 using plug method revealed moderate resistance for all the mutagenic treatments. It is inferred that genetic variability could be induced in sugarcane using gamma rays for traits like germination, cane height, leaf length, HR brix, single cane weight and to red rot tolerance. The lower doses of gamma ray (10 and 20 Gy) were more effective to induce variation while higher doses have detrimental effects. The sub clones need to be further evaluated in M1V3 for their consistency in trait manifestation and future use in breeding programme.ThesisItem Restricted Genetic diversity in relation to heterosis in maize (Zea mays L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, 2014) sanjeet singhThe present investigation was conducted to estimate the magnitude of general and specific combining ability of inbred lines and crosses, respectively; mid-parent heterosis for yield component characters of maize and the association of the heterotic valve with the dissimilarity coefficient values derived from the diversity analysis using SSR markers. Forty eight crosses were made in a line x tester model by using twelve lines and four testers and all crosses with their parents were evaluated. The data was recorded on thirteen characters. The lines 1123, 1135 and 1137 were good general combiners for most of the characters studied. The estimates of gca effects revealed that inbreds 11102, 11166, 1123, 11103, 11100, LM 11 and LM 14 were good general combiners for grain yield/plant. The hybrids 1135 X LM 5, 1137 X LM 5, 1140 X LM 5, 1123 X LM 11, 1123 X LM 14, 1140 X LM 11 and 11102 X LM 11were found to be good specific combiners for most of the characters. The best crosses for per se performance and mid- parent heterosis were 1123 X LM 14, 1137 X LM 5, 11109 X LM 11, 1123 X LM 11, 1135 X LM 11 and 1135 X LM 5, 11109 X SE 546, 11109 X LM 11, 11166 X SE 546, 1137 X LM 5, respectively. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetical averages (UPGMA) available in diversity analysis computer software DARwin 5.0 was used to group the inbred lines in different clusters. Dendrogram constructed grouped the inbred lines in three clusters (C-l, C-2 and C-3). A set of thirty seven SSR primers dispersed throughout the maize genome were used to assess the genetic diversity at the molecular level. A total of one hundred and thirteen alleles were detected and polymorphism information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.218 to 0.778 with an average value of 0.565. SSR primers with di-repeats revealed a maximum mean PIC value of 0.62, followed by tetrarepeats (0.57) and tri-repeats (0.50). In order to predict the hybrid performance, utilizing SSR markers, genetic distances were calculated among the inbred lines. Correlation coefficients calculated between the genetic distances of inbred lines and mid parent heterosis and specific combining ability for various yield and yield component characters of maize were non-significant. Thus it seems rather difficult to make a generalized conclusion regarding the prediction of hybrid performance especially for grain yield, based on genetic distance measures. Keywords: Maize, combining ability, heterosis, genetic diversity.ThesisItem Restricted Allelic variation for meiosis related genes in Brassica juncea and its diploid progenitors(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Snehdeep Kaur; Banga, S.S.Patterns of allelic differentiation were investigated for meiotic genes in natural and resynthesized B. juncea allotetraploids as well as their progenitors. Pollen fertility was wide-ranging, with B. juncea showing the maximum variation. A representative set of 96 lines was then genotyped with 70 STS markers. Fifty five polymorphic markers amplified 137 alleles. Within population differences (76%) accounted for maximum variation, followed by variation among species (19%). Population structure analysis largely reflected the ploidy boundaries. Diploids were grouped together, but B. juncea formed two major subgroups. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) deviated significantly between species and subpopulations as well. Large LD block with MMD1 was observed for B. juncea. For diploids, MRE11 and TES spanned major LD blocks. Markers based on two candidate genes, SCC3 and BRCA2b showed significant association with pooled pollen fertility. These explained 11-14 % of the trait variation. For B. juncea, only MS5b provided evidence of directional selection using softwares Arlequin and LOSITAN. Tajima’s D values were negatively significant for RAD51C, ZYP1a and ZYP1b for A homolog, indicating balancing selection. B homolog of SWI1 showed evidence of positive selection. Hierarchical clustering analysis based on gene expression indicated diverse meiotic machinery in B. juncea as compared to progenitor species. MEI1, ZYP1a, ZYP1b were transgressively over expressed in B. juncea. In contrast; SPO11-1, DMC1, BRCA2a, MSH2, MSH4, MMD1 and TES were distinctly down regulated in B. juncea. There seemed to be a distinct balance between co-upregulation or –down regulation of identified meiotic genes in both natural and freshly resynthesized allopolyploids, suggesting that changes in gene expression regulation may occur in the early aftermath of genome merger.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of an intra-hirsutum RIL population of RS 2013 × PUSA 56-4 cross(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Khushpreet Kaur; Rathore, PankajThe current investigation was carried out to study the genetic variability among recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross between American cotton lines RS 2013 and PUSA 56-4. The experimental plant material consisted of 193 recombinant inbred lines, parents, and standard check. The field evaluation of plant material was undertaken in a simple lattice design (14 x 14) with two replications at Ludhiana and Faridkot for two kharif seasons of 2014 and 2015. Observations were recorded on various yield and its component traits and fibre quality parameters. Standard check (LH 2108) significantly outperformed the RILs for seed cotton yield, lint yield, ginning outturn, and bolls per plant. Line 37 recorded the highest boll weight (4.2 g) and lint index (4.8). The range for some important traits recorded to be 44.5-119.4 (seed cotton yield plant-1), 14.6-40.8 (lint yield plant-1), 2.5-4.2 (boll weight), 28.3-35.5 % (ginning outturn), 1.6 - 3.4 (monopods plant-1), 22.7 - 28.6 mm (2.5% span length), 21.6 - 28.9 g/tex (fibre strength), and 3.2 - 4.6 (micronaire). A subset of the lines along with parents, standard check and TM-1 was subjected to molecular genetic analysis employing cotton specific microsatellite markers. The 40 lines were grouped into three main clusters. Both the parents were grouped together in the same cluster.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic analysis of yield, component traits and rust resistance in recombinant inbred lines of lentil(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2014) Alok Kumar; Gill, Ranjit KaurThe present investigation was aimed to study the inheritance pattern of rust resistance, variability and association among 135 recombinant inbred lines, two parents and two checks of lentil. The parents L9-12 (susceptible) and FLIP-2004-7L (resistant) were crossed together to generate experimental material viz., F1 and segregating generations (F2 to F8). The material was developed from F3 to F8 generation following single seed descent method to develop RIL population. A set of 135 F7 and F8 RILs, both the parents and two standard checks were planted in the experimental area of Pulses Section, PAU, Ludhiana and Regional Research Station Gurdaspur during rabi 2012-13 and 2013-14. The genotypes were grown in Alpha Lattice Design with three replications. All the F1 plants gave susceptible reaction thus reflecting dominance of susceptibility to resistance. The segregation pattern of F2 generation fitted well in genetic ratio 3 susceptible: 1 resistant indicating that reaction to rust resistance was governed by single gene. In F8 generation, the segregation pattern gave a good fit to the ratio of 1 resistant: 1 susceptible further confirming that resistance to rust was under control of single gene. The analysis of variance revealed that mean squares for treatments were highly significant for all the characters. RILs having high yield potential and rust resistance were identified. Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were high for pods per plant followed by biological yield per plot. High heritability estimates were observed for most of the characters. Genetic advance was highest for biological yield per plot followed by seed yield per plot. Estimation of phenotypic correlation coefficients indicated that seed yield per plot expressed highly significant and positive correlation with biological yield per plot, harvest index, seeds per pod. Path coefficient analysis revealed that the traits biological yield per plot, harvest index, days to 50 percent flowering, days to maturity, plant height, pods per plant and primary branches had positive direct effect on seed yield per plot.ThesisItem Open Access Induction of genetic variability through gamma rays in pigeonpea (cajanus cajan (l.) Millspaugh)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Gaur, Amit Kumar; Inderjit SinghThe present investigation was conducted to induce genetic variability in yield contributing traits in local variety AL 201 and to isolate desirable mutants for important traits which can be used as such as new varieties or as parents in hybridization programme for developing superior varieties. Two doses of gamma radiation i.e. 30 kR and 40 kR were used to induce mutations and the experiments were conducted in the experimental farm area of Pulses Section, Deptt. of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during kharif season of 2014 and 2015. The effect of gamma rays treatment on the per cent seed germination was studied in M1 generation under both laboratory as well as field conditions and results indicated that the gamma rays had an inhibitory effect on the per cent seed germination of pigeonpea and these negative effects was more severe with increasing dose of the mutagen. In M2 generation, mutant plants were selected and were divided into different groups for desirable traits like earliness, dwarfness, profuse branching and more yield per plant for both the doses i.e 30 kR and 40 kR. For these traits mean of selected plants was significantly different from mean of control plants. Among all the groups, group V (30kR) was considered as the best as it contained early maturing plants, dwarf plants, plants with more fruiting branches and high yield than the parent AL 201. A set of 20 already identified M3 derived M4 mutant lines were evaluated for various morphological traits and protein content. Analysis of variance revealed that mean squares were significant for all the traits. Mutant genotype AL 2138 was identified as the shortest and earliest line having more yield than the parent variety AL 201. The other mutant lines AL 2127, AL 2128, were found promising for pods per plant, 100-seed weight, fruiting branches per plant and seed yield. The highest value of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was obtained for seed yield per plot whereas, the highest genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) was recorded for fruiting branches. High heritability estimates were reported for days to maturity and days to flowering. The highest genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for number of fruiting branches per plant. Seed yield per plot recorded positive and significantly high correlation with fruiting branches, pods per plants, 100-seed weight, plant height, days to flowering and days to maturity.