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Open Access
EVALUATION OF AND GENETIC DIVERSITY ASSESSMENT OF Gossypium arboreum L. GERMPLASM LINES
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Rajdeep Singh Khangura; M.S., Gill
The present investigation was carried out with the objective to evaluate and catalogue the desi cotton germplasm based on morphological characters and assessment of genetic diversity based on quantitative traits and SSR markers. The experimental plant material consisted of 100 Gossypium arboreum L. germplasm lines originating from diverse eco-geographical regions of India. These were evaluated in Simple Lattice Design during kharif 2011. Data were recorded on various morphological characters, yield and its components and fibre quality parameters. Genotypes viz. LD 995, AC 1164, LD 866, IC 30839, and TMC-L-98 outyielded the standard check FDK 124. PAUGH10 recorded the highest boll weight (5.6g) and ginning outturn (51.9%). Other genotypes possessing atleast 40% lint percentage included PAUGH10, LD 805, LD 1033, and LD 919. The accessions possessing atleast 27mm of 2.5 % fibre span length were GBaV 107, GBaV 123, ABLL 208, PA 713, PA 720, GH 412311. Micronaire value of upto 5.0 was recorded by 7760 A, LD 987, NA 520, and CINA 316, whereas, twenty one lines recorded value of atleast 7.0. PA 720, GH 412311, RAC024, and AC 1184 recorded fibre strength value of atleast 22.0g/tex. Based on Mahalanobis D2 analysis, the 100 genotypes were clustered into ten clusters with cluster VIII and IX being the most diverse. Based on SSR diversity analysis of set of 36 germplasm lines representing all the ten clusters, genotypes were broadly grouped into 5 groups. AC 1060 was the most diverse line as revealed by the dendrogram. PIC value of the primers ranged from 0.14 – 0.79. The present study has been useful for the identification of genotypes possessing higher seed cotton yield, boll weight, ginning outturn and desirable fibre properties. Molecular analysis has identified lines that could be used to develop mapping populations for various traits.
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MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF Triticum durum – Aegilops speltoides INTROGRESSION LINES AND EVALUATION FOR THERMO–TOLERANCE AND ITS COMPONENTS
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Zewdu Teshome; Parveen, Chhuneja
Backcross introgression lines (BILs) developed from crosses of Triticum durum –Aegilops speltoides were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with heat tolerance.Three hundred lines in the first season and 100 selected lines in two consecutive cropping seasons were grown under normal sown and late sown conditions. Membrane thermostability, chlorophyll content (CH), canopy temperature and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) tests have been used for identifying genetic variability within genotypes.Yield and yield related traits were also recorded. In all the traits variations between BILs in both normal sown and late sown conditions have been observed. Early maturity, shorter height and reduced tillering were recorded in late sown conditions which could be due to terminal heat stress. Out of 386 markers tested, 76 markers (19.7%) showed polymorphism between the parental lines. These polymorphic markers were used to genotype 100 selected BILs. Graphical genotyping showed introgressed regions in all 14 chromosomes of the recipient parent with overall 14.2% introgression.Single marker analysis (SMA) revealed that six markers (Xgwm293, Xgwm565, Xgwm148, Xwmc269, Xgwm299 and Xwmc603) were significantly associated with spikelets/spike at LOD values ranging from 6.1-10.3 and phenotypic contribution of 18.5-44.3%.Similarly, markers Xgwm293,Xwmc269, Xgwm565, Xgwm471, Xgwm148, Xgwm299, Xwmc603, Xwmc31, Xcfd6 and Xcfa2278 were linked to thousand grain weight. One marker Xcfd60 revealed association to TTC in normal sown BILs with LOD value of 3.1 and PVE of 16.1%. Four markers Xgwm293,Xgwm148, Xcfd60 and Xwmc269 showed linkage with CH with varying LOD score and PVE%. SMA also identified eight markers (Xgwm293, Xgwm565, Xgwm471, Xgwm148, Xgwm299, Xwmc603, Xcfd6 and Xwmc269) linked to days to flowering and four markers viz, Xgwm293, Xgwm471, Xgwm299 and Xwmc603 showed association to days to maturity with LOD value higher than the threshold. Plant height was also linked to four marker loci (Xgwm471, Xgwm148, Xgwm565 and Xwmc603) in average environment and stay green trait was linked to Xgwm148, Xwmc269, Xgwm471 and Xwmc269 with LOD score in the range of2.6 -3.4 and PVE of 12.6-15.9%. Additive QTL analysis identified that most of the traits were contributed from the donor parent and a number of markers identified in SMA were validated in additive QTL analysis also.
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EFFECTS OF VARYING TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD ON GRAIN YIELD AND QUALITY CHARACTERS IN SOYBEAN [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] GENOTYPES
(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Kuldeep Kaur; B. S., Gill
The present investigation on Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) was carried out to study the effect of environmental conditions (different photoperiod and temperature regimes) on grain yield, nutritional and antinutritional factors as well as genetic variability and the correlations. Seventeen different soybean genotypes were planted at the Pulse Research area of Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana during 2011 under three different planting dates i.e., March 1 (D1), June 5 (D2) and August 7 (D3) to expose seed development stage to varying temperature and photoperiod conditions. Data were recorded on different morphological, agronomic and quality characters. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for genotypes, environment and genotype x environment interaction except for G x E interaction for oil content indicating diverse nature of genotypes, environments and differential response of genotypes to environments i.e. sowing dates. Maximum number of days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, 100-seed weight, phytic and oleic acid content were observed for March sowing (D1). Highest grain yield per plant, number of pods per plant, protein content, TIA, tocopherol content, tannin content, phenol content and linolenic acid were recorded for June sowing (D2). Harvest index, sucrose and linoleic acid were observed to be highest in August sowing (D3) whereas oil content, palmitic and stearic acid content were unaffected by sowing dates. High GCV and PCV values were exhibited by grain yield per plant, pods per plant, harvest index, saponin content, tocopherol content and linolenic acid in all the sowings except for harvest index in D2 and linolenic acid in D1sowing. High heritability with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for plant height, grain yield per plant, harvest index, saponin content, tocopherol content, palmitic acid and linolenic acid. Correlation study revealed the presence of positive association of grain yield with 100-seed weight and harvest index in D1 and D2 and with number of pods in D2 and D3 sowings. Seed weight showed significant and positive correlation with protein content in D1 and with oil content in D2 while no association with either of them in D3. Phenol and tannin contents were significantly and positively associated in D1 only. Significant negative association was noticed for oleic acid with linoleic acid and positive association was noticed for palmitic acid with stearic acid in all the three sowing dates. Oleic acid was negatively correlated with linolenic acid in March and August sowing but no correlation was recorded in June sowing.
Open Access
Effect of alien cytoplasms on heterosis and combining ability of yield, quality and water use efficiency traits in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
(PAU, 2013) Tyagi, Vikrant; Dhillon, S K
The present investigation was undertaken in the Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the years 2011 and 2012 to study the effect of alien cytoplasms on heterosis and combining ability of yield, quality and water use efficiency traits in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L). Analysis of variance for morphological, physiological and quality traits revealed significant differences due to genotypes and environments (irrigation regimes) for all the characters. Among sources E002-91A recorded a substantial increase in plant height, head diameter, seed yield and harvest index under stress environment, indicating its suitability for developing water use efficient hybrids. The D 2 analysis revealed a lot of diversity between cms analogues. Euclidean distance values indicated the uniqueness of ARG-3A under stress environment. For seed yield and its component traits E002-91A, ARG-3A, ARG-6A and RCR-8297 were good combiners under both the environments while PRUN-29A and CMS-XA under stress environment. The role of female parent was more in expression of all the traits as compared to male parents. The hybrid s CMS-XA x P100R, ARG-2A x P100R, ARG-6A x P69R, DV-10A x P100R, PRUN-29A x RCR-8297, 234A x P69R and 38A x P124R were identified as best specific combiners for seed yield and E002-91A x P124R, E002-91A x P100R, ARG-3A x RCR-8297, ARG-6A x P124R, DV-10A x P69R, PRUN-29A x P100R, 40A x RCR-8297, 40A x P124R for oil content. For seed yield maximum standard heterosis over check PSH-996 was recorded as 24.72 per cent for 40A x P69R (under normal environment) and 60.7 per cent for PRUN -29A x P69R (under stress environment). It is pertinent to mention here that all the sources significantly differed from PET-1 source with respect to seed yield per plant under both the environments and this effect was in positive direction. The sources ARG-3A and DV-10A had significant effect on heterosis for 100 seed weight under stress environment. Similarly for seed yield none of the sources recorded significant effect on heterosis under normal environment while in stress environment all the sources except ARG-2A and ARG-6A had positive effect on heterosis. Seed yield recorded significant positive association with plant height (0.301), highly significant correlation with leaf water potential (0.417) and biological yield (0.372) under normal environment. A total of 11 hybrids giving stable performance over normal and stress environments have been identified for seed yield. The genotypes with stay green trait at maturity were identified under both the environments. Drought susceptibility index (DSI) studies revealed that few genotypes recorded stable performance under both the environments with respect to seed yield having DSI values near to zero.
Open Access
Genetic Diversity and Association Studies for traits Related to Water Stress Tolerance in a Structured Brassica Juncea Population
(PAU, 2014) Akhatar, Javed; Banga, S.S.
A core subset of genetically fixed lines (48) was selected through stratified sampling to represent the allelic variations within Brassica juncea gene pool. The molecular characterization by 158 nuclear and nine chloroplast SSR markers revealed distinct germplasm patterns. There were significant interactions between chlorotype and seed/biological yields. Test genotypes were also evaluated for twenty four morpho-physiological traits over two years under normal and restricted moisture regimes for association studies. Highly significant marker-trait associations (MTA‟s) were identified by General Linear Model [GLM-PC (Principal Component)] Mixed Linear Model [MLM-PC+K (Kinship)]. MTA‟s include days to maturity, grain yield, number of secondary branches, number of seeds per pod, thousand seed weight, average root diameter and root length. Single marker, SB1822-1, localized at 17.5cM on chromosome 13 was repeatedly detected for seed size and grain yield. Marker, SB3872-3 revealed significant effect under normal moisture on seed size during the year one. Among the favorable double alleles, SB1822-1 showed positive phenotypic effect for thousand seed weight and grain yield. Of the four double alleles, cnu316-3 had maximum positive phenotypic effects on grain yield. Maturity QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci) detected on J6 (A genome) have been repeatedly detected in past studies with diverse in B. napus. Novel QTLs were identified for photosynthetic active radiation interception (cnu031-1 and SB1728-3) and drought tolerance index (NI3-G07-1 and SB1935A-1) and canopy air temperature difference. The loci identified by us need to be verified and utilized for breeding tolerant cultivars to improve crop performance under variable moisture conditions.
Open Access
Improvement of rice variety PAU 201 for aleurone colour and bacterial blight resistance using Marker Assisted Selection
(PAU, 2013) Prem Kumar A; Gill, M.S.
In Punjab, Rice variety PAU 201 was released for cultivation in the year 2007. Within two years this variety occupied 25% of total area under rice because of its high yield. It gives good yield under average conditions. However, recently this variety faced problems because of red aleurone colour, susceptibility to new evolved pathotypes of bacterial blight and low amylose content. During 2010, crosses were attempted between PAU 201 and RYT 3148 to improve the characters of PAU 201 with the help of molecular markers. The F1 plants were backcrossed with recipient parent and BC 1 F 1 seeds were generated. In 2011, marker-assisted foreground selection for first gene rc7 was analyzed on 270 BC 1 F 1 plants, 97 plants showed positive result for this gene in heterozygous condition. For second target gene (Xa21), 23 plants were found to be heterozygous for Xa21 and the desirable plants were backcrossed to recurrent to generate BC2 F 1 seeds. For third gene (wx), 10 plants out of 23 were recorded for the presence of three genes (rc7, Xa21 and wx) while 13 plants had two target genes (rc7 and Xa21). BC2 F 1 seeds were sown in kharif 2012, 371 out of 669 plants were heterozygous for rc7 gene. Among 371 BC 2 F 1 plants, 231 plants were selected which looked similar to PAU 201 in terms of agro-morphological characters. Out of these, 80 plants were found positive for Xa21 and 25 plants out of 80 plants were identified to be heterozygous for RM190. So, on the basis of analysis of three genes, 25 plants were identified to the presence of the target genes. In case of two gene category, 118 plants out of 778 were selected based on morphological characters which resemble to PAU 201. During parental polymorphic survey, 69 polymorphic markers (19.8%) were identified out of 348 between parents. Four and six polymorphic markers in carrier chromosomes 7 and 11 were applied on selected plants to find out the recovery percentage of recurrent parent. The recovery percentage of selected plants varied from 50-75% in carrier chromosomes 7 and 11. Based on GGT results, some plants were observed as heterozygous condition with retain segments from the recurrent parent, while heterozygosity was observed at all loci in the remaining plants for carrier chromosomes 7 and 11. Plants (24-12-43, 24-15-5, 24-18-8, 24-18-44, 24-78-54, 24-78-58, 24-200-17,24-200-18, 24-200-19, 24-200-24, 24-200-47, 24-200-69, 24-200-70, 24-200-71 and 24-200-75) carried three target genes with recurrent parent genome to the extent of 75.0% in carrier chromosomes along with grain size and shape similar to parents
Open Access
ASSESSMENT OF GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION IN UPLAND COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2010) Taranjit Singh
ABSTRACT The present investigations were carried out to study the stability of both Bt and non-Bt genotypes over the nine environments which includes three locations viz. Ludhiana, Faridkot and Bathinda, and three sowing dates viz. first week of May, mid May and last week of May, for days to germination, days to first flower opening and first boll opening, days to final maturity, number of monopods and sympods per plant, plant height, boll setting percentage, boll number, boll weight, seed cotton yield, lint yield, ginning outturn, seed index, lint index, stalk yield, biomass, 2.5% span length, fibre strength, fibre fineness, uniformity ratio and oil content. The pooled analysis of variance revealed highly significant genotypic, environmental and G x E interaction mean squares for all the traits studied for both Bt and non Bt genotypes. Highly significant mean squares for heterogeneity between regressions were also observed for all the characters studied. The analysis of variance over the locations for each date of sowing and over the dates for each location revealed highly significant genotype location interactions (G x L) and genotype dates interaction (G x D) for almost all the characters studied both in Bt and non Bt genotypes. Highly significant heterogeneity between regressions was also observed for most of the characters both over locations and sowing dates in Bt and non Bt genotypes which indicated that the predictions can be made about the stability of the genotypes over the environments. On the basis of mean performance it was observed that days to first flower, days to first boll opening, days to final maturity, number of monopods and sympods, plant height, number of bolls per plant, seed cotton yield, lint yield decreased with late sowing, whereas boll weight, ginning outturn, seed index, lint index, fibre length, strength and fineness increased in late sowing i.e. in last week of May sowing for most of the Bt and non Bt genotypes.
Open Access
Irradiation induced mutagenesis in sugarcane
(2014) Mandeep Kaur; Thind, K.S.
A study on irradiation induced mutagenesis in sugarcane was undertaken to investigate genetic variability for economic traits and red rot disease. Twelve hundred single bud setts of cv. Co J 64 were irradiated with gamma rays at 0, 10, 20, 25 and 30 Grays (Gy). The experimental material of M1V1 generation was planted during spring 2012 and second generation (M1V2) during 2013. Data was recorded on ten economic and quality traits in addition to reaction to red rot disease. Mutagenic treatments generated significant variation for germination, number of tillers/clump, number of millable canes/clump, cane height, HR brix, leaf length and single cane weight in both M1V1 and M1V2 generations indicating the potential of mutagenic treatments for creating genetic variability for different traits in sugarcane. Average cane height among different treatments ranged from 166.60 to 185.80 cm with a mean of 171.2 cm. Mean leaf length for different treatments varied from 106.30 to 114.80 cm with an average of 111.40 cm; maximum of 114.80 cm being recorded through 10 Gy treatment followed by control. Cane weight an important trait in sugar cane breeding programme ranged from 720.00 to 961.66 g. Maximum single cane weight was recorded for control followed by 10 Gy and 20 Gy treatments. The higher doses had a retarding effect on this trait. Artificial evaluation of irradiated subclones against two red rot pathotypes Cf 08 and Cf 09 using plug method revealed moderate resistance for all the mutagenic treatments. It is inferred that genetic variability could be induced in sugarcane using gamma rays for traits like germination, cane height, leaf length, HR brix, single cane weight and to red rot tolerance. The lower doses of gamma ray (10 and 20 Gy) were more effective to induce variation while higher doses have detrimental effects. The sub clones need to be further evaluated in M1V3 for their consistency in trait manifestation and future use in breeding programme.
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Genetic diversity in relation to heterosis in maize (Zea mays L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2014) sanjeet singh
The present investigation was conducted to estimate the magnitude of general and specific combining ability of inbred lines and crosses, respectively; mid-parent heterosis for yield component characters of maize and the association of the heterotic valve with the dissimilarity coefficient values derived from the diversity analysis using SSR markers. Forty eight crosses were made in a line x tester model by using twelve lines and four testers and all crosses with their parents were evaluated. The data was recorded on thirteen characters. The lines 1123, 1135 and 1137 were good general combiners for most of the characters studied. The estimates of gca effects revealed that inbreds 11102, 11166, 1123, 11103, 11100, LM 11 and LM 14 were good general combiners for grain yield/plant. The hybrids 1135 X LM 5, 1137 X LM 5, 1140 X LM 5, 1123 X LM 11, 1123 X LM 14, 1140 X LM 11 and 11102 X LM 11were found to be good specific combiners for most of the characters. The best crosses for per se performance and mid- parent heterosis were 1123 X LM 14, 1137 X LM 5, 11109 X LM 11, 1123 X LM 11, 1135 X LM 11 and 1135 X LM 5, 11109 X SE 546, 11109 X LM 11, 11166 X SE 546, 1137 X LM 5, respectively. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetical averages (UPGMA) available in diversity analysis computer software DARwin 5.0 was used to group the inbred lines in different clusters. Dendrogram constructed grouped the inbred lines in three clusters (C-l, C-2 and C-3). A set of thirty seven SSR primers dispersed throughout the maize genome were used to assess the genetic diversity at the molecular level. A total of one hundred and thirteen alleles were detected and polymorphism information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.218 to 0.778 with an average value of 0.565. SSR primers with di-repeats revealed a maximum mean PIC value of 0.62, followed by tetrarepeats (0.57) and tri-repeats (0.50). In order to predict the hybrid performance, utilizing SSR markers, genetic distances were calculated among the inbred lines. Correlation coefficients calculated between the genetic distances of inbred lines and mid parent heterosis and specific combining ability for various yield and yield component characters of maize were non-significant. Thus it seems rather difficult to make a generalized conclusion regarding the prediction of hybrid performance especially for grain yield, based on genetic distance measures. Keywords: Maize, combining ability, heterosis, genetic diversity.

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