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ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of Genetic Potential of New Inbred lines of Maize (zea Mays L.) as Partners of Different heterotic Pools(Department of Plant Breeding PAU, Ludhiana, 2000) Sandhu, Shivtej SinghThesisItem Open Access Genetic analysis of fodder traits in pearl millet (pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br(Department of Plant Breeding PAU, Ludhiana, 2002) Singh, Satinder; Bhardwaj, B. LThesisItem Open Access Hybridization between crop brassicas and some relted crucifers(Department of Plant Breeding PAU, Ludhiana, 2001) Bhaskar, P. Bala; Banga, S.SThesisItem Open Access ESTIMATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY USING SSRs IN MAIZE INBRED LINES IN RELATION TO HETEROSIS AND COMBINING ABILITY(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Nivgojind Singh Virk; S P S, BrarThe present investigation was conducted to estimate the magnitude of general and specific combining ability of inbred lines and crosses respectively and heterosis for yield and yield component characters of maize. Forty four F1 crosses were made in a line x tester fashion by using twenty two lines and two testers and all crosses with their parents were evaluated. The data was recorded on nine characters. The lines 3(LM13), 26-2009 and 37-2009 were good general combiners for most of the characters studied. The estimates of gca effects revealed that lines 10-2009, 22(LTP-4), 24-2009, 38-2009, 39-2009, 41(CML32), 95-2009 were good general combiners for grain yield/plant. The hybrids 29-2009xLM13, 37-2009xLM13, 97-2009xLM13, 9-2009xLM14, 97-2009xLM14 were found to be good specific combiners for most of the characters. Fourteen hybrids were found to be good specific combiners for grain yield/plant. The hybrids 3(LM11)xLM13, 3(LM11)xLM14, 13-2009xLM14, 22(LTP-4)xLM14, 24-2009xLM13, 24-2009xLM14, 37-2009xLM14, 39-2009xLM13, 41(CML32)xLM14, 45-2009xLM14, 46-2009xLM14, 59-2009xLM14, 95-2009xLM13, 95-2009xLM14 were found to be good cross combinations which showed significant mid parent heterosis for most of the characters. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetical averages (UPGMA) available in numerical taxonomic and multivariate analysis system (NTSYS-pc) 2.02e was used to group the inbred lines in different clusters. Dendrogram constructed grouped the inbred lines in two clusters (C-1, C-2). But the morphological grouping of parents was not in agreement with the heterotic pattern of their crosses. A set of twelve SSR primers dispersed throughout the maize genome was used to assess the genetic diversity at the molecular level. A total of forty alleles were detected and polymorphism information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.26 to 0.81 with an average value of 0.5. SSR primers with di-repeats revealed a maximum mean PIC value of 0.56, followed by tetrarepeats (0.44) and tri-repeats (0.39). It was able to assign inbred lines to three clusters (C-1, C-2 and C-3). In order to predict the hybrid performance, utilizing SSR markers, genetic distances were calculated among the inbred lines. Correlation coefficients calculated between the genetic distances of inbred lines and mid parent heterosis and specific combining ability for various yield and yield component characters of maize were non significant. Thus it seems rather difficult to make a generalized conclusion regarding the prediction of hybrid performance especially for grain yield, based on genetic distance measures.ThesisItem Open Access HETEROSIS, COMBINING ABILITY AND CORRELATION STUDIES IN THREE-WAY CROSS HYBRIDS IN SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2013) Yadvinder SinghStudy was undertaken to assess the magnitude of heterosis and combining ability in three-way cross hybrids of sunflower. A set of eleven A lines 302A X 11B, 302A X 42B, 302A X 234B, 302A X 44B, 44A X 40B, 11A X 234B, 43A X 44B, 234A X 40B, 44A X 234B, 44A X 42B, 44A X 11B and four restorers P89R, P69R, P93R and P110R were crossed in all possible combinations to obtain 44 TWC hybrids to evaluate for general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) in a randomized block design over two years in spring 2011 and spring 2012. Genetic variability among genotypes was assessed for days to flower initiation, days to 50% flower initiation, days to maturity, plant height, head diameter, no. of leaves per plant, chlorophyll content, leaf area, leaf area index, seed yield per plant, 100 seed weight, oil content, stay green and fatty acid composition. CMS 11A X 234B had significant general combining ability effects for seed yield, head diameter, chlorophyll content, leaf area and oil content followed by CMS 44A X 40B for seed yield, plant height and days to flower initiation. Among the restorers P89R was good combiner for seed yield, head diameter, no. of leaves, chlorophyll content and 100 seed weight followed by P93R for head diameter, leaf area index, 100 seed weight and oil content. Two crosses 302A X 44B X P89R and 302A X 234B X P69R had significant sca effects for various characters. Importance of additive gene effects was found in the inheritance of traits like plant height and 100 seed weight. However for all other characters such as days to flower initiation, days to maturity, head diameter, no. of leaves, chlorophyll content, leaf area, leaf area index, seed yield and oil content non-additive gene effects predominated. Hybrids 302A X 44B X P89R, 11A X 234B X P89R and 234A X 302B X P93R excelled the standard checks for most of the important traits. The hybrids in general involving the parents 234A X 44B, 234A X 302B, P93R and P89R exhibited high positive heterosis for seed yield per plant. High significant correlation was observed between seed yield and 100 seed weight and plant height followed by head diameter, no. of leaves, chlorophyll content, leaf area and leaf area index. Keywords: Heterosis, combining ability and three way cross hybrid.ThesisItem Open Access GENOTYPE AND SITE INTERACTION STUDIES OF Salix CLONES IN PUNJAB(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2013) Singh, Kulwinder; Chauhan, RajniThe field trials were conducted during 2012-13 at three locations (environment 1: University Seed Farm, Ladhowal; environment 2: Badhian forest, Range and Division Dasuya and environment 3: Alamwala forest nursery, Range Malout, Division Faridkot) located in central plane zone, sub-mountain undulating zone and south-western zones of Punjab respectively. Twenty-two willow clones were planted in a randomized block design with three replications, to study the genotype and site interaction among different clones. The data for plant height and collar diameter was recorded at all the three locations and data for other parameters i.e., leaf parameters, leaf display, number of branches and insect/pest attack was recorded only at environment 1. All the characters under study at environment 1 exhibited significant differences among different clones. Differences among clones for plant height and collar diameter were significant under all three environments as well as after pooled analysis. On the basis of plant height and collar diameter, clone UHFS-13, UHFS-1 and UHFS-19 was best in environment 1, environment 2 and 3, respectively. Clone UHFS-1 and UHFS-19 showed wider adaptability. The values of genotypic variability for different traits were found between low to high and for phenotypic variability between moderate to high. Values of heritability and genetic gain were observed between low to high. On the basis of growth, number of branches leaf parameters and leaf display, clone UHFS-2, UHFS-5, UHFS-12 and UHFS-18 will be suitable for agroforestry, and clone UHFS-3, UHFS-13, UHFS-14 and UHFS-16 for biofuel or phytoremediation and Clone UHFS-10 for landscape purposes.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic analysis of hydrocyanic acid, water use Efficiency and quality traits over senvironment in forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench](Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2013) goyalThe present investigation was undertaken in the Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2010-2013 to study the genetic analysis of hydrocyanic acid (HCN), water use efficiency (WUE) and quality traits over environments viz. normal environment (Env-N) and water stress environment (Env-S) in forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Under experiment-1, evaluation of 60 top crosses obtained from crossing 15 cms lines to four populations as males was done. Analysis of variance for green fodder yield and its component characters, HCN and traits affecting WUE revealed significant differences due to genotypes, environments and significant genotypic x environment interaction for most of the traits. The analysis of variance for combining ability suggested that the variance due to general combining ability (gca) and specific combining ability (sca) were significant and varied with the change in environment for important traits. The estimates of 2gca and 2sca indicated the predominance of non-additive gene action in the inheritance of all the traits. The cms lines, AKMS-14A, 2077A, NSS1007A and NSS1008A under Env-N and 940031A and NSS1008A under Env-S were good general combiners for green fodder yield and its component characters, low HCN content and high water use efficiency. With respect to green fodder yield, population RSSV-9 appeared to be the best general combiner under both the environments. One top cross 94002A x RSSV-9 had high sca effects for these traits in both the environments. Estimation of heterosis showed that three crosses viz. 94002A x RSSV-9 (54.15% and 27.25% under Env-N and Env-S, respectively), AKMS-14A x RSSV-9 (52.26% and 25.27% under Env-N and Env-S, respectively) and NSS1007A x Ramkel (48.49% and 7.69% under Env-N and Env-S, respectively) manifested significant positive heterosis over PSC-1 for green fodder yield and significant negative heterosis for HCN under both the environments. The selections for high green fodder yield under both the environments could be carried out by phenotypic selection for early vigour, plant height, leaf area index, photosynthetic capacity and proline content in the desired population. Under experiment-2, 100 families of each type viz. full sib, half sib and S1 were evaluated under two already mentioned environments. The trend for mean fodder yield and yield contributing traits viz. plant height, number of leaves per plant and leaf area index and HCN showed that the mean of full sib families exceeded the mean of half sib families and mean of S1 families. This indicated that the heterosis and inbreeding depression were important for these traits in this population. The green fodder yield and its components and traits affecting water use efficiency had 2A*/2A greater than 0.5 in both the environments. This suggested more contribution of additive gene effects than dominance effects for genetic control of green fodder yield and other important characters. For HCN content, the ratio of 2A*/ 2A was less than 0.5 in Env-N and greater than 0.5 in Env-S which suggested that dominance and/ or epistasis were more influential in controlling HCN content under Env-N. Additive genetic variation estimated appeared to be sufficiently great to permit substantial progress by any of the three family systems of selection, but S1 family selection appeared to be the most promising, particularly for improving green fodder yield, yield components, HCN content and WUE traits.ThesisItem Open Access MORPHO-AGRONOMIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN OAT (Avena sativa L.) GERMPLASM(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2013) Choudhary, Khushwant B.; Kapoor, RahulThe present study was undertaken to assess the genetic diversity present in the ninety six oat (Avena sativa L.) germplasm lines representing the collection from various eco-geographical regions of the country. On the basis of mean performance the lines viz; OL 1684 for plant height (121.80 cm), SKO 109 and OL 1693 for leaf length (69.65 cm) and leaf width (3.30 cm) respectively, OL 1615 and OL 1612 for GFY (89.50 and 88.00 kg/plot) and DMY (32.20 and 31.75 kg/plot) were found to be superior. Mahalanobis D2 analysis grouped all 96 genotypes into ten clusters. Cluster VII (26 genotypes) and Cluster IX (1 genotypes) were the largest and the smallest clusters respectively amongst all. The mean for GFY (84.50 kg/plot), DMY (29.84 kg/plot) was highest in cluster number V, whereas cluster VI had highest mean for leaf length (58.89 cm), leaf width (2.29 cm), days to 50% flowering (129.75) and days to maturity (159.75). The inter-cluster distance was highest between VI and IX cluster pair (25.87) followed by VI and X (21.51) suggesting significant high genetic diversity among genotypes of these clusters. The molecular diversity analysis using 40 SSR markers clustered all the 96 germplasm lines into ten clusters and significant level of dissimilarity (0.12 to 0.96) was depicted among the lines. Genotypic pairs having utmost genetic dissimilarity (0.96) were OL 1634 and OL1688, OL1702 and OL1688, OL 1705 and OL 1634, UPO 03-3 and OL 1688, UPO 03-3 and OL1705. PIC values ranged from as low as 0.06 to as high as 0.75 (AM 7). The primer pairs with highest PIC value were AM 7(0.75), AM2 (0.69) and AM10 (0.69). In addition, statistically non significant correlation with r=0.195 (P=0.05) was reported between morpho- agronomic and molecular diversity.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sugarcane(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Arora, Naveen; Gill, Ranvir SinghIn the present studies a set of seventy two genotypes including five checks was used to study the variability, heritability, genetic advance and genetic divergence based on Mahalanobis D2 analysis. The test material belongs to twenty four diverse cross combinations (six biparental crosses and eighteen general crosses). The significant levels of variability were observed among the genotypes for all the traits of agronomic interest viz. cane yield, commercial cane sugar tons per hectare (CCS t/ha), germination (percent), number of tillers (000/ha), number of millable canes (000/ha) single cane weight (kg), number of internodes, cane girth (cm), cane length (cm), total soluble solids at 240 DAP (TSS %), POL% juice (240 DAP), purity % (240DAP), commercial cane sugar percent juice at 240 DAP (CCS %), total soluble solids at 300 DAP (TSS %), pol percent juice (300 DAP), purity coefficient (300 DAP), commercial cane sugar percent juice at 300 dap (CCS %), ethanol potential liters per tons (EP). The genotypes S1032/07, S782/07, S863/07, S643/07, S196/07 and S209/07 were found promising genotypes on the basis of their mean performance for different traits. The estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variability, genotypic coefficient of variability, heritability, and genetic advance indicated that emphasis should be given on traits like cane yield (t/ha), commercial cane yield (t/ha), number of tillers (000/ha), number of millable canes (000/ha), single cane weight (kg) and commercial cane sugar (%) at the time of selection for achieving desired improvements in crop breeding programs. The divergence analysis based on Mahalanobis D2 grouped seventy two genotypes into nine divergent clusters. The intracluster distances were smaller as compared to the intercluster distances indicating that genotypes with in a cluster are sufficiently divergent from the genotypes of other clusters. The clusters differed with respect to cluster means for different agronomic traits under study. Cluster I & II were characterized by high cane yield (t/ha), commercial cane sugar (t/ha) and single cane weight (kg). Cluster II & IV had highest number of tillers and number of millable canes (000/ha). Cluster V, VII and IX were characterized by better quality. Only few traits viz. cane yield (t/ha), number of tillers (000/ha), number of millable canes (000/ha) and cane length (cm) contributed towards the genetic divergence. From the same set of material a set of fifty two visually chosen agronomically superior genotypes were analyzed for genetic diversity at molecular level. A total of eighty four alleles/bands were scored with a set of thirty one simple sequence repeats markers indicating 2.64 alleles per locus. Polymorphism information content (PIC) value was found to range from 0.17 to 0.74 with a mean value of 0.54 indicating a moderate range of diversity in the test material. On the basis of DARwin’s Dice dissimilarity coefficient the fifty two genotypes were grouped into seven distinct clusters. Genotypes CoJ 85 and S877/07 were the most divergent. The clustering pattern based on Mahalanobis D2 analysis and SSR marker based analysis indicated that parentage did not contributed towards the clustering pattern. Also the distribution of genotypes into different clusters based on the two approaches was different. The material under study indicated a good level of variability and genetic diversity. The potential of SSR markers in diversity analysis is also demonstrated.
