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2008 - 20095
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Subject: Others × End date: 2009 × Start date: 2000 ×
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Now showing 1 - 5 of 5
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    DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND FIELD EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL COTTON PICKING AID
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2008) Ankit
    A mechanical cotton picking aid was designed and developed for picking of cotton from the cotton bolls. A cyclone separator was designed and developed according to the airflow rate of blower for maximum speed of the blower. An electro magnet was also designed for the lifting of valve according to the force required to pull the valve. Preliminary testing of the picking aid was done in the field at different combination of the picker end diameter (20, 25, 32 and 40 mm) and suction pressures (25,30,35,40,45 and 50 mm of Hg). Suction pressures were not uniform. For uniform level of suction pressures extrapolation of trend line were done to have value of picking efficiency, trash content and output capacity. Maximum picking efficiency of 96.3 % had been achieved at 25 mm of picker end diameter with suction pressure of 45 mm of Hg. Minimum trash content of 0.65 % was observed at 20 mm of picker end diameter with suction pressure of 30 mm of Hg. Maximum output capacity of 6.25 kg/h was achieved at 25 mm of picker end diameter with suction pressure of 45 mm of Hg. Picking aid was evaluated for long term field trials with optimize picker end diameter (25mm) and suction pressures (35,40,45 and 50 mm of Hg) for two stage of picking. Though the picking efficiency and output capacity was maximum at 50 mm of Hg suction pressure for first stage of picking but trash content also increased at 50 mm of Hg suction pressure. Trash content was minimum (5.7 %) at 35 mm of Hg with picking efficiency of 93.9 % and output capacity of 4.2 kg/h. Similarly for second stage of picking, trash content was minimum (4.39 %) at 35 mm of Hg with picking efficiency of 92.8 % and output capacity of 4.01 kg/h were also lower. Picker end diameter and suction pressure had affected the picking efficiency, trash content and output capacity significantly at 5% level of significance. Also effect of interaction of both the factors were significant at 5% level of significance for output capacity and trash content but were non significant in case of picking efficiency. The combination of picker end diameter 25 mm and 40 mm of Hg suction pressure were the best combination for optimal picking efficiency, output capacity and trash content.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Storage and shelf life study of paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea)
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2009) Balwinder Kaur
    Volvariella volvacea commonly known as the straw mushroom, paddy straw mushroom or Chinese mushroom. It is very a popular inhabitant of the tropics and subtropics regions. It is a fast growing fungus to fruit within two weeks of sowing. Volvariella volvacea strain Vv-5 was grown indoor on paddy straw under natural climatic conditions to harvest 9.0 kg of fresh mushrooms per quintal dry paddy straw with an average weight of a fruit body recorded as 8.9 g. The mushrooms were harvested and subjected to storage and shelf life study through packaging, washing, blanching, steeping and drying. Washing of mushrooms in potassium metabisulphite, citric acid and sodium chloride indicated the best quality in terms of colour texture, odour and consumability when treated with 0.1% potassium metabisulphite followed by washing with citric acid. Packaging of fresh mushrooms in perforated polypropylene, polyethylene and paper bags indicated that mushrooms can be stored upto 48 hours in paper bag followed by polypropylene, polyethylene bags punched with 10 holes in each bag containing mushrooms washed with citric acid. Blanching and steeping of paddy straw mushrooms was not upto the mark even upto five days of storage. The mushrooms were dried in the sun, in the cabinet dryer and in the microwave oven and packed in air tight (sealed) polypropylene bags. The cabinet dried mushrooms showed 89.6-92.3 percent moisture loss with maximum when washed with KMS 0.2%. During storage upto 6 months the weight loss was statistically non significant. The observations made on colour, optical density, texture, consumability, dehydration ratio, rehydration ratio had indicated that in cabinet drying citric acid 0.3% was the best treatment which was at par with unwashed dried mushrooms. In sun drying KMS 0.1% was the best and at par with the unwashed dried mushrooms. However, in microwave oven all treatments were overall acceptable which were at par with unwashed dried mushrooms. The experiment on mushroom drying indicated that mushrooms can be best dried in the microwave oven followed by cabinet drying and the sun drying.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Synthesis of quaternary salts of ammonia having oxime moiety and their plant growth regulating activity on Oryza sativa
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2009) Simmi Rani
    Quaternary salts of ammonia are a type of organic compounds in which the molecular structure includes a central nitrogen atom joined to four organic groups to provide a cationic site and a negatively charged acid radical to form an anionic site. These compounds have found their application as disinfectants, surfactants, fabric softeners, detergents, anti-electrostatics, pharmaceuticals and plant growth retardants etc. In the present studies tertiary amines required for the synthesis of quaternary ammonium salts were prepared from different arylaldehydes (4-Cl, 3-NO2, 2-Cl and 4-CH3) and arylketones (acetophenone and benzophenone) through the formation of their oximes. The oximes prepared from various aldehydes by their reaction with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of NaOH using ethanol as solvent were reacted with epichlorohydrin and K2CO3 to get the corresponding epoxy compounds. The epoxides thus procured were cleaved with secondary amines viz. diethylamine and piperidine to get the desired hydroxy tertiary amines. The structures of these amines were established by IR and NMR spectroscopy. Quaternization of these tertiary amines was done with 1,2-dibromoethane and 1,4-dibromobutane to get the bis-quaternary ammonium salts. These salts were then tested as plant growth regulators on Oryza sativa, under laboratory conditions at 28±2ºC. All the compounds showed plant growth retarding effect.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on physiological fruit drop in ber
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2009) sunehali
    The investigation on “Studies on physiological fruit drop in ber” was carried out at New Orchard, Department of Horticulture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2008-09. The trees were sprayed in October and November with NAA (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ppm), GA3 (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ppm) and no spray (control). The lowest fruit drop of 74.85 per cent was recorded with GA3 30 ppm and 79.41 per cent with NAA 30 ppm. While recording the fruit drop periodically from December 31 to March 19, it was found that maximum fruit drop occurred on December 31 due to shriveling of fruits at early stage of fruit development. From December onwards upto March, the per cent fruit drop decreased. Higher fruit size in terms of length, breadth and weight was noted with GA3 30-40 ppm and NAA 10 ppm. While, the maximum fruit yield was registered with NAA 30 ppm and GA3 30 ppm. Palatability rating was found maximum in fruits treated with NAA 50 ppm and GA3 30 ppm and the fruits were rated as ‘very much desirable’. Higher total soluble solids content and vitamin-C with corresponding lowest acidity was recorded in fruits from the trees sprayed with NAA 50 ppm and GA3 30 ppm.
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    Studies on physiological fruit drop in ber
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2009) Sunehali Sharma
    The investigation on “Studies on physiological fruit drop in ber” was carried out at New Orchard, Department of Horticulture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2008-09. The trees were sprayed in October and November with NAA (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ppm), GA3 (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ppm) and no spray (control). The lowest fruit drop of 74.85 per cent was recorded with GA3 30 ppm and 79.41 per cent with NAA 30 ppm. While recording the fruit drop periodically from December 31 to March 19, it was found that maximum fruit drop occurred on December 31 due to shriveling of fruits at early stage of fruit development. From December onwards upto March, the per cent fruit drop decreased. Higher fruit size in terms of length, breadth and weight was noted with GA3 30-40 ppm and NAA 10 ppm. While, the maximum fruit yield was registered with NAA 30 ppm and GA3 30 ppm. Palatability rating was found maximum in fruits treated with NAA 50 ppm and GA3 30 ppm and the fruits were rated as ‘very much desirable’. Higher total soluble solids content and vitamin-C with corresponding lowest acidity was recorded in fruits from the trees sprayed with NAA 50 ppm and GA3 30 ppm.