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ThesisItem Open Access Electron-acoustic waves in quantum plasma with κdeformed Kaniadakis hot electrons(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Amanpreet Kaur; Parveen BalaThe propagation properties of electron acoustic waves (EAWs) are studied in the quantum plasma system containing inertialess hot electrons, inertial cold electrons and stationary ions which forms the charge neutralizing background for understanding the properties of solitary wave structures. It is assumed that hot electrons follow κ-deformed Kaniadakis distribution, governed by parameter κ. The dispersion relation is obtained using the linearization method. Using the appropriate stretched coordinates and reductive perturbation method (RPM) the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) and modified KdV (mKdV) equation has been derived. For the analysis, a limit of range of deformation parameter (κ) has been set as -0.4≤κ ≤0.4. For the defined range, it has been observed that plasma system supports rarefactive solitary structures. The amplitude and width of KdV soliton have been significantly affected by quantum parameter (H), whereas amplitude and width of solitary wave remains unaffected by deformation parameter (κ). The analysis was further extended to explain double layers solution in such plasma system. It is found that rarefactive double layers significantly depend on deformation parameter (κ), quantum parameter (H) and hot to cold electron density ratio (α). The presented investigation may be helpful to understand the study of nonlinear waves in the astrophysical plasmas.ThesisItem Open Access Remediation of Cd (II) ions from aqueous solution using carbon based nano hybrid(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Inderpreet Kaur; Kiran JeetThe present study focuses on preparation of carbon based nano hybrid which act as an adsorbent for removal of Cd (II) from aqueous solution. Synthesis of graphene oxide was carried out by modified Hummer’s method. Fuctionalization of multiwall carbon nanotubes was carried out with the help of refluxing. Magnetic graphene oxide nanoparticles were formed with co-precipitation of iron nanoparticles on the surface of graphene. Graphene oxide multiwalled carbon nano tube hybrid (GO- MWCNT) was prepared by providing mechanical shear to functionalized carbon nanotube and graphene oxide powder in acid solution. Morphology, structure of synthesized materials were studied using high resolution imaging techniques such as Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X Ray Diffraction (XRD) and spectroscopy techniques such as Ultraviolet Visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The maximum adsorption capacity for Cd (II) was obtained to be 50.00, 47.61, 45.45 and 41.66 mg/g for MGO, GO, C-MWCNTs and GO-C-MWCNTs respectively at optimum condition (i.e. pH = 6, contact time = 20 minutes and temperature = 30°C). MGO has high efficiency to remove Cd (II) ion from contaminated water and also other adsorbents such as GO, C-MWCNTs and GO-C-MWCNTs and shows great potential in the field of water decontamination. Thermodynamic parameters indicate that the adsorption processes is spontaneous and exothermic.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of temperature on ultrasonic velocity in adulterated mustard oil(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Parhanpreet Kaur; Paramjit SinghThe utilisation of edible oils for consumption has been in vogue since time immortal. The heavy consumption of edible oils lead to adulteration which degrades the quality and nutritional value of oils. Pure edible oil is adulterated with low quality oil having similar appearance as that of pure edible oil. The method to detect adulteration in edible oil should be a non-destructive test as it does not influence the chemical composition of sample. Ultrasonic waves are used for detection of adulteration because these are non-destructive, non-toxic and have many applications in food processing. In the present study, palm oil was used as an adulterant in pure mustard oil because of its similar appearance and easily mixing character. The parameters like ultrasonic velocity, viscosity and density were measured for different concentrations (100, 90, 80, 70 and 60%) of mustard oil at different temperature (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70˚C). From these parameters, further thermodynamic parameters like surface tension, adiabatic compressibility, bulk modulus, acoustic impedance and intermolecular free length were calculated. Except density, all parameters showed significant results with different temperature and concentration. Ultrasonic velocity, density, surface tension, bulk modulus and acoustic impedance were found to decrease linearly with temperature while viscosity decreased exponentially with temperature. Other parameters like adiabatic compressibility and intermolecular free length increased linearly with temperature. The linear correlation of logarithmic ultrasonic velocity with logarithmic density and ultrasonic velocity with logarithmic viscosity were observed. Another linear correlation between surface tension and intermolecular free length was also confirmed.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of ohmic heating on electrical properties of tomato puree(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Kiranjot Kaur; Paramjit SinghOhmic heating is a green processing technique that is different from other processing methods. In this process electric current is allowed to pass through the food sample and heating occurs due to inherent resistance of sample. It is highly efficient technology and provides rapid and uniform heating. In this study, ohmic heating treatment was applied to different concentrations (100, 90, 80, 70 and 60%) of tomato puree. The puree was ohmically heated from 30 to 70⁰C at four different voltage gradients of 8, 6, 4 and 2V/cm for different concentrations. Measurements have been made on electrical conductivity, ohmic heating rate, density, pH, TSS and specific heat. The voltage gradient and concentration has significant effect on electrical conductivity of tomato puree. Electrical conductivity and ohmic heating increases linearly with rise in temperature, concentration and voltage gradient. pH and TSS are also noted before and after the ohmic heating treatment. Statistical analysis has been conducted and observed that this treatment has no significant effect on pH and TSS values. System performance coefficient was also calculated for ohmic heater at different voltage gradients and observed that as the concentration of tomato puree decreases the efficiency of ohmic heating apparatus shift towards higher voltage gradient in prescribed voltage range.ThesisItem Restricted Improved randomised response technique for estimation of sensitive character(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Manpreet Kaur; Grewal, Inderjit SinghGetting correct answers to sensitive questions from the respondents and estimating the population parameters on variables that are sensitive in nature is still a problem in survey sampling. In the present project work, problem of estimation of population proportion of sensitive characteristic have been studied. For this improved randomized response device has been developed by taking the two cases of unrelated question, case-I „when the unrelated characteristic is known‟ and other case-II „when the unrelated characteristic is not known‟. Two estimators have been proposed one for known value of and other for unknown value of which were found to be unbiased. The expression for variances and unbiased estimates for the variances of the proposed estimators have been obtained. The optimum value of sample sizes have been worked out for which the minimum variance for the proposed estimators have also been obtained. In order to see relative efficiency, the proposed estimators have been compared on the basis of relative efficiency with respect to Tiwari and Mehta (2016) and Mangat (1992). An empirical study have been conducted and concluded graphically that proposed estimators are better than the estimators of Tiwari and Mehta (2016), Mangat (1992).ThesisItem Open Access Estimation of water content in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using beta radiations and plant water indices(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Akshdeep Kaur; Sharma, Rajeev KumarA field experiment was set up in split-plot design to use beta attenuation technique for estimation of water content (WC) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Wheat cultivar PBW 550 Unnat was grown having two nitrogen contents i.e. 120 kg ha-1 (N1) and 150 kg ha-1 (N2) each under different irrigation regimes viz., irrigation at critical stages (I1), based on IW/CPE ratio of 0.9 (I2) and water stress conditions (I3) that were replicated thrice. 204Tl has been used as radioactive source with 0.766 MeV as end point energy. Logarithmic relative intensity versus thickness curves are plotted for fresh and dry state of wheat leaves for all treatments and mass attenuation coefficient (μm) values are used to evaluate WC. It is observed that μm is more for dry leaves than for fresh leaves. Maximum WC is found in I1 followed by I2 and minimum is in I3 for both nitrogen levels. Also, results of WC using beta attenuation are found in good agreement with direct weighing method and comparable with relative leaf water content. Stress degree days is evaluated and found minimum for N2I2 treatment. Also, the highest grain yield is obtained for N2I2 treatment. Study revealed that increasing N content can reduce stress due to more temperature and less irrigation. Considering the results, it can be inferred that N2I2 treatment would be best management intervention for wheat cultivation. Beta attenuation technique is found useful for estimation of WC and can effectively be used in irrigation scheduling for saving of water.ThesisItem Open Access Gardner solitons in Electron-Positron-Ion plasma featuring Cairns-Tsallis electrons(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Manpreet Kaur; Parveen BalaSolitary waves are nonlinear and localized structures which arise when there is balance between nonlinearity and dispersion. In the present study, the effects of non-thermal and non-extensive distribution of electrons on the soliton propagation in plasma system containing Boltzmann positrons have been studied. The given distribution is applicable to this study to a limited range of values of q and α, 0.6< q≤ 1 and 0≤ α< 0.25. Using Reductive Perturbation method, Korteweg-de Vries (K-dV), modified K-dV (mK-dV) and Gardner equations are derived for electron-positron-ion (e-p-i) plasma system. The soliton solution of the Gardner equation is discussed in detail. Results have been interpreted in the form of graphs. It is found that for a given set of parameter values, there exists a critical value of q (i.e, qc) below which only rarefactive K-dV solitons exist and above it compressive K-dV solitons exist. However, at the critical value of q, both compressive and rarefactive mK-dV solitons co-exist. In this region, for q > qc, rarefactive Gardner solitons and for q < qc, compressive Gardner solitons are found. The present investigation may help us to understand the electrostatic perturbations in laboratory and space plasmas.ThesisItem Restricted Carbon Based Quantum Dots: Synthesis, Characterisation and Study of Optical Properties(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Baweja, Himani; Kiran JeetCarbon based quantum dots are the emerging class of nanomaterials that consists of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and carbon quantum dots (CQDs), have gained tremendous attention for their characteristics such as good stability, highly fluorescent nature, biocompatibility and chemical inertness. In this study, we aimed to develop a simple, efficient, economic and sustainable approach for synthesis of carbon based quantum dots from agricultural waste. Sugarcane bagasse is one of the major solid agricultural waste. We developed a novel strategy for efficient recycling of agricultural waste to synthesize carbon based quantum dots from sugarcane bagasse. Herein, graphene quantum dots have been synthesized by chemical cutting from graphene oxide. Chemical oxidation followed by exfoliation method was used to synthesise carbon quantum dots. The as synthesised carbon based quantum dots were structurally characterised by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The quantum dots were optically characterised by Fluorescence microscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy. Carbon based quantum dots were highly fluorescent in nature. The particles were seen with blue emission under UV filter. SEM and TEM analysis indicate size, shape and monodispersed nature of carbon based quantum dots along with structural information about graphene oxide and sugarcane bagasse. The presence of large amount of oxygenous functionality was confirmed by FT-IR spectra and UV-vis spectroscopy. The synthesis process focuses on agricultural waste management by using sugarcane bagasse as precursor for developing carbon based quantum dots which possesses noble optical properties and thus wide range of applications.
