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ThesisItem Embargo Psychological Capital as a Predictor of Optimum Health and Happiness among Adolescents(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Dogra, Deepali; Kang, Tejpreet KaurThe study is conducted to explore the relationship and contribution of psychological capital towards optimum health and happiness among adolescents. The research was based on 400 adolescents (Boys=200, Girls=200) in the age group of 16-18 years studying in urban and rural government senior secondary schools of Ludhiana district. The sample was randomly drawn from 10th, 11th and 12th grades. A self structured general information sheet was used to collect the demographic data of the adolescents. Happiness Scale by Bharadwaj and Das; Optimum Health Scale by Kumar and Bala and Psychological Capital Scale by Luthans et al were the research instruments used to access the status of adolescents’ happiness, optimum health and psychological capital respectively. Results of the study depicted that maximum number of adolescents had medium level of psychological capital, happiness and optimum health. Significant gender differences existed which revealed that adolescent girls had significantly better optimum health, happiness then boys. Further significant locale and gender differences were observed in overall psychological capital and happiness at medium and low levels. Further results also revealed that rural and urban boys and girls had significant differences in overall optimum health and happiness. Significant locale and gender differences were also observed in overall psychological capital. In case of psychological capital, girls are more efficacious, hopeful, resilient and optimistic than boys. Whereas locale differences in psychological capital revealed that rural adolescents are more efficacious, resilient than urban adolescents. Further psychological capital contributed positively and significantly towards happiness and optimum health of the adolescents. From these results, it could be implied that psychological capital can be used as a resource to positively impact happiness and optimum health of the adolescents.ThesisItem Embargo Personal and professional attributes of anganwadi workers as correlates of developmental outcomes in children(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Arya, Manisha; Vig, DeepikaThe present study investigated the personal and professional attributes of 80 anganwadi workers (AWWs) selected from 80 anganwadi centres of Ludhiana district and correlated these attributes with the developmental outcomes in 400 children from their respective anganwadi centres. Proportionate sampling was used to select sample from urban and rural anganwadi centres. A General Information Sheet, Soft Skills Assessment Checklist, Job Satisfaction Scale, Quality of Work Life, Job Involvement Scale, Developmental Milestones Checklist and Self- Structured Knowledge Questionnaire were used as research tools. Most of the anganwadi workers had average communication skills but low level of time management skills. Further, it was found that most of the anganwadi workers had an average level of positive attitude, teamwork spirit and job satisfaction however, quality of work-life was found low in most of the anganwadi workers. There was significant difference in communication skills, job satisfaction and knowledge of anganwadi workers across different centres. Children across centres also showed significant differences in their gross motor, language and socio-emotional skills. The communication skills of anganwadi workers were positively correlated with children's gross motor skills and cognitive skills. Positive attitude, job satisfaction and job involvement of anganwadi workers were positively correlated with the socio-emotional skills of children while team work was positively correlated with fine motor and socio-emotional skills of children. Time management, positive attitude, quality of work life and knowledge of anganwadi workers contributed positively in achieving developmental milestones of anganwadi children.ThesisItem Embargo Spiritual intelligence as a correlate of life satisfaction among post-graduate students(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Sumanpreet Kaur; Sharma, SeemaThe present study entitled “Spiritual intelligence as a correlate of life satisfaction among postgraduate students” was undertaken to assess the correlation between spiritual intelligence and life satisfaction of rural and urban post-graduate students of district Ludhiana aged between 23-24 years. The total sample comprised of 220 post-graduate students from rural and urban colleges of Ludhiana. Random sampling was employed to draw sample from different colleges which were equally distributed over the locale (110 rural colleges and 110 urban colleges) and gender (110 males and 110 females). A self structured personal information sheet, Sixfold Spiritual Intelligence Scale (Kaur 2017) and Life Satisfaction Scale (Singh and Joseph 2015) were used to collect the relevant information from the respondents. Results revealed that non-significant locale difference exists in all dimensions of spiritual intelligence with rural respondents performed better at medium and high level across different dimensions of spiritual intelligence as compared to urban respondents. Gender based differences revealed non-significant gender differences in mean score of overall spiritual intelligence with female respondents having better overall spiritual intelligence in comparison to their counterpart. In terms of life satisfaction also rural respondents were more satisfied with their life as compared to urban respondents and similarly gender wise females were more satisfied with their life than males. Correlation analysis proved that all the dimensions of spiritual intelligence were positively correlated with life satisfaction.ThesisItem Restricted Factors affecting academic anxiety among high and low achievers from Senior Secondary classes(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Dixit, Alka; Vig, DeepikaThe present study entitled ‘Factors affecting academic anxiety among high and low achievers from Senior Secondary classes’, assessed the levels of academic anxiety and studied impact of contextual factors and personal traits on academic anxiety among high and low achievers. The sample comprised of 480 students (240 high and 240 low achievers) of class 11th and 12th from all streams (medical, non-medical, commerce and humanities) studying in six private schools of Ludhiana city. A self- structured general information sheet, Academic Anxiety Scale (Siddiqui and Rehman, 2017), Proactive Coping Inventory (Greenglass et al, 1999), Academic Resilience Scale (Malick and Kaur, 2015) and Bisht Battery of Stress Scales, 2005) were used to collect relevant data. Results of the study revealed that high achievers of medical stream were perceiving significantly more academic anxiety than high and low achievers of other three streams. Institutional stress and vocational stress was found highest among low achievers from medical stream and lowest among high achievers from humanities stream. Family stress was recorded highest among low achievers from non-medical stream while, lowest among low achievers from commerce stream. Non-medical high achievers from class 12th had highest overall proactive coping as they were better in use of positive coping strategies however, academic resilience was found highest among low achievers of humanities stream whereas, lowest in high achievers of non-medical stream from class 11th as well as class 12th. Furthermore, proactive coping, reflective coping, and strategic planning were found to have significant and negative correlation with academic anxiety among high chievers while, avoidance coping and instrumental support seeking were observed to have significant and positive correlation with academic anxiety among low achievers.ThesisItem Open Access Cross-cultural analysis of the correlates of spiritual intelligence among youth(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Dhami, Manisha; Sharma, SeemaThe present study entitled “A cross-cultural analysis of the correlates of spiritual intelligence among youth” was undertaken to assess spiritual intelligence and its individual and contextual attributes of youth. The sample comprised of 360 youth aged between 20-22 years studying in Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab and Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. The selection was made to have equal number of males (180) and females (180) from both the cultural settings. A self-structured personal information sheet, Spiritual Intelligence Scale (Dhar & Dhar 2010), Levenson’s Scale for Locus of Control (Vohra 1999), Mental health Battery (Singh & Gupta 2000), Family Environment Scale (Bhatia & Chadha 1993), Parent Peer Attachment (Armsden & Mark 2009) were used to collect relevant data. Results revealed that youth of Punjab were significantly more benevolent, modest, and compassionate with better overall spiritual intelligence than youth of Uttarakhand. Significant locale and gender difference was observed in spiritual intelligence where males and females of Punjab displayed higher spiritual intelligence as compared to their counterpart. Spiritual intelligence was found to be significantly negatively correlated with powerful others, and chance control while positively correlated with individual control. Furthermore, spiritual intelligence was observed to have significant and positive correlation with mental health and academic achievement of youth. Significantly positive relation was found among most of the dimensions of family environment and spiritual intelligence. Similarly, mother, father & peer trust and communication were also positively correlated ,whereas, alienation of mother, father & peer was negatively correlated among youth.ThesisItem Open Access Friendship patterns as a correlate of need of guidance and counseling services among adolescents(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Vanika; Sharma, SeemaThe present study entitled “Friendship patterns as a correlate of need of guidance and counseling services among adolescents” was conducted to assess the provision status of guidance and counseling services and the correlation between friendship patterns and the need of guidance and counseling services among adolescents in private and government schools of Ludhiana city. The study was conducted on 240 adolescents (120 government school adolescents and 120 private school adolescents). Dimensions of Friendship Scale by Chandna and Chadha (1986) was used to assess the friendship patterns among adolescents. Grewal Guidance Needs Inventory (1997) and Psychological Counseling Needs Scale by Chouhan and Arora (2009) were used to assess the guidance and counseling needs. A self structured questionnaire was used to assess the provision status of guidance and counseling services to adolescents. The results revealed that there was inadequacy of counselor in the government schools. Female adolescents perceived significantly more social and psychological guidance needs than males whereas males were more in need of educational and vocational guidance. Government school adolescents perceived significantly high requirement for psychological counseling needs as compared to private school adolescents. Significant gender differences were found in the mean score distribution where males were seen more in need of psychological counseling than females. Irrespective of the gender and type of school, results of correlation analysis revealed that the adolescents who have better friendships are in lesser need of guidance and counseling needs.ThesisItem Restricted Comparative study on psychological well-being, helplessness and hopelessness of rural women belonging to farming and non farming families(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Bansal, Palak; Kanwar, VandanaThe present study was undertaken to investigate the levels of psychological well-being, helplessness and hopelessness among rural women belonging to farming and non-farming families. The women were in the age range of 20-35 years living in villages of Block Doraha in district Ludhiana. Sixty five per cent of data were collected through interview schedule but due to COVID-19 pandemic situation rest 35 per cent of the data were collected through telephonic interview. Total sample comprised of 100 rural women (women in farming families=50, women in non-farming families=50). General Information Sheet, Psychological Well Being Scale (Sisodia and Chaudhary 1971), Helplessness Scale (Mathur and Bhattnagar 2000), Hopelessness Scale (Beck 1974) and Self-Structured checklist on Couple Communication were used to collect the needful information for the study. SPSS statistical method was used to analyze the data. The results revealed that women in both farming and non-farming families had moderate level of PWB. The results indicated significant differences in hopelessness and helplessness among women in both farming families nonfarming families. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents perceived moderate level of couple communication. Significant relationship exists between Couple Communication and Psychological Well-Being of rural women. It was found that level of communication among farming couples were found to be either moderate or good whereas in non farming families; communication among couples were found to be either moderate or poor. Association of PWB found to be significant with hopelessness and helplessness among women belonging to farming and non-farming families.ThesisItem Open Access Status of available social support and quality of life of primary caregivers of dependent elderly.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Kalia, Parul; Saini, SaritaThe purpose of this study was to explore the status of available social support to primary caregivers and the impact of caregivers’ burden upon the quality of life of primary caregivers of dependent elderly. The sample for the study comprised 60 primary caregivers who were solely responsible for taking care of their dependent elderly. The sample was nonproportionate in terms of gender. A self-structured personal information sheet, Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (Katz et al 1963), Lawton-Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale (Lawton & Brody 1969), Zarit Burden Interview Scale (Zarit et al 1980), World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHO 1997) and a Semi-structured Observation-cum-interview Schedule were used to collect the relevant data. The results revealed that majority of primary caregivers received poor social support from the diverse sources such as family, friends, relatives etc. as well as lacked satisfaction across dimension-wise available social support through family relationships, social relationships, financial assistance, caregiver-elderly interactions and socio-emotional assistance. A major proportion of primary caregivers reported to be experiencing severe burden of stress and poor quality of life. Further, statistically significant association was found between available social support and domains of quality of life of primary caregivers. A statistically significant negative correlation existed between domains of quality of life as well as dimensions of available social support and the stress being experienced by primary caregivers. Whereas, statistically significant positive correlation was observed between domains of quality of life and dimensions of available social support to primary caregivers. Furthermore, regression analysis revealed a significant positive contribution of available social support on quality of life of primary caregivers in contrast to significant negative contribution of available social support on stress being experienced by the primary caregivers and caregivers’ stress on their quality of life.ThesisItem Restricted Assessment of Academic Readiness in Private School Children and its Knowledge among Teachers(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Shatakshi Singh; Vig, DeepikaThe present study investigated the academic readiness of private school children and its knowledge among teachers. The total sample of the study comprised of 200 children of class-I (i.e. 100 rural and 100 urban) and 100 teachers (i.e. 50 rural and 50 urban) teaching class-I. The sample was randomly selected from five private schools of rural and urban areas of Ludhiana district. Self structured Academic Readiness Checklist was used to assess its different components viz. pre-reading, pre-writing and pre-arithmetic readiness of class-I children. Similarly self structured Teachers‟ Knowledge Questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge of rural and urban teachers teaching class-I. The results revealed that most of the urban children were found to have high level of skills in all the domains of academic readiness, whereas rural children were at average level of skills. Locale differences revealed that urban girls and boys displayed better academic readiness skills as compared to rural girls and boys. In rural area, boys performed better than girls while in urban area girls were better than boys in overall academic readiness. The analysis of teachers‟ knowledge regarding academic readiness indicated that urban teachers had better knowledge than rural teachers. Rural and urban teachers with regular degree had better knowledge than their counterparts with correspondence degree. The correlation analysis showed positive and significant relationship of educational qualification as well as teaching experience with knowledge of the teachers which concluded that more the educational qualification and teaching experience of the teachers, better was the knowledge regarding academic readiness in young children.
