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ThesisItem Restricted Effect of value orientation on environmental ethics of rural and urban adolescents(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Manpreet Kaur; Kang, Tejpreet KaurThe investigation entitled ‘Effect of Value Orientation on Environmental Ethics of Rural and Urban Adolescents’ aimed to assess the effect of value orientation on environmental ethics of rural and urban adolescents. The study was based on a sample of 200 adolescents (i.e. 100 rural and 100 urban) in the age range of 14-16 years. The sample was randomly drawn from four Senior Secondary Schools purposively selected from rural as well as urban areas of Kapurthala district. Self structured questionnaire was administered to collect information on social and personal characteristics of the adolescents. Personal Values Questionnaire by Sherry and Verma (2010) and Environmental Ethics Scale by Taj (2011) were used to assess value orientation and environmental ethics of the respondents respectively. Results revealed significant gender differences in value orientation of respondents. Females were scoring better than their male counterparts. Significant locale differences existed between social, democratic, economic, power and health values among rural and urban girls. In case of boys significant locale differences were found in social, democratic, power and health values. Significant gender difference existed in rural boys and girls whereas non-significant differences were seen in case of urban boys and girls. In environmental ethics gender differences in mean scores of rural boys and girls were found to be significant whereas among urban boys and urban girls these differences were non-significant. Religious, democratic and family prestige values had made a positive and significant contribution in the environmental ethics of respondents.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of Interventions on Academically Backward Children of Rural Primary Schools in Ludhiana(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Sumandeep Kaur; Kanwar, VandanaThe investigation entitled, “Impact of Interventions on Academically Backward Children of Rural Primary Schools in Ludhiana” aimed to assess the academic (reading and arithmatic) skills, educational adjustment of the primary school children and teachers’ aptitude in teaching. The study was based on a sample 60 rural Primary School Children in the age range of 7-11 years. The sample was randomly drawn from Government Primary Schools where Experimental group n1=30 and Control group n2=30. Respondents were selected purposively from rural areas of Dehlon block, Ludhiana District. Results of the study indicated that educational adjustment is significant predictors of the academic achievement in primary school students. Educational intervention provided to academically backward children consistently and consecutively for the period of three months. Intervention contributed in gaining academic skills in Punjabi, English, Maths and Basic Operations of Maths as well as improvement in educational adjustment of academically backward children.ThesisItem Open Access Quality of Intergenerational relationships across families of working and non-working women of Ludhiana city(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Kushagra JoshiThe present study investigates the quality of intergenerational relationships as perceived by the members of first (elderly parents) generation who co-reside with those of the second generation (son and his spouse). The study is based upon a sample of 120 families comprised of 480 respondents (fathers-in-law; mothers-in-law; sons and daughters-in-law from each family) drawn equally from upper- and lower-middle socio-economic strata and distributed equally over two groups by ‘working’/’non-working’ status of daughter-in-law. Various relationship issues, reciprocity and quality of relationship were assessed by administering either the standardized or self-structured research instruments. The results revealed significant socio-economic differences in perception for various relationship issues and quality of relationship between and within first and second generations for families with working and non-working daughter-in-law. Male members of both first and second generations from both socio-economic strata scored significantly more in their perception of quality of relationship. Only mothers-in-law of ‘working’ daughter-in-law perceived their relationship quality significantly better when compared with mothers-in-law of ‘non-working’ daughter-in-law in Upper-middle socio-economic status. Daughter-in-law and parents-in-law dyad reported significant inter-generational differences for more number of relationship issues than any other dyad. Members of first generation revealed congruence in perception for more number of relationship issues, reciprocity and quality of relationship where daughter-in-law was ‘working’ while, second generation revealed more perceptual harmony where daughter-in-law was ‘non-working’. Multivariate analysis revealed that work status of daughter-in-law and socio-economic status did not contribute significantly in prediction of quality of relationship in both the generations from upper as well as lower-middle socio-economic strata.ThesisItem Open Access STRATEGIES USED BY PARENTS AND CARE PROVIDERS TO ADJUST CHILDREN IN LABORATORY DAY CARE CENTRE(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2010) Khwairakpam SharmilaThe investigation entitled ‘Strategies used by Parents and Care Providers to Adjust Children in Laboratory Day Care Centre’ aimed at studying the time differentials, non-adjustment reactions and strategies adopted by Parents and Care Providers to facilitate the adjustment of children in the Laboratory Day Care Centre. The study was based upon a sample of 32 (15 male and 17 female) children admitted in April,2009 & April,2010 sessions in Laboratory Day Care Centre, Department of Human Development, PAU, Ludhiana as well as ‘Care Providers (n=3)’ and ‘Parents of the sample children (n=32)’. Observation-cum-Interview method was used for data collection for the study. Based on their non-adjustment reactions, the children were divided into two categories, viz. ‘Early Adjusting Children’ and ‘Late Adjusting Children’. An opinion survey was conducted for this purpose in the five Early Childhood Care Centres in Ludhiana City. The girls were found to require more time in adjustment as compared to the boys, but the gender differentials within these two categories were non-significant. The subjects displayed non-adjustment reactions in varying frequencies and intensities. ‘Eating Problems’ were the first to fade out and ‘Unwillingness to Come to the Centre’ the last. Care Providers used different techniques to handle various non-adjustment reactions with a preference for ‘Verbal Comforting’, ‘Positive Reinforcement’ and ‘Redirecting’ with ‘Timeout’ as their last choice. Significant differences existed in the strategies adopted by the parents of ‘Early’ and ‘Late’ adjusting children to facilitate adjustment of their wards. Parents of ‘Early Adjusting Children’ employed better strategies.ThesisItem Restricted GENDER DIMENSIONS OF THE ROLE OF EMOTIONAL AUTONOMY AS A RISK OR PROTECTIVE FACTOR FOR ADOLESCENT ADJUSTMENT(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2013) Parvinder KaurThe present investigation entitled “Gender dimensions of the role of emotional autonomy as a risk or protective factor for adolescent adjustment” was under taken to assess the contribution of emotional autonomy towards social adjustment of male and female adolescents in urban and rural areas. The study was conducted on 240 adolescents (120 urban and 120 rural) belonging to two parent intact families. The sample was further equally distributed over the two sexes (60 males and 60 females). Emotional Autonomy Scale was used to assess the levels of emotional autonomy among adolescents. For the assessment of social adjustment among adolescents, Social Adjustment Inventory was used. Results revealed that male as well as female adolescents highly perceived their parents as people, de-idealized from their parents at lower level, were more emotionally independent and were highly individualized. Males were significantly emotionally more autonomous as compared to females. Urban as well as rural adolescents highly perceived their parents as people as people, de-idealized from their parents at lower level, were less emotionally dependent and highly individualized. Urban adolescents were more emotionally autonomous as compared to the rural adolescents. Gender differences in emotional autonomy were stronger in rural adolescents as compared to urban adolescents. Locale –wise differences in emotional autonomy were stronger in females as compared to males. Males were found to be better socially adjusted and significantly more matured than females. Urban adolescents were better emotionally adjusted where as rural adolescents were more socially matured and socially better adjusted. Correlation between emotional autonomy and social adjustment was found to be significantly positive in most of the dimensions. Association between emotional autonomy and social adjustment was found to be stronger among rural adolescents as compared to urban adolescents. Rather than being a risk factor, emotional autonomy acted as a protective factor towards social adjustment of adolescents. Its contribution towards males’ adjustment was significantly greater as compared to females.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of loneliness on Mental Health among adolescents(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Rupinder KaurThe investigation entitled Impact of Loneliness on Mental Health among Adolescents aimed to explore the level of loneliness among rural and urban adolescents and its impact on their mental health. The study was based on a sample of 200 (100 boys and 100 girls) adolescents in the age range of 14-16 years belonging to Punjabi origin , nuclear and middle socio economic status families. The sample was randomly drawn from four Government High and Senior Secondary Schools selected purposively from rural as well as urban areas of Ludhiana district. The Socio Economic Status Scale developed by Meenakshi (2010) was used to categorize the adolescents according to low, middle and high socio economic status. Perceived Loneliness Scale developed by Jha (1971) was used to assess the incidence and extent of perceived loneliness among adolescents. Mental Health Battery developed by Singh and Gupta (2000) was used to assess the mental health status of the respondents. Results revealed a significant association between loneliness and gender of the adolescents. While loneliness was found to be non significantly associated with the place of residence of the respondents. In the urban as well as rural areas loneliness was found to be significantly associated with gender of the respondents. Females were found to have high level of loneliness as compared to males. Significant gender differences were also observed between male and female respondents with regard to loneliness. Females were found to have high mean scores as compared to males. Further the locale of the respondents was significantly associated with the different dimensions of mental health like autonomy, security-insecurity and intelligence security-insecurity and intelligence. Loneliness was found to significantly affecting the emotional stability, overall adjustment and total mental health of the adolescents.ThesisItem Restricted DYNAMICS OF INDIVIDUAL AND CONTEXTUAL FACTORS OF HAPPINESS AMONG RURAL ADOLESCENTS LIVING IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC HARDSHIP(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Neha SharmaThe present study entitled “Dynamics of individual and contextual factors of happiness among rural adolescents living in socio-economic hardship” was undertaken to assess the level of happiness among rural adolescents experiencing persistent socio-economic hardship and to examine the contribution of individual attributes like self-esteem and personality patterns and contextual factors like family functioning, perceived social support and life events, on happiness of rural poor adolescents. An interplay between the psychological and contextual variables as a causal chain in the process of happiness was also studied. The sample included 360 adolescents (15-18 years of age) belonging to intact two parent families and living in conditions of socio-economic hardship. The results revealed that despite living in conditions of socio-economic hardship, majority of rural adolescents perceived high degree of happiness. Female adolescents perceived significantly more happiness in their life as compared to their male counterparts. Males manifested significantly higher psychoticism in their personality, greater self esteem and more independence, whereas, females were significantly more extravert and expressive. Correlation analysis revealed that psychoticism was significantly negatively correlated with happiness among adolescents. Self-esteem among adolescents, accepting and caring family environment and social support were significantly positively correlated with happiness. The happiest group of adolescents held significantly higher self-esteem, were less psychotic, experienced less stressful life events, lower family conflict, control and perceived more social support as compared to the unhappy adolescents. Regression analysis revealed that psychotic personality pattern emerged as a strongest risk factor, whereas, social support emerged as the strongest protective factor. Interplay between happiness and individual and contextual factors revealed that self-esteem functioned as a mediator between happiness and its determinants like social support and stressful life events among adolescents, whereas, psychoticism showed a direct negative path to happiness and indirect path through social support.ThesisItem Open Access CAUSES AND PROBLEMS OF WOMEN DESERTED BY NRI HUSBANDS IN DOABA REGION OF PUNJAB(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2012) Shiksha RaniThe present study was conducted to study the “Causes and Problems of Women Deserted by NRI husbands in Doaba region of Punjab”. Four districts of Doaba region i.e. Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Kapurthala and Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar (Nawansahar) constituted the locale of study. Data were collected through Self Structured Interview Schedules, Socio Economic Status Scale was used to measure the SES and anxiety was tested by using Comprehensive Anxiety Test. The results revealed that majority (78.33%) of the respondents who were deserted by their NRI husbands belonged to the upper lower class and was only 26 – 30 years of age at the time of desertion. Data further shows that majority (75.00%) of respondent’s motive behind marrying to a NRI was their parents happiness whereas 71.67 per cent respondents wanted to live lavish life style abroad. In most of the respondent’s cases, hurried marriages with NRIs without verifying their antecedents was the major cause of desertion. Dowry was found to be another major cause of desertion with 91.67 per cent respondents. It is further evident from the results that among the total respondents majority faced social abuse (81.67%), economic abuse (78.33%), emotional abuse (76.67%), physical abuse (63.33%) and 13.33 per cent respondents faced sexual abuse by their husbands. Due to the desertion, respondent’s faced high level of anxiety (40.00%) whereas low level of anxiety was found among 28.33 per cent of respondents. The association between socio economic status and anxiety was found to be non – significant (χ2 = 1.723) however, the relation was found to be significant (r = 0.362) at 1 per cent level of significance. Finally, in-depth information in the form of case studies were also incorporated as one of the main objectives.