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ThesisItem Restricted Impact of Maternal Employment on Personality Traits on Urban Adolescents(College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultural University, 2005) bala, Renu; Nanda, PThesisItem Open Access Determinants of Breast-Feering Pattern Among Working and Non-Working Mothers(College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultural University, 2008) Nidhi, Mahendru; Thind, SThesisItem Open Access Quality of Intergenerational relationships across families of working and non-working women of Ludhiana city(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Kushagra JoshiThe present study investigates the quality of intergenerational relationships as perceived by the members of first (elderly parents) generation who co-reside with those of the second generation (son and his spouse). The study is based upon a sample of 120 families comprised of 480 respondents (fathers-in-law; mothers-in-law; sons and daughters-in-law from each family) drawn equally from upper- and lower-middle socio-economic strata and distributed equally over two groups by ‘working’/’non-working’ status of daughter-in-law. Various relationship issues, reciprocity and quality of relationship were assessed by administering either the standardized or self-structured research instruments. The results revealed significant socio-economic differences in perception for various relationship issues and quality of relationship between and within first and second generations for families with working and non-working daughter-in-law. Male members of both first and second generations from both socio-economic strata scored significantly more in their perception of quality of relationship. Only mothers-in-law of ‘working’ daughter-in-law perceived their relationship quality significantly better when compared with mothers-in-law of ‘non-working’ daughter-in-law in Upper-middle socio-economic status. Daughter-in-law and parents-in-law dyad reported significant inter-generational differences for more number of relationship issues than any other dyad. Members of first generation revealed congruence in perception for more number of relationship issues, reciprocity and quality of relationship where daughter-in-law was ‘working’ while, second generation revealed more perceptual harmony where daughter-in-law was ‘non-working’. Multivariate analysis revealed that work status of daughter-in-law and socio-economic status did not contribute significantly in prediction of quality of relationship in both the generations from upper as well as lower-middle socio-economic strata.ThesisItem Restricted Assessment of family support to rural disabled children(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2006) Yadwinder KaurThe study was conducted to assess the family support provided to rural disabled children. The age of the focus child was below 12 years. The sample consisted of 150 families having children with either of the four disabilities viz orthopedically challenged, mentally challenged, speech and hearing challenged and having multiple disability. The study was conducted in the rural areas of Ludhiana and Sangrur districts, taking 100 families from Ludhiana districts and 50 families from Sangrur district. A self structured interview schedule was used for data collection. Observations were also recorded during home visits. Results revealed that parental way of understanding the disabled child affected the quantity and quality of care provided to the disabled child. Family type, number of siblings and working status of parents influenced the care of the disabled child. Disabled child needs extra time for his/her care. Their needs must be understood by the family members. But when these needs were not understood, the care was affected to large extent and leads to irritated behaviour of the family members towards the disabled child. Lack of parental knowledge, economic problems and lack of resources affected the care. Quantity and quality of care was also associated with the parenting style followed by the parents to understand their child, to fulfill their needs and to socialize them in an effective way. Sibling relationship was different when one of the sibling is disabled. Siblings feel neglected and target of frustration of their parents which was due to their disabled sibling. They had feelings of love and care towards their disabled siblings.ThesisItem Open Access STRATEGIES USED BY PARENTS AND CARE PROVIDERS TO ADJUST CHILDREN IN LABORATORY DAY CARE CENTRE(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2010) Khwairakpam SharmilaThe investigation entitled ‘Strategies used by Parents and Care Providers to Adjust Children in Laboratory Day Care Centre’ aimed at studying the time differentials, non-adjustment reactions and strategies adopted by Parents and Care Providers to facilitate the adjustment of children in the Laboratory Day Care Centre. The study was based upon a sample of 32 (15 male and 17 female) children admitted in April,2009 & April,2010 sessions in Laboratory Day Care Centre, Department of Human Development, PAU, Ludhiana as well as ‘Care Providers (n=3)’ and ‘Parents of the sample children (n=32)’. Observation-cum-Interview method was used for data collection for the study. Based on their non-adjustment reactions, the children were divided into two categories, viz. ‘Early Adjusting Children’ and ‘Late Adjusting Children’. An opinion survey was conducted for this purpose in the five Early Childhood Care Centres in Ludhiana City. The girls were found to require more time in adjustment as compared to the boys, but the gender differentials within these two categories were non-significant. The subjects displayed non-adjustment reactions in varying frequencies and intensities. ‘Eating Problems’ were the first to fade out and ‘Unwillingness to Come to the Centre’ the last. Care Providers used different techniques to handle various non-adjustment reactions with a preference for ‘Verbal Comforting’, ‘Positive Reinforcement’ and ‘Redirecting’ with ‘Timeout’ as their last choice. Significant differences existed in the strategies adopted by the parents of ‘Early’ and ‘Late’ adjusting children to facilitate adjustment of their wards. Parents of ‘Early Adjusting Children’ employed better strategies.ThesisItem Restricted GENDER DIMENSIONS OF THE ROLE OF EMOTIONAL AUTONOMY AS A RISK OR PROTECTIVE FACTOR FOR ADOLESCENT ADJUSTMENT(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2013) Parvinder KaurThe present investigation entitled “Gender dimensions of the role of emotional autonomy as a risk or protective factor for adolescent adjustment” was under taken to assess the contribution of emotional autonomy towards social adjustment of male and female adolescents in urban and rural areas. The study was conducted on 240 adolescents (120 urban and 120 rural) belonging to two parent intact families. The sample was further equally distributed over the two sexes (60 males and 60 females). Emotional Autonomy Scale was used to assess the levels of emotional autonomy among adolescents. For the assessment of social adjustment among adolescents, Social Adjustment Inventory was used. Results revealed that male as well as female adolescents highly perceived their parents as people, de-idealized from their parents at lower level, were more emotionally independent and were highly individualized. Males were significantly emotionally more autonomous as compared to females. Urban as well as rural adolescents highly perceived their parents as people as people, de-idealized from their parents at lower level, were less emotionally dependent and highly individualized. Urban adolescents were more emotionally autonomous as compared to the rural adolescents. Gender differences in emotional autonomy were stronger in rural adolescents as compared to urban adolescents. Locale –wise differences in emotional autonomy were stronger in females as compared to males. Males were found to be better socially adjusted and significantly more matured than females. Urban adolescents were better emotionally adjusted where as rural adolescents were more socially matured and socially better adjusted. Correlation between emotional autonomy and social adjustment was found to be significantly positive in most of the dimensions. Association between emotional autonomy and social adjustment was found to be stronger among rural adolescents as compared to urban adolescents. Rather than being a risk factor, emotional autonomy acted as a protective factor towards social adjustment of adolescents. Its contribution towards males’ adjustment was significantly greater as compared to females.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of loneliness on Mental Health among adolescents(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Rupinder KaurThe investigation entitled Impact of Loneliness on Mental Health among Adolescents aimed to explore the level of loneliness among rural and urban adolescents and its impact on their mental health. The study was based on a sample of 200 (100 boys and 100 girls) adolescents in the age range of 14-16 years belonging to Punjabi origin , nuclear and middle socio economic status families. The sample was randomly drawn from four Government High and Senior Secondary Schools selected purposively from rural as well as urban areas of Ludhiana district. The Socio Economic Status Scale developed by Meenakshi (2010) was used to categorize the adolescents according to low, middle and high socio economic status. Perceived Loneliness Scale developed by Jha (1971) was used to assess the incidence and extent of perceived loneliness among adolescents. Mental Health Battery developed by Singh and Gupta (2000) was used to assess the mental health status of the respondents. Results revealed a significant association between loneliness and gender of the adolescents. While loneliness was found to be non significantly associated with the place of residence of the respondents. In the urban as well as rural areas loneliness was found to be significantly associated with gender of the respondents. Females were found to have high level of loneliness as compared to males. Significant gender differences were also observed between male and female respondents with regard to loneliness. Females were found to have high mean scores as compared to males. Further the locale of the respondents was significantly associated with the different dimensions of mental health like autonomy, security-insecurity and intelligence security-insecurity and intelligence. Loneliness was found to significantly affecting the emotional stability, overall adjustment and total mental health of the adolescents.ThesisItem Restricted DYNAMICS OF INDIVIDUAL AND CONTEXTUAL FACTORS OF HAPPINESS AMONG RURAL ADOLESCENTS LIVING IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC HARDSHIP(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Neha SharmaThe present study entitled “Dynamics of individual and contextual factors of happiness among rural adolescents living in socio-economic hardship” was undertaken to assess the level of happiness among rural adolescents experiencing persistent socio-economic hardship and to examine the contribution of individual attributes like self-esteem and personality patterns and contextual factors like family functioning, perceived social support and life events, on happiness of rural poor adolescents. An interplay between the psychological and contextual variables as a causal chain in the process of happiness was also studied. The sample included 360 adolescents (15-18 years of age) belonging to intact two parent families and living in conditions of socio-economic hardship. The results revealed that despite living in conditions of socio-economic hardship, majority of rural adolescents perceived high degree of happiness. Female adolescents perceived significantly more happiness in their life as compared to their male counterparts. Males manifested significantly higher psychoticism in their personality, greater self esteem and more independence, whereas, females were significantly more extravert and expressive. Correlation analysis revealed that psychoticism was significantly negatively correlated with happiness among adolescents. Self-esteem among adolescents, accepting and caring family environment and social support were significantly positively correlated with happiness. The happiest group of adolescents held significantly higher self-esteem, were less psychotic, experienced less stressful life events, lower family conflict, control and perceived more social support as compared to the unhappy adolescents. Regression analysis revealed that psychotic personality pattern emerged as a strongest risk factor, whereas, social support emerged as the strongest protective factor. Interplay between happiness and individual and contextual factors revealed that self-esteem functioned as a mediator between happiness and its determinants like social support and stressful life events among adolescents, whereas, psychoticism showed a direct negative path to happiness and indirect path through social support.ThesisItem Restricted TRENDS OF INTERNET USE AMONG ADOLESCENTS: IMPACT ON HEALTH AND SOCIAL COGNITION(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2009) Namita TomarThe present study was conducted to assess the trends of internet use among adolescents and impact on their health and social cognition. The sample was comprised of 120 adolescents in 14 to16 years of age range, purposively selected from four private senior secondary schools of Ludhiana city. Results revealed that frequency and degree of internet use was significantly higher among males as compared to females. Majority of the adolescents spent 2-4 hours a day on internet. The most commonly visited websites by adolescents were chat-room followed by e-mail, orkut, music sites, search engines and educational sites. The prevalence of different types of physical and psychological health problems was higher among females as compared to males. The association between internet use and physical health problems was positively significant for urinary problems (such as frequent urination during day and night) and fatigability. Psychological inadequacy and depression was positively significantly correlated with internet use. Although the association between internet use and different dimensions of social cognition was non significant, yet, the maximum number of high internet users had low social cognition whereas largest percentage of low internet users had high social cognition.
