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ThesisItem Restricted Development of video modules for creating awareness on safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Jasbir Kaur; Kanwaljit KaurThe rural women play an important role in managing major household activities. Due to their involvement in farming and household activities, they are exposed to poisonous chemicals in daily life. There is a need to encourage them to adopt corrective measures to minimize the use of chemicals during the performance of day to day activities. In this context, study was conducted to identify different household practices on safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level. On the basis of 30 identified practices, a knowledge test and video modules were developed. A knowledge test was administrated on 100 rural women of Ludhiana district of Punjab. After that, prepared video modules were shown to the women through WhatsApp message. Post knowledge scores of the video modules were recorded. Comparison of pre and post knowledge scores showed that significant change was seen for all major practices related to safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level. The overall significant change in mean knowledge score for all five major practices was 42 per cent. After video exposure, percentage of the respondents in high level of knowledge category was shifted from 2 to 77 per cent. So, prepared video modules are proved to be effective for creating awareness among people regarding safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level.ThesisItem Embargo Analytical study of women engaged in income generation activities(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Monika; Sidhu, KiranjotPresent study entitled „Analytical study of Women engaged in Income Generation Activities‟ was conducted to identify the type of income generating activities (IGAs), factors influencing the selection of activity and contributing to success and failure and determine economic and employment generation performance of IGA. Data were collected personally from 200 women who had started IGA and had either continued or discontinued IGA. Largest percentage were young, middle aged, married , matriculate, not members of any organization belonged to nuclear and small families with farming as major source of income. More than half had family income between 100000 - 350000 rupees. Majority were continuers and were sustaining since 8-14 years and were independently functioning. Initial funds were pooled from different sources. Own saving was used by majority and very few took loan from the bank. Largest percentage of continuers were engaged in garment construction and among discontinuers in dairy and processing. Largest percentage of continuers and discontinuers were self-motivated. Low family income and continuity of family IGA were major reasons for starting the IGA. Profitability, previous involvement of family and use of family labor were factors contributed to selection of IGA. Majority of income generating women (IGW) that is 160 earned between 30000-60000 rupees generating 62954 man days of employment. Very few attended formal trainings. Majority of continuers wanted to upscale or continue with the activity. Half of them cited financial independence and enjoyment of being a role model for other as the major reason for it. Unprofitability was major reason to discontinue. Lesser demand, inability to compete, time management and lack of physical support from the family were reasons given by those who had already discontinued. Educational status was negatively and significantly related to duration of sustainability. Higher income from the IGA and number of trainings attended were positively related with duration of sustainability. Employment generation was positively significantly related with family size and percentage of loan returned. It was recommended that women motivated to start IGA should be identified, trained and supported through linkage development with different agencies for managing resources, marketing and other aspects in which women lack desired level of competencies.ThesisItem Embargo Development and evaluation of social and behavior change communication programme for domestic violence against women(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Sachdeva, Suriti; Sharma, PreetiThe rise in domestic violence against women in India, especially in the pandemic and postpandemic period, is an alarming issue that needs immediate attention. The dominant explanation for this emerging trend is structural inequality, internalized patriarchy, misogyny and existence of norms that encourage violence in society. This study was conducted among ever – married female victims of domestic violence in the age group of 18 – 55 years. The objectives of the study were to conduct situational analysis on domestic violence against women in Punjab, to ascertain relationship between domestic violence and socio-personal and economic characteristics. Further, it studied the opinion of service providers in terms of prevalence of various forms of domestic violence and the constraints faced by them. In order to prevent this type of gender-based violence, a Social and Behaviour Change Communication Programme was developed, validated and evaluated for its effectiveness. The study revealed that all forms of violence prevalent among the respondents. Considering each type of violence, emotional violence topped the chart, followed by economic violence and social violence. Respondents also reported to suffer from sexual violence and physical violence. Causes like intoxication and to release stress, were the prime causes of physical violence. The main reasons of emotional violence were bad mood of family member, constant yelling and swearing on the respondent and not bringing enough dowry. No access and control over financial resources led to economic violence. Sexual assault under the influence of intoxication, victim being forced to perform sexual acts which they found degrading or humiliating were some of the reasons which led to sexual violence. A significant association was reported between domestic violence and education, age, caste, income group, type of family and type of marriage. There were multiple perpetrators such as husband, mother – in – law, father- in – law and in certain cases brother – in – law as well. Large proportion of respondents reported to take an action after the violence episode. Lesser number of respondents reported to be aware of the laws that exist for protection of rights of women pertaining to domestic violence. The social and behaviour change communication programme was developed and validated by experts and was found to be effective in substantiating the knowledge of males and females related to domestic violence against women.ThesisItem Embargo Perception and knowledge of senior school students regarding climate change(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Bisht, Shakshi; Sidhu, KiranjotStudy was conducted to understand the perception and knowledge of youth regarding climate change. Data was collected using an interview schedule and a knowledge test from 400 students of government and private schools representing rural and urban areas of one district from each agro-climatic zone of Punjab State. Arts was the most opted stream by the students and ICT the most used media. Perception between rural and urban students varied significantly regarding causes and effects of climate change. It varied between government and private schools regarding all aspects except indicators. Overall perception did not differ significantly. Knowledge between rural and urban students varied significantly regarding concept and coping technologies/practices and between government and private regarding all aspects except effects. Overall knowledge differed significantly between rural and urban students. Student‘s families had medium level of adoption of both general and farm and agril-allied technologies/practices. Students aware and the potential adopters among them varied between locales and school types for different technologies. Perception of climate change was positively and significantly related to family size, but had negative and significant relation with parent‘s education, monthly income of the family, students‘ media exposure and their participation in activities organized by school society/club. Knowledge was negatively and significantly related to parent‘s education and family income. Decision to adopt technologies/practices for coping with climate change was positively and significantly related to family size but had negative and significant relationship with parent‘s education, monthly income of the family, student‘s mass media exposure and membership of societies. Perception of different aspects of climate change were significantly related to each other. Knowledge of causes and technologies/ practices significantly and positively affected the perception regarding indicators and causes of climate change. Knowledge of technologies/ practices also had an effect on perception of causes. Knowledge about climate change was positively and significantly related to its perception. The decision of the students to adopt technologies/practices was significantly and positively affected by their awareness, perception and their family‘s adoption of general technologies/ practices to cope with climate change. Student‘s choice of educational streams was significantly associated with their perception and decision to adopt general technologies/practices. Environment education should be introduced from elementary classes with more emphasis on practical knowledge.ThesisItem Embargo Aspirations and expenditure behavior of farm women of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Rupinder Kaur; Gupta, Ritu MittalAspirations are goals, individuals are willing to invest time, effort or money in to attain. Individual must act, must have time, effort or money to pursue their goals. In this context the study was designed to identify aspirations, time utilization pattern, expenditure behavior and to ascertain congruence among aspirations, time utilization pattern and expenditure behavior of farm women. For this study, 500 farm women were selected from proportionately selected districts from five agro climatic zones of Punjab. Data was collected by semi structured interview schedule. Findings of the study revealed that farm women aspire more for children’s occupation, children’s education and their settlement in foreign countries. They did not aspiretheir children to be agriculturist. Majority of farm women had medium level of aspirations. On an average, farm women spent their maximum time i.e. 4.15 hours/day on kitchen work and minimum time i.e. 1.18hours/day on community related work. On an average, farm families had maximum expenditure (Rs. 80,552/annum) on food and had minimum personal expenditure (Rs. 10,079/annum). Farm families had average expenditure i.e. Rs. 2, 75,668/annum which means they monthly spent Rs. 22,972 on different household components. Between the three income groups—low income, medium income, and high income, the high income group had the highest average expenditure. Levels of aspirations, time utilization pattern and expenditure behavior were significantly associated with each other. Aspirations were found to be positively and significantly correlated withtime utilization pattern and expenditure behavior. Time utilization and expenditure behavior were also positively and significantly related with each other.ThesisItem Open Access Development of video modules for creating awareness on safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Jasbir Kaur; Kanwaljit KaurThe rural women play an important role in managing major household activities. Due to their involvement in farming and household activities, they are exposed to poisonous chemicals in daily life. There is a need to encourage them to adopt corrective measures to minimize the use of chemicals during the performance of day to day activities. In this context, study was conducted to identify different household practices on safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level. On the basis of 30 identified practices, a knowledge test and video modules were developed. A knowledge test was administrated on 100 rural women of Ludhiana district of Punjab. After that, prepared video modules were shown to the women through WhatsApp message. Post knowledge scores of the video modules were recorded. Comparison of pre and post knowledge scores showed that significant change was seen for all major practices related to safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level. The overall significant change in mean knowledge score for all five major practices was 42 per cent. After video exposure, percentage of the respondents in high level of knowledge category was shifted from 2 to 77 per cent. So, prepared video modules are proved to be effective for creating awareness among people regarding safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level.ThesisItem Open Access Adoption of value added milk products by trainees of dairy development board for income generation(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Gurpreet; Gupta, Ritu MittalThe present study was conducted to assess the acceptability and adoption of value added milk products by trainees of Dairy Development Board for income generation. Secondary data from all the nine Dairy Training and Extension Centres (DTEC) of Dairy Development Board in Punjab were collected to identify the trainings on value added milk products conducted by each centre. Data about trainings were also taken from Northern Regional Demonstration and Training Centre, Jalandhar. Primary Data, was collected from Dairy Training and Extension Centre (DTEC), Chitamali as it provides most comprehensive trainings on value addition of milk products. Only 123 trainees of this centre were available for data collection so rest 27 trainees were selected from DTEC, Bija to complete the sample for study. Self-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Acceptability was studied in terms of mental acceptance and perceived feasibility. Results revealed that round half of the respondents had medium acceptability for dairy products making followed by one third who had high acceptability. Income and land holding was significantly related with Acceptability of dairy products and caste was associated with overall Perceived Feasibility. Perceived Feasibility, Mental acceptance and Acceptability score of long duration trainees was significantly higher as compared to medium duration trainees which shows that long term trainings had more impact than medium duration trainings. Half of the respondents have adopted manufacturing of Butter at commercial level closely followed by Paneer and Curd. Around one third of respondents adopted making Desi Ghee, Flavoured Milk and Cream at commercial level. Increasing income, ample of milk production, personal interest and financial independence were the major reason for adoption of dairy products at commercial level. Financial constraints, less additional income, lack of skill, lack of family support and high risk in start activity were the major reasons for non-adoption at commercial level. Lack of space, inadequate credit facilities, high rate of interest on loans and quality issues were major reasons for discontinuance at commercial level. the study highlights the need to focus on long duration trainings along with past training support mechanism ensuring quality check, marketing linkages and loans at cheaper rates.ThesisItem Open Access Communication behaviour of dairy farmers in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Vaishali; Gupta, Ritu MittalThe present investigation was conducted to analyze the communication behaviour of dairy farmers in Punjab. The aim of the study was to analyze the communication behaviour along its different parameters i.e. information seeking, processing and dissemination behaviour besides the constraints faced by dairy farmers to access the various information sources. A total of 160 dairy farmer (male and female) from three socio-cultural zones of Punjab who had at least four milch animalsconstituted the sample for the study. Data were collected through a well-structured and pre tested interview schedule. Gender desegregated role performance in dairy shows that males were more responsible for the dairy activities like feeding, breeding, animal health care, marketing while in the activities like finance, shed house cleaning, milk sale and produce records female‟s involvement was more. Information seeking was found to be associated with gender while information processing was associated with family type and information dissemination was associated with marital status. Overall communication behaviour of majority male dairy farmers lies in the medium level while female dairy farmers had low communication behaviour. Information seeking, information processing, information dissemination and communication behaviour all were found to be significantly related to each other. Communication behaviour was found to be significantly related with age and qualification. Female respondents faced personal, technical/ organizational as well as psychological constraints significantly more than their male counterparts. Therefore, innovative strategies using IT and social networking sites should be chalked out to provide information to females as well so that information is effectively transferred and readily accepted by dairy farming families.ThesisItem Open Access Perception of farm families towards farming as an occupation(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Rai, Anjana; Sidhu, KiranjotThe present study was conducted in Punjab to analyse the perception of 200 farm families represented by male child studying in class 10/11/12, father and mother towards farming as an occupation using an interview schedule. Majority of farm families were cultivating between 5 to 15 acres of land, annually earning upto three lakhs with farming as primary source of income. Loan for agricultural purposes was used for constructing houses, marriage or sending members abroad. WhatsApp was most used media. Prevalence of mono cropping was observed with product being sold in raw form in the nearest market. Very low physical involvement of mother and children was found in farming activities. Most of the farm families had negative perception towards farming as an occupation and it significantly varied within factors (economic, social, personal, physical and psychological) and zones but not between three members of the family. Farming and farm related enterprises were not the first choice of occupation. Government job was considered an occupation and was first choice of majority of parents and children. Going abroad was the first preference of those not interested in choosing any career options in India. Higher, fixed income, luxurious life, security, social status were basis for making the choice. Positive perception led to better ranking of farming Father and child who perceive farming to be economically profitable were more inclined towards it as an occupation. Families having more cultivated land perceive farming more positively as an occupation. Parents age, education and exposure to different media significantly and positively impacted their perception. Physical involvement of mother in farming impacted their perception . Socially active fathers were more inclined towards farming. Based upon the findings it is recommended that carrier counselling should be an integral part of school activities and children and their parents should be made aware of, not only the conventional occupational choices, but occupational choices which can be pursued along with farming but based upon aptitude of the child. They should be persuaded to learn skills particularly those which can help them to substitute income from farming and can be undertaken along with farming. Extension personnel should conduct programmes to improve perception towards farming and help children make appropriate occupational choices. Economic, social, physical, personal and psychological factors associated with farming should be highlighted during such programmes through sharing success stories in farming and allied activities.
