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ThesisItem Restricted Development of video modules for creating awareness on safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Jasbir Kaur; Kanwaljit KaurThe rural women play an important role in managing major household activities. Due to their involvement in farming and household activities, they are exposed to poisonous chemicals in daily life. There is a need to encourage them to adopt corrective measures to minimize the use of chemicals during the performance of day to day activities. In this context, study was conducted to identify different household practices on safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level. On the basis of 30 identified practices, a knowledge test and video modules were developed. A knowledge test was administrated on 100 rural women of Ludhiana district of Punjab. After that, prepared video modules were shown to the women through WhatsApp message. Post knowledge scores of the video modules were recorded. Comparison of pre and post knowledge scores showed that significant change was seen for all major practices related to safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level. The overall significant change in mean knowledge score for all five major practices was 42 per cent. After video exposure, percentage of the respondents in high level of knowledge category was shifted from 2 to 77 per cent. So, prepared video modules are proved to be effective for creating awareness among people regarding safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level.ThesisItem Embargo Analytical study of women engaged in income generation activities(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Monika; Sidhu, KiranjotPresent study entitled „Analytical study of Women engaged in Income Generation Activities‟ was conducted to identify the type of income generating activities (IGAs), factors influencing the selection of activity and contributing to success and failure and determine economic and employment generation performance of IGA. Data were collected personally from 200 women who had started IGA and had either continued or discontinued IGA. Largest percentage were young, middle aged, married , matriculate, not members of any organization belonged to nuclear and small families with farming as major source of income. More than half had family income between 100000 - 350000 rupees. Majority were continuers and were sustaining since 8-14 years and were independently functioning. Initial funds were pooled from different sources. Own saving was used by majority and very few took loan from the bank. Largest percentage of continuers were engaged in garment construction and among discontinuers in dairy and processing. Largest percentage of continuers and discontinuers were self-motivated. Low family income and continuity of family IGA were major reasons for starting the IGA. Profitability, previous involvement of family and use of family labor were factors contributed to selection of IGA. Majority of income generating women (IGW) that is 160 earned between 30000-60000 rupees generating 62954 man days of employment. Very few attended formal trainings. Majority of continuers wanted to upscale or continue with the activity. Half of them cited financial independence and enjoyment of being a role model for other as the major reason for it. Unprofitability was major reason to discontinue. Lesser demand, inability to compete, time management and lack of physical support from the family were reasons given by those who had already discontinued. Educational status was negatively and significantly related to duration of sustainability. Higher income from the IGA and number of trainings attended were positively related with duration of sustainability. Employment generation was positively significantly related with family size and percentage of loan returned. It was recommended that women motivated to start IGA should be identified, trained and supported through linkage development with different agencies for managing resources, marketing and other aspects in which women lack desired level of competencies.ThesisItem Embargo Aspirations and expenditure behavior of farm women of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Rupinder Kaur; Gupta, Ritu MittalAspirations are goals, individuals are willing to invest time, effort or money in to attain. Individual must act, must have time, effort or money to pursue their goals. In this context the study was designed to identify aspirations, time utilization pattern, expenditure behavior and to ascertain congruence among aspirations, time utilization pattern and expenditure behavior of farm women. For this study, 500 farm women were selected from proportionately selected districts from five agro climatic zones of Punjab. Data was collected by semi structured interview schedule. Findings of the study revealed that farm women aspire more for children’s occupation, children’s education and their settlement in foreign countries. They did not aspiretheir children to be agriculturist. Majority of farm women had medium level of aspirations. On an average, farm women spent their maximum time i.e. 4.15 hours/day on kitchen work and minimum time i.e. 1.18hours/day on community related work. On an average, farm families had maximum expenditure (Rs. 80,552/annum) on food and had minimum personal expenditure (Rs. 10,079/annum). Farm families had average expenditure i.e. Rs. 2, 75,668/annum which means they monthly spent Rs. 22,972 on different household components. Between the three income groups—low income, medium income, and high income, the high income group had the highest average expenditure. Levels of aspirations, time utilization pattern and expenditure behavior were significantly associated with each other. Aspirations were found to be positively and significantly correlated withtime utilization pattern and expenditure behavior. Time utilization and expenditure behavior were also positively and significantly related with each other.ThesisItem Open Access Development of video modules for creating awareness on safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Jasbir Kaur; Kanwaljit KaurThe rural women play an important role in managing major household activities. Due to their involvement in farming and household activities, they are exposed to poisonous chemicals in daily life. There is a need to encourage them to adopt corrective measures to minimize the use of chemicals during the performance of day to day activities. In this context, study was conducted to identify different household practices on safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level. On the basis of 30 identified practices, a knowledge test and video modules were developed. A knowledge test was administrated on 100 rural women of Ludhiana district of Punjab. After that, prepared video modules were shown to the women through WhatsApp message. Post knowledge scores of the video modules were recorded. Comparison of pre and post knowledge scores showed that significant change was seen for all major practices related to safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level. The overall significant change in mean knowledge score for all five major practices was 42 per cent. After video exposure, percentage of the respondents in high level of knowledge category was shifted from 2 to 77 per cent. So, prepared video modules are proved to be effective for creating awareness among people regarding safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level.ThesisItem Open Access Adoption of value added milk products by trainees of dairy development board for income generation(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Gurpreet; Gupta, Ritu MittalThe present study was conducted to assess the acceptability and adoption of value added milk products by trainees of Dairy Development Board for income generation. Secondary data from all the nine Dairy Training and Extension Centres (DTEC) of Dairy Development Board in Punjab were collected to identify the trainings on value added milk products conducted by each centre. Data about trainings were also taken from Northern Regional Demonstration and Training Centre, Jalandhar. Primary Data, was collected from Dairy Training and Extension Centre (DTEC), Chitamali as it provides most comprehensive trainings on value addition of milk products. Only 123 trainees of this centre were available for data collection so rest 27 trainees were selected from DTEC, Bija to complete the sample for study. Self-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Acceptability was studied in terms of mental acceptance and perceived feasibility. Results revealed that round half of the respondents had medium acceptability for dairy products making followed by one third who had high acceptability. Income and land holding was significantly related with Acceptability of dairy products and caste was associated with overall Perceived Feasibility. Perceived Feasibility, Mental acceptance and Acceptability score of long duration trainees was significantly higher as compared to medium duration trainees which shows that long term trainings had more impact than medium duration trainings. Half of the respondents have adopted manufacturing of Butter at commercial level closely followed by Paneer and Curd. Around one third of respondents adopted making Desi Ghee, Flavoured Milk and Cream at commercial level. Increasing income, ample of milk production, personal interest and financial independence were the major reason for adoption of dairy products at commercial level. Financial constraints, less additional income, lack of skill, lack of family support and high risk in start activity were the major reasons for non-adoption at commercial level. Lack of space, inadequate credit facilities, high rate of interest on loans and quality issues were major reasons for discontinuance at commercial level. the study highlights the need to focus on long duration trainings along with past training support mechanism ensuring quality check, marketing linkages and loans at cheaper rates.ThesisItem Open Access Communication behaviour of dairy farmers in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Vaishali; Gupta, Ritu MittalThe present investigation was conducted to analyze the communication behaviour of dairy farmers in Punjab. The aim of the study was to analyze the communication behaviour along its different parameters i.e. information seeking, processing and dissemination behaviour besides the constraints faced by dairy farmers to access the various information sources. A total of 160 dairy farmer (male and female) from three socio-cultural zones of Punjab who had at least four milch animalsconstituted the sample for the study. Data were collected through a well-structured and pre tested interview schedule. Gender desegregated role performance in dairy shows that males were more responsible for the dairy activities like feeding, breeding, animal health care, marketing while in the activities like finance, shed house cleaning, milk sale and produce records female‟s involvement was more. Information seeking was found to be associated with gender while information processing was associated with family type and information dissemination was associated with marital status. Overall communication behaviour of majority male dairy farmers lies in the medium level while female dairy farmers had low communication behaviour. Information seeking, information processing, information dissemination and communication behaviour all were found to be significantly related to each other. Communication behaviour was found to be significantly related with age and qualification. Female respondents faced personal, technical/ organizational as well as psychological constraints significantly more than their male counterparts. Therefore, innovative strategies using IT and social networking sites should be chalked out to provide information to females as well so that information is effectively transferred and readily accepted by dairy farming families.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Food Habits on Health of Farming Families in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Vij, Abhishek; Manshahia, Sukhdeep KaurThe present investigation was conducted to study the effect of food habits on the health of farming families in Punjab. A total of one eighty respondents from sixty farming families were selected from three socio-cultural zones of Punjab. Data were collected through a well structured and pre tested interview schedule. The study reported that a majority of the respondents were following food safety practices during the preparation of food. However, food safety purchasing practices were not followed at large extent by the respondents. Findings also revealed that cent per cent of the respondents were having two major meals i.e. breakfast and dinner. The frequency of consumption of major group food groups was found to be medium except fruits and nuts & oils which were found in the low consumption category. The percent adequacy of food intake presented low intake of vitamin c and high intake of fat and sodium by all the three categories of the respondents. The data on percent adequacy of nutrients also highlighted that female respondents had low intake of iron and high intake of energy. The results indicated that the majority of the respondents had poor level of physical activity. The classification of body mass index showed that the majority of the child respondents (90%) were underweight while 45 percent of female respondents were overweight. Prevalence of anemia, diabetes and hypertension was observed to be high as compared to other dietary related disorders. A significant and positive relationship was found between intake of fats & oils, energy and sodium with the prevalence of disease whereas no association was found between dietary choice and health problems of the respondents. On the basis of the results of the current study, an intervention in the form of a booklet has been prepared which can be popularized among the farming families to improve their eating habits and health.ThesisItem Open Access Study on perception of university students regarding e-learning(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Anusha; Gupta, Ritu MittalThe study entitled “A study on perception of university students regarding e-learning” was undertaken to analyse the perception of university students towards e-learning system and to identify various factors affect students’ perception towards e-learning. Data was collected through questionnaire from 200 students drawn from four oldest and well established universities of Punjab state. It was found that most of the students had access to various e-learning devices such as smartphone, laptop and computer. All students had internet access and majority of them were using it at college, hostel and home. YouTube, e-mail, web-portals and instant messaging came out to be leading applications used by students for learning purposes. Interestingly seeking general information was foremost purpose of using e-learning followed making assignments and extra courses content. The findings of the study revealed that students had positive perception towards e-learning system and they showed interest to use e-learning system in their learning activities. Among eight factors considered in the study subjective norm and computer skills were most prominent factors which affect the perception of students towards e-learning followed by self-efficacy, innovativeness, behavioral intention, attitude, perceived hedonism and university climate in that order. Therefore these factors should be considered while planning and implementing e-learning in higher education. Students’ family size, parent’s education and annual family income were found to be positively and significantly related to their perception towards e-learning and family background had significant association with perception. Hence, it is recommended that educational institutes should motivate their faculty to blend e-learning system with traditional instructional methods, as it creates interesting, attractive and impactful teaching-learning environment.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of Rural Self Employment Training Institute (RSETI) on employment generation(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Makkar, Amandeep Kaur; Mann, Sukhdeep KaurThe present investigation was conducted to study the impact of rural self employment training institute (RSETI) on income and employment generation and to seek feedback from the beneficiaries regarding the functioning of RSETI. The study was conducted in purposively selected Ludhiana district of Punjab state. A total of one hundred and fifty beneficiaries of RSETI, Ludhiana, who were engaged in income generation activities constituted the sample for the study. Data was collected through a well structured and pre-tested interview schedule. The study reported that majority of the beneficiaries had a medium level of mass media usage and fifty per cent of beneficiaries received information about RSETI EDP‘s from district industries centres. Findings also revealed that majority of the beneficiaries attended EDP‘s to enhance their income and to expand their previous enterprises. Majority of the beneficiaries had taken guidance regarding credit linkages with banks and consultancy services from RSETI after training. Half of the beneficiaries started their enterprise within six months of completion of the training programme. Large number of beneficiaries took the loan from commercial/cooperative banks for establishing/expanding an enterprise. Finding also revealed that male family members of the beneficiaries were more engaged in an enterprise than female family members. All the beneficiaries informed that there is an increase in their income after establishing/expanding the enterprises. Beneficiaries were also able to generate 365-629 mandays of annual employment through different enterprises. Beneficiaries perceived economic and social benefits from RSETI EDP‘s. Inappropriate location and lack of infrastructural facilities at the institute were the major constraints perceived by the beneficiaries. Appropriate infrastructural facilities, marketing support and organization of field visits were the major suggestions given by the beneficiaries for better functioning of RSETI.
